微波无极紫外光催化-内电解协同降解活性艳红X-3B

采用微波无极紫外光源,以活性炭作为光催化剂TiO2的载体,与外加铁屑构成内电解反应,处理活性艳红X-3B模拟废水.实验结果表明,微波无极紫外光催化-内电解法对活性艳红X-3B的降解速率是微波无极紫外光催化和微波-内电解法单独作用时降解速率之和的2倍.在活性艳红X-3B模拟废水初始pH为7、空气曝气量为0.50 L/min、铁屑加入量为5 g/L、反应温度为40～45℃的最佳条件下,微波无极紫外光催化-内电解法的活性艳红X-3B模拟废水色度去除率达100%,TOC和可吸附有机卤化物的去除率分别为69.5%和81.8%.     

波长与辐射强度对活性艳蓝KN -R光催化降解的影响

以TiO2为光催化剂,分别测定了365 nm和254 nm两种紫外光源波长及辐射强度对活性艳蓝KN-R模拟废水处理效果的影响.实验结果表明:在波长365 nm紫外光源照射2h后,活性艳蓝KN-R降解率达69.1％,活性艳蓝KN-R的降解可用二级反应速率方程拟合;在波长254nm紫外光源照射1h后,活性艳蓝KN-R降解率...     

阴离子对Fenton氧化降解聚乙烯醇的影响

研究了亚铁盐中NO3-、SO42-、Cl-、Br-等阴离子对Fenton氧化降解高浓度聚乙烯醇(PVA)效果的影响。实验结果表明:酸性条件下具有氧化性的阴离子NO3-或能被氧化形成具有氧化性物质的离子Cl-、Br-对Fenton氧化降解PVA有协同促进作用,且氧化性越强越容易促使PVA大分子链断裂;含NO3-、Cl-、Br-和SO42-的Fenton氧化降解PVA,COD去除率分别为70.05%、70.60%、72.40%和87.90%。采用COD去除率相差不大、产物分子量较小的硝酸亚铁、氯化亚铁、溴化亚铁中的一种作为Fenton试剂催化降解PVA较适宜。     

单丝滤布优选及悬浮物特性对其过滤性能的影响

根据国标测定单丝滤布的孔径、过水通量及透水阻力,从而优选出过滤性能最优的滤布。探究了悬浮物粒径、浓度及比表面积对单丝滤布过水通量的影响,并采用HERMIA模型分析了单丝滤布的堵塞机理。实验结果表明:悬浮物粒径越大单丝滤布过水通量的下降越明显,过滤后悬浮物中位粒径与滤布孔径的比值均在0.36～0.46;悬浮物的浓度越高、比表面积越小,在滤布表面的架桥作用越强,形成的滤饼层孔隙越小,滤布越容易被污染。     

臭氧氧化法处理染料废水研究

采用臭氧氧化法处理活性艳红K-2BP和分散兰2BLN染料水溶液,考察了反应时间、温度、pH等因素对处理效果的影响.结果表明pH对处理效果影响较大,碱性条件有利于有机物的矿化;活性染料较分散染料容易氧化;脱色率＞COD去除率＞TOC去除率.     

氧化改性活性炭催化脱除NO的性能

将活性炭（AC）应用于烟气脱硝中,其自身损耗和脱硝效率是关注焦点。采用不同氧化剂（KMnO4、HNO3、（NH4）2S2O8和H2O2）对AC进行氧化改性,对所得催化剂进行了TG、FTIR、H2-TPR和XPS表征,并对其脱NO活性进行了评价。对AC进行浸渍回流处理,可使AC表面含氧官能团增加,尤其是羧基和羰基等酸性含氧官能团。TG分析结果表明：在没有O2存在时,催化剂表面的O会与NO发生反应,导致催化剂自身损耗;在O2存在时,NO主要与O2中的O反应,因而在一定温度范围内不会发生催化剂自身损耗;同时AC表面的含氧官能团能加速NO的化学吸附活化,从而提高催化剂的脱NO活性。KMnO4改性的AC在180 ℃具有高催化活性,这归因于催化剂表面丰富的含氧官能团以及高价态Mn的存在。     

轻烃类VOCs在活性炭上的动态吸附行为

采用BET,XRD,FTIR技术对两类椰壳活性炭进行了表征,考察了空速和吸附温度对正戊烷和正己烷动态吸附穿透容量(DPC)及穿透时间的影响,并对正戊烷和正己烷的二元竞争吸附过程进行了研究。结果表明:两类活性炭材料的组成和官能团结构相似,具有大量微孔的片状活性炭(FAC)有利于轻烃类VOCs的吸附;采用FAC吸附正己烷时,DPC对空速和温度变化不敏感;二元竞争吸附过程中,开始阶段正戊烷和正己烷同时被吸附,随后已被吸附的正戊烷被强吸附质正己烷部分置换,直至正己烷吸附饱和,与一元吸附相比,正己烷的DPC和饱和吸附容量略有增加,正戊烷的DPC和饱和吸附容量大幅降低。     

紫外光协同CuO-TiO_2/Al_2O_3三维粒子电极电催化降解罗丹明B

自制了CuO-TiO_2/Al_2O_3粒子电极,对其进行了表征。在此基础上构建了紫外光协同三维粒子电极电催化体系降解水中的罗丹明B,考察了降解过程的影响因素、动力学及机理。表征结果显示,粒子电极具有良好的表面结构及有效催化成分。实验结果表明:在罗丹明B质量浓度20 mg/L、槽电压15 V、电流0.3 A、溶液pH 3.0、曝气量1.5 L/min、Fe~(2+)投加量0.5 mmol/L的条件下反应60 min,脱色率达96.29%;反应过程符合一级动力学方程,反应速率常数为0.060 mg/(L·min);紫外光的加入使溶液中H_2O_2的浓度降低约30%,促进了H_2O_2的分解。     

零价铁、镍-铁和铜-铁双金属对四氯乙烯的脱氯性能研究

研究了零价铁、镍-铁和铜-铁双金属对四氯乙烯（PCE）的还原性脱氯性能。实验结果表明,零价铁、镍-铁和铜-铁双金属对PCE的脱氯反应符合准一级反应动力学方程;双金属对P（=E的脱氯反应速率高于零价铁,镍-铁双金属对PCE的脱氯反应速率常数是零价铁的2．486倍;镍-铁和铜-铁双金属可使PCE完全脱氯,零价铁在对PCE脱氯的过程中产生一定量的三氯乙烯;增加金属质量,可提高PCE的脱氯反应速率;金属颗粒越小,越有利于PCE脱氯反应。     

BiPO_4-BiVO_4复合光催化剂的制备及其光催化性能

采用水热法制备了BiPO_4-BiVO_4复合光催化剂,运用XRD,SEM,UV-Vis DRS技术对其进行了表征,并以亚甲基蓝为目标降解物考察了复合光催化剂在模拟太阳光下的光催化性能。实验结果表明:当BiPO_4与BiVO_4的摩尔比(磷钒比)为2∶8时BiPO_4-BiVO_4的光催化性能最优,光照180 min时对亚甲基蓝(初始质量浓度5mg/L)的降解率达96.20%,反应速率常数为0.018 1 min-1,明显优于单纯BiPO_4和BiVO_4。表征结果显示:单斜相的BiPO_4与BiVO_4晶粒实现了复合生长,BiPO_4-BiVO_4(磷钒比2∶8)的晶粒粒径比单纯BiPO_4和BiVO_4小;复合光催化剂在紫外光和可见光区均具有较好的光响应,且其禁带宽度较BiPO_4明显减小。     

Abiotic/biotic degradation and mineralization of N‐nitrosodimethylamine in aquifer sediments

The N‐nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) degradation rate and mineralization rate were measured in two aquifer sediments that received treatments to create oxic, reducing, and sequential reducing/oxic environments. Chemically reduced sediments rapidly abiotically degraded NDMA to nontoxic dimethylamine to parts per trillion levels, then degraded to further products. NDMA was partially mineralized in reduced sediments (6 to 28 percent) at a slow rate (half‐life 3,460 h) by an unknown abiotic/biotic pathway. In contrast, NDMA was mineralized more rapidly (half‐life 342 h) and to a greater extent (30 to 81 percent) in oxic sediments with propane addition, likely by a propane monooxygenase pathway. NDMA mineralization in sequential reduced sediment followed by oxic sediment treatment did result in slightly more rapid mineralization and a greater mineralization extent relative to reduced systems. These increases were minor, so aerobic NDMA mineralization with oxygen and propane addition was the most viable in situ NDMA mineralization strategy. © 2008 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

Carbon mineralization dynamics in soils amended with meat meals under laboratory conditions

Meat and bone meal (MBM) is obtained from the wastes produced during slaughtering operations. Its high concentration of N and P makes it interesting as an organic fertiliser but its use in soil has been barely studied previously. In this work four laboratory experiments were performed to study the influence of different variables (MBM composition, rate of application, temperature of incubation and the type of soil) on C mineralization dynamics of MBM in agricultural soils. The total CO2-C evolved (as % of added C) after 2 weeks ranged between 10% and 20%. The kinetics of mineralization were rapid, with C evolved as CO2 within the first 4 days representing more than 50% of total C mineralized. A linear correlation was found between the rate of application (added-C) and CO2-C evolved (r2: 0.997; P<0.001). A temperature coefficient (Q10) was used to assess the difference in biological activity at 5 degrees C intervals. Q10, which ranged from 1.0 to 2.7 (250h), was higher for the lower temperature range (Q10 (15-20 degrees C)>Q10 (20-25 degrees C)) and it was found to be related to the soil properties. Finally, the mineralization process was found to be highly dependent upon the different soil factors, although no simple linear correlation was found between mineralization and soil properties.     

光催化氧化水处理技术中光源的研究进展

根据光催化氧化水处理技术中光源的发展现状,将光源分为自然光源、传统电光源和新型光源。重点介绍了真空紫外灯、微波无极紫外灯等新型光源在国内外的研制及应用情况,阐明了高效光源的研制是光催化氧化技术实用化过程中需要解决的关键问题之一,论述了目前存在的问题及今后的发展方向。     

Sulphur mineralization kinetics of cattle manure and green waste compost in soils.

Sulphur mineralization of cattle manure (CM) and green waste compost (GWC) added to six agricultural soils with different chemical properties was monitored over 10 weeks in a laboratory incubation experiment. Although the amount of sulphur was higher in CM than in GWC, the cumulative SO4(2-)-S values in GWC-treated soils were higher than in soil amended with CM. The percentages of mineralized S were always higher in GWC-treated soil (in the range 1.3-8.5%) than in CM-treated soil (in the range 0.9-3.8%). In three of the six soils, particularly for CM, an immobilization of sulphur was observed. Three kinetic models were evaluated for their suitability to describe the mineralization process. The first-order model best described S mineralization for both amended and control soils. The GWC substantially increased the amount of potentially mineralizable S (S0) relative to the controls. In GWC-treated soils, the rates of S mineralization (k) were higher than rates in the controls. The k of CM-amended soils was often lower than the k of control soils. Parameters derived from the model were tested as indices for assessing the relationships between S mineralization and soil characteristics. The S0 was positively correlated to the amount of cumulative SO4(2-)-S and also to the content of organic C, N and S in soil.     

Kinetics of scrap tyre pyrolysis under vacuum conditions

Scrap tyre pyrolysis under vacuum is attractive because it allows easier product condensation and control of composition (gas, liquid and solid). With the aim of determining the effect of vacuum on the pyrolysis kinetics, a study has been carried out in thermobalance. Two data analysis methods have been used in the kinetic study: (i) the treatment of experimental data of weight loss and (ii) the deconvolution of DTG (differential thermogravimetry) curve. The former allows for distinguishing the pyrolysis of the three main components (volatile components, natural rubber and styrene–butadiene rubber) according to three successive steps. The latter method identifies the kinetics for the pyrolysis of individual components by means of DTG curve deconvolution. The effect of vacuum in the process is significant. The values of activation energy for the pyrolysis of individual components of easier devolatilization (volatiles and NR) are lower for pyrolysis under vacuum with a reduction of 12 K in the reaction starting temperature. The kinetic constant at 503 K for devolatilization of volatile additives at 0.25 atm is 1.7 times higher than that at 1 atm, and that corresponding to styrene–butadiene rubber at 723 K is 2.8 times higher. Vacuum enhances the volatilization and internal diffusion of products in the pyrolysis process, which contributes to attenuating the secondary reactions of the repolymerization and carbonization of these products on the surface of the char (carbon black). The higher quality of carbon black is interesting for process viability.The large-scale implementation of this process in continuous mode requires a comparison to be made between the economic advantages of using a vacuum and the energy costs, which will be lower when the technologies used for pyrolysis require a lower ratio between reactor volume and scrap tyre flow rate.     

Simulated marine respirometry of biodegradable polymers

Eleven microorganisms were isolated from several temperate marine locations in the northeast Altantic coast of the United States and one tropical location in the Pacific Ocean (Hawaii) for the purpose of developing a rapid and accurate method of screening biodegradable materials for their susceptibility to mineralization. The materials evaluated in this study included chemically modified starch, amylose and pullulan, poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-valerate), (PHB/V), cellulose acetate, and a modified lignin/styrene. Some of the soluble, unmodified, biologically produced substrates such as starch, pullulan, and amylose mineralized rapidly. In general, the synthetic, insoluble polymers and the chemically modified polymers, such as acetylated and chlorinated amylose and pullulan, mineralized more slowly, although the ultimate mineralization of some of the substituted polysaccharides equaled or exceeded that of the unmodified substrate. The insoluble bacterial polyester, PHB/V, degraded rapidly after a short induction period. Initial respiration rate data, in general, could not be used as a predictor of ultimate mineralization. It was found that the cumulative level of carbon dioxide evolved signifies the minimum extent of biodegradation of the substrate, and the oxygen consumed is a good indicator of the maximum extent of substrate degradation.Paper presented at the Biodegradable Materials and Packaging Conference, September 22–23, 1993, Natick, Massachusetts.     

Structure-biodegradation relationships of polymeric materials. 1. Effect of degree of oxidation on biodegradability of carbohydrate polymers

The biodegradability of oxidized starch and inulin has been studied in relation to the degree of periodate oxidation to dialdehyde derivatives, by measuring oxygen consumption and mineralization to carbon dioxide. A higher degree of oxidation of dialdehyde starch and dialdchyde inulin results in a lower rate at which the polymers are biodegraded. It is demonstrated that the biodegradation rate of dialdehyde inulin derivatives decreases more than that of equivalent starch derivatives. The differences in biodegradation behavior between dialdehyde starch and dialdehyde inulin, resulting from comparable modifications, are discussed in terms of conformational structure.     

高级氧化法处理甲基叔丁基醚的研究进展

综述了采用常规氧化、光强化氧化以及超声波辅助氧化等高级氧化技术降解甲基叔丁基醚（MTBE）的降解机理及研究进展。并介绍了MTBE与醚类、苯系物以及可吸附卤化物共存的复合污染物的氧化降解研究进展。指出今后研究的重点是利用光、声、电能量的摄入来降低氧化剂加入量,提高矿化程度以减少毒性较大的叔丁基团的含量,研发更易于固液分离、稳定性更高和寿命更长的高效催化剂及共存体系将是持续热点。     

The Effect of Interaction Between White-rot Fungi and Indigenous Microorganisms on Degradation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soil

White-rot fungi applied for soil bioremediation have to compete with indigenous soil microorganisms. The effect of competition on both indigenous soil microflora and white-rot fungi was evaluated with regard to degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) with different persistence in soil. Sterile and non-sterile soil was artificially contaminated with ¹⁴C-labeled PAH consisting of three (anthracene), four (pyrene, benz[a]anthracene) and five fused aromatic rings (benzo[a]pyrene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene). The two fungi tested,Dichomitus squalens and Pleurotus ostreatus, produced similar amounts of ligninolytic enzymes in soil, but PAH mineralization by P. ostreatus was significantly higher. Compared to the indigenous soil microflora, P.ostreatus mineralized 5-ring PAH to a larger extent, while the indigenous microflora was superior in mineralizing 3-ring and 4-ring PAH. In coculture the special capabilities of both soil microflora and P. ostreatus were partly restricted due to antagonistic interactions, but essentially preserved. Thus, soil inoculation with P. ostreatus significantly increased the mineralization of high-molecular-weight PAH, and at the same time reduced the mineralization of anthracene and pyrene. Regarding the mineralization of low-molecular-weight PAH, the stimulation of indigenous soil microorganisms by straw amendment was more efficient than application of white-rot fungi.     

An accelerated laboratory study evaluating the disintegration rates of plastic films in simulated aquatic environments

Six plastic films were exposed to accelerated sunlight while in simulated aquatic environments to determine the effects of chemical composition and environment on the disintegration rates. An environment of UV light/no water was used as a control to determine if the microorganisms in the aquatic systems enhanced the breakdown of the plastic films. The disintegration rate of the plastics was determined by monitoring changes in selected physical properties. The plastics included two conventional plastics commonly used in packaging (LDPE and polystyrene) and four plastics enhanced to have more rapid breakdown in the environment (2% ECO, 10% ECO, PE with ketone graft, and PE with starch). The two ECO copolymers had a significantly faster loss of physical properties than the other plastics evaluated in this study. Degradation was influenced by environmental conditions. Those plastics that showed a change in physical properties had a greater change faster in the UV light/no water than in the environments where water was present. Plastics on the surface of the water showed a more rapid loss of properties than those samples partially or completely submerged. This can be attributed to decreased light intensity and the lack of heat buildup.