沼泽湿地局地小气候"冷湿岛"效应

利用沼泽湿地及其周围旱田对比观测的方法,对沼泽湿地的局地小气候效应进行了研究。结果表明:与周围旱田相比,沼泽湿地近地层(0.5—5.0m)气温低,湿度大,具有显著的冷湿岛效应,且不同高度冷湿效应表现不同,越靠近地面,冷湿效应越明显。6—9月的野外试验结果表明,沼泽湿地的冷湿岛效应在7、8月比较明显;比较沼泽湿地和旱田温度、湿度的日变化发现,沼泽湿地在12:00—14:00的日间午后时段呈现出较明显的冷湿岛效应。     

三江平原典型环型湿地生物多样性

以三江平原典型环型湿地为研究对象，在前人研究的基础上，结合野外调查，研究环型湿地生境多样性和物种多样性的现状及其形成原因，并探讨2者之间的关系。研究表明，三江平原环型湿地生境较为复杂，生境多样性高，生境多样性主要是由水文和地貌在不同层次的时空尺度上相互作用而形成和维持的；由环型湿地中心向边缘，湿地植物的丰富度指数和多样性指数呈先增加后减少的趋势，在塔头苔草(Carex casiocaepa)群落处达到最大值，而漂筏苔草(Carex pseudocuraica)群落和沼柳一越菊柳(Salix brachypoda—Salix myrtilloides)群落较低。湿地动物物种多样性丰富，大型土壤动物多样性与均匀性以芦苇-苔草群落为最高而其优势度最低，中小型土壤动物的均匀度和多样性以小叶章(Calamagrostics angustifolia)沼泽化草甸最高而其优势度最低；三江平原环型湿地物种多样性和生境多样性关系密切。     

苏北里下河地区湿地资源可持续利用的思考

以里下河地区湿地资源利用为例，剖析湿地资源开发过程中带来的相关环境问题，包括：湿地面积缩小，自然灾害濒发；区内环境状况日趋恶化，生产与生活性污染严重；湿地功能日益衰退；湿地农业生产效益下降，农民的生产投入明显不足。此外，还探讨湿地生态系统可持续利用对策，具体有：建立湿地可持续利用新的评价指标与标准，建立预警分析系统，以现代湿地生态工程技术为指导，全面提高湿地利用的社会、经济、环境综合效益。     

意大利东北部滨海湿地演变及其影响因素监测分析

意大利东北部海岸分布着独特的滨海湿地景观,在地中海区域具有极其重要的生态价值.该研究主要利用遥感影像监测1984—2016年滨海湿地演变,覆盖该区域所有的国际重要湿地保护区,并在此基础上定量分析滨海湿地演变的影响因素,深化对滨海湿地演变规律的认识,为今后制定与实施滨海湿地保护政策提供科学依据.研究结果显示,(1)滨海湿...     

关于《湿地公约》中"湿地"定义的汉译

湿地公约文本使用的英语是英国英语，其使用的词汇与美国英语有微妙的区别，湿地国际(中国)官方文本对《湿地公约》中湿地定义的汉译不确切。文章讨论了英国英语和美国英语中与湿地有关的几个词语在含义上的差别，重译并解剖了几个典型的湿地定义。     

湿地冷湿效应初探

对湿地周围不同距离农田的近地面气温、湿度、地温以及典型湿地温的测定表明，湿地冷湿效应与湿地植被及其积水深度有关。在所选择的3种湿地植被中，漂筏苔草积水最深，冷湿效应最大，其次为毛果苔草，小叶章最小。不同距离农田的近地面气温和湿度变化不同，随距离增加，温度增大，湿度减小。这种变化主要是由湿地的局部冷湿作用造成的。农田地温平均值高出小叶章湿地4℃之多，高出漂筏苔草湿地近5℃，表明湿地的制冷作用很明显。     

三江平原典型湿地冷湿效应的初步研究

在三江平原沼泽湿地生态试验站内选择3种群落(毛果苔草-狭叶甜茅-漂筏苔草群落，狭叶甜茅-漂筏苔草群落，小叶樟群落)，在各群落内分别选取一种主要建群种，测定湿地植被的蒸腾强度，计算出群落范围内湿地植被的增湿降温效应，即冷湿效应。研究结果表明，湿地冷湿效应与湿地植被类型有关，3种植被中漂筏苔草的冷湿作用最大，其次为小叶樟，毛果苔草最小。这是因为漂筏苔草是典型的湿地植被，生长于多水环境中，其增湿降温作用较明显。湿地植被冷湿效应与湿地面积大小有一定的相关关系，湿地植被面积越大，其冷湿作用越强，并且多种植被的相互作用可以加强湿地的冷湿作用。     

苏北侵蚀型海岸湿地景观时空演变特征及驱动机制

运用RS、GIS技术和景观生态学方法,对盐城国家级自然保护区侵蚀型海岸湿地1987、1997和2007年3个时相的景观数据进行分析,辨识侵蚀型海岸湿地景观格局时空演变特征。结果表明,1987—1997年,研究区光滩面积比例由76.91%下降至58.37%,碱蓬湿地由18.68%下降至5.51%,芦苇湿地由4.42%上升至13.01%,并出现了米草湿地和养殖池景观类型,1997年其面积比例分别为13.35%和9.76%。1997—2007年,碱蓬湿地退化消失,养殖池减少,芦苇湿地、米草湿地、光滩面积增加,其比例分别为15.85%、14.50%和60.86%。就景观异质性而言,多样性指数先升后降,景观优势度持续下降。景观空间演替呈现单向性特征:1987—1997年,从陆地向海洋方向演替;1997—2007年,从海洋向陆地方向演替。海岸地貌过程和植物覆被类型的连续变化导致湿地景观演变呈连续变化,但干扰往往使生态过程的连续性发生改变。     

潮汐流人工湿地处理含双酚A污水

本研究利用潮汐流人工湿地处理技术处理含双酚A污水.研究结果表明,潮汐流人工湿地的最佳淹没反应时间和空床闲置时间均为24 h;在最佳运行条件下,芦苇床湿地对污水中COD_(Cr)、NH_3-N、NO_2-N、NO_3-N、TP、SS各污染物指标的去除效果比香蒲床湿地略高,而对双酚A的去除效果要略低于香蒲床湿地,其中芦苇床湿地对双酚A的去除率在74%—96%之间,香蒲床湿地对双酚A的去除率在70%—83%之间.芦苇和香蒲根际土壤多酚氧化酶活性在1.47—3.19 mg·g~(-1)之间,其中香蒲根际土壤多酚氧化酶活性高于芦苇,芦苇床和香蒲床潮汐流人工湿地系统都适合含双酚A城镇污水的处理.     

基于Web of Science数据库的湿地修复研究发展态势分析

中国的湿地正和世界上其他国家的湿地一样不断消失和退化,全球的湿地面积在1970—2015年间下降了约35%。而湿地的消失将给所在区域的经济发展带来严重损失。在这个将要威胁人类未来生存的问题面前,社会各界不得不考虑如何进行湿地的恢复和重建。为了了解国内外湿地修复领域的研究现状和特点,采用Web of Science核心合集的SCI论文作为数据样本,运用Excel表格软件和文献计量分析工具,对湿地修复领域的发文量、发文国家、发文机构和发文作者等进行统计分析,同时利用VOSViewer可视化软件绘制机构合作网络和研究热点等知识图谱,对1990—2020年湿地修复研究领域的发展历程、现状及未来的发展趋势进行了分析。结果表明,湿地修复领域的研究论文数量保持稳定增长状态,该研究领域呈现出蓬勃发展的势头。美国是最主要的贡献国家,其发文数量和总被引频次显著高于其他国家。中国在该领域的发文量虽处于第二位,但在该领域的研究处于相对弱势,与欧美国家(尤其是美国)的差距悬殊,未来可与美国的地质调查局、路易斯安那州立大学等机构加强合作,提高发文数量和质量。湿地修复领域的研究热点主要集中在生物多样性保护、生态系统结构和功能改变及植被管理等方面。最后结合中国最新生态修复政策,提出了对未来应加强对小微湿地的关注,并应用中度干扰假说,开展全面性保护湿地。     

Rapid,recurring, structured survey versus bioblitz for generating biodiversity data and analysis with a multispecies abundance model

A bioblitz inexpensively and quickly generates biodiversity data, but bioblitzes are often conducted with haphazard, unreplicated sampling. Results tend to be taxonomically, geographically, or temporally biased, lack metadata, and consist of lists of observed taxa that do not enable further analyses or correction for imperfect detection. A rapid, recurring, structured survey (RRSS) uses a structured sampling design and temporal and spatial replication to survey randomly selected sites on a conservation property. We participated in a loosely structured bioblitz and a subsequent RRSS at Big Canoe Creek Nature Preserve in Springville (St. Clair County), Alabama (USA) to compare observed richness derived from the 2 survey approaches. The RRSS data structure enabled us to fit models that accounted for imperfect detection to estimate abundances, occupancy probabilities, and habitat associations. The loosely structured bioblitz data could not be used in such models. We present a new integrated multispecies abundance model that we applied to avian RRSS data. Our model extension enables estimation for the community, employs data augmentation to estimate the number of undetected species, and incorporates covariates. The RRSS generated a more comprehensive and less biased list of observed taxonomic richness than the loosely structured bioblitz (e.g., 73 vs. 45 bird species and 104 vs. 63 insect families from the RRSS vs. loosely structured bioblitz, respectively). Models fit to the RRSS data identified seasonal patterns in avian community composition and allowed for estimation of habitat–occupancy relationships for insect taxa. The RRSS protocol has potential for broad transferability as a standardized, quick, and inexpensive way to inventory biodiversity and estimate ecological parameters while providing an outreach opportunity.     

Compliance with and ecosystem function of biodiversity offsets in North American and European freshwaters

Land-use change via human development is a major driver of biodiversity loss. To reduce these impacts, billions of dollars are spent on biodiversity offsets. However, studies evaluating offset project effectiveness that examine components such as the overall compliance and function of projects remain rare. We reviewed 577 offsetting projects in freshwater ecosystems that included the metrics project size, type of aquatic system (e.g., wetland and creek), offsetting measure (e.g., enhancement, restoration, and creation), and an assessment of the projects’ compliance and functional success. Project information was obtained from scientific and government databases and gray literature. Despite considerable investment in offsetting projects, crucial problems persisted. Although compliance and function were related to each other, a high level of compliance did not guarantee a high degree of function. However, large projects relative to area had better function than small projects. Function improved when projects targeted productivity or specific ecosystem features and when multiple complementary management targets were in place. Restorative measures were more likely to achieve targets than creating entirely new ecosystems. Altogether the relationships we found highlight specific ecological processes that may help improve offsetting outcomes.     

Representation of the world's biophysical conditions by the global protected area network

Protected areas (PAs) are often implemented without consideration of already existing PAs, which is likely to cause an overrepresentation of certain biophysical conditions. We assessed the representativeness of the current PA network with regard to the world's biophysical conditions to highlight which conditions are underprotected and where these conditions are located. We overlaid terrestrial and marine PAs with information on biophysical conditions (e.g., temperature, precipitation, and elevation) and then quantified the percentage of area covered by the PA network. For 1 variable at a time in the terrestrial realm, high temperature, low precipitation, and medium and very high elevation were underrepresented. For the marine realm, low and medium sea surface temperature (SST), medium and high sea surface salinity (SSS), and the deep sea were underrepresented. Overall, protection was evenly distributed for elevation across the terrestrial realm and SST across the marine realm. For 2 variables at a time, cold and very dry terrestrial environments had mostly low protection, which was also the case for low SST and low and medium SSS across most depths for marine environments. Low protection occurred mostly in the Sahara and the Arabian Peninsula for the terrestrial realm and along the Tropic of Capricorn and toward the poles for the marine realm. Although biodiversity measures are of prime importance for the design of PA networks, highlighting biophysical gaps in current PAs adds a frequently overlooked perspective. These gaps may weaken the potential of PAs to conserve biodiversity. Thus, our results may provide useful insights for researchers, practitioners, and policy makers to establish a more comprehensive global PA network.     

Quantitative composition of the defensive secretion ofBledius species (Coleoptera: Staphylinidae: Oxytelinae) is adapted to naturally occurring predators

Summary The adaptation of defensive secretions to their target organisms was examined for the abdominal gland secretions ofBledius furcatus, B. spectabilis andB. arenarius. Therefore the target organisms of the secretion of theseBledius species (i.e. their predators) had to be identified. At the collection sites examined these were the earwigLabidura riparia, the antCataglyphis bicolor, the flyLispe candicans, different carabids of the generaPogonus, Dichirotrichus, Dyschirius, Bembidion andCalathus and the wading birdsHaematopus ostralegus andCalidris alba. The secretion of the abdominal glands contains the toxin ptoluquinone dissolved in either-dodecalactone and 1-undecene (B. furcatus andB. spectabilis) or in octanoic acid and octyloctanoate (B. arenarius). The ratio of these solvents is species-specific. Application experiments using some of the natural insect predators (L. riparia, C. bicolor, Pogonus, Di. gustavii, Dyschirius) revealed that these solvent ratios provided a more effective deterrent than other possible ratios. Thus by combining the solvents in certain ratios, the capability of cuticular penetration and therefore the effectiveness of the defensive secretions are adapted to their natural targets.     

Democracy versus development: New urban debates

The politics of development includes subtexts of choice, as underpinned by community consensus (or lack of it), against the larger backdrop of a liberal democracy, with its intricate power structures that influence the choice of concepts and often lead to complicity rather than consent. A dilemma exists between the understanding of field-level practitioners and that of academics, whose understandings of progress differ. Progress can (and often does) imply long-term change across generations whereas development is often more a matter of crisis management and delivering tangible results to end-users. This makes it a bone of contention across political systems, irrespective of local or global dynamics. Development can emerge as a tool to be wielded for power and further political mileage at the expense of progress. Progress cannot be studied as a counterpoint to development as the sense of history is often missing in development interventions. Development tends to be piecemeal as its very logic often stems from the rationale of power. This is not to suggest, however, that development is only about politics; it is definitely more than the politics of everyday life and involves all of civil society that requires its critical and immediate attention. In this sense, it has become a priority for politicians with an underlying agenda designed to out-manouevre dissent and all statements of protest.     

A palaeo-hydrogeological model for arsenic contamination in southern and south-east Asia

An argument is presented in which areas of natural arsenic contamination of modern groundwaters throughout Asia have a common origin. Arsenic originally accumulated in oceanic ferro-manganoan sediments of the eastern Palaeo-Tethys. This was further concentrated through oceanic crustal extinction in what later became the south-east Chinese accreted mineralised terrain. Proto-Himalayan uplift of this area created the palaeo-drainage systems of the Ganges – Brahmaputra, Irrawaddy, Mekong, and Red Rivers, with consequent headwater erosion of arsenic-rich sediments. Their downstream deposition as immature and easily redistributed Neogene sandstones, silts, and iron-rich clays has created secondary and tertiary reservoirs of adsorbed and authigenic arsenic, from which the current arsenic-rich groundwaters have evolved. Considering river basins within the above palaeo-hydrogeological framework provides a basis for assessing the risk of arsenic in groundwater basins of south and south-eastern Asia.     

A framework to measure the wildness of managed large vertebrate populations

As landscapes continue to fall under human influence through habitat loss and fragmentation, fencing is increasingly being used to mitigate anthropogenic threats and enhance the commercial value of wildlife. Subsequent intensification of management potentially erodes wildness by disembodying populations from landscape-level processes, thereby disconnecting species from natural selection. Tools are needed to measure the degree to which populations of large vertebrate species in formally protected and privately owned wildlife areas are self-sustaining and free to adapt. We devised a framework to measure such wildness based on 6 attributes relating to the evolutionary and ecological dynamics of vertebrates (space, disease and parasite resistance, exposure to predation, exposure to limitations and fluctuations of food and water supply, and reproduction). For each attribute, we set empirical, species-specific thresholds between 5 wildness states based on quantifiable management interventions. We analysed data from 205 private wildlife properties with management objectives spanning ecotourism to consumptive utilization to test the framework on 6 herbivore species representing a range of conservation statuses and commercial values. Wildness scores among species differed significantly, and the proportion of populations identified as wild ranged from 12% to 84%, which indicates the tool detected site-scale differences both among populations of different species and populations of the same species under different management regimes. By quantifying wildness, this framework provides practitioners with standardized measurement units that link biodiversity with the sustainable use of wildlife. Applications include informing species management plans at local scales; standardizing the inclusion of managed populations in red-list assessments; and providing a platform for certification and regulation of wildlife-based economies. Applying this framework may help embed wildness as a normative value in policy and mitigate the shifting baseline of what it means to truly conserve a species.     

Sexual Predators,Energy Development,and Conservation in Greater Yellowstone

Abstract: In the United States, as elsewhere, a growing debate pits national energy policy and homeland security against biological conservation. In rural communities the extraction of fossil fuels is often encouraged because of the employment opportunities it offers, although the concomitant itinerant workforce is often associated with increased wildlife poaching. We explored possible positive and negative factors associated with energy extraction in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem (GYE), an area known for its national parks, intact biological diversity, and some of the New World's longest terrestrial migrations. Specifically, we asked whether counties with different economies—recreation (ski), agrarian (ranching or farming), and energy extractive (petroleum)—differed in healthcare (gauged by the abundance of hospital beds) and in the frequency of sexual predators. The absolute and relative frequency of registered sex offenders grew approximately two to three times faster in areas reliant on energy extraction. Healthcare among counties did not differ. The strong conflation of community dishevel, as reflected by in‐migrant sexual predators, and ecological decay in Greater Yellowstone is consistent with patterns seen in similar systems from Ecuador to northern Canada, where social and environmental disarray exist around energy boomtowns. In our case, that groups (albeit with different aims) mobilized campaigns to help maintain the quality of rural livelihoods by protecting open space is a positive sign that conservation can matter, especially in the face of rampant and poorly executed energy extraction projects. Our findings further suggest that the public and industry need stronger regulatory action to instill greater vigilance when and where social factors and land conversion impact biological systems.     

Threats to intact tropical peatlands and opportunities for their conservation

Large, intact areas of tropical peatland are highly threatened at a global scale by the expansion of commercial agriculture and other forms of economic development. Conserving peatlands on a landscape scale, with their hydrology intact, is of international conservation importance to preserve their distinctive biodiversity and ecosystem services and maintain their resilience to future environmental change. We explored threats to and opportunities for conserving remaining intact tropical peatlands; thus, we excluded peatlands of Indonesia and Malaysia, where extensive deforestation, drainage, and conversion to plantations means conservation in this region can protect only small fragments of the original ecosystem. We focused on a case study, the Pastaza‐Marañón Foreland Basin (PMFB) in Peru, which is among the largest known intact tropical peatland landscapes in the world and is representative of peatland vulnerability. Maintenance of the hydrological conditions critical for carbon storage and ecosystem function of peatlands is, in the PMFB, primarily threatened by expansion of commercial agriculture linked to new transport infrastructure that is facilitating access to remote areas. There remain opportunities in the PMFB and elsewhere to develop alternative, more sustainable land‐use practices. Although some of the peatlands in the PMFB fall within existing legally protected areas, this protection does not include the most carbon‐dense (domed pole forest) areas. New carbon‐based conservation instruments (e.g., REDD+, Green Climate Fund), developing markets for sustainable peatland products, transferring land title to local communities, and expanding protected areas offer pathways to increased protection for intact tropical peatlands in Amazonia and elsewhere, such as those in New Guinea and Central Africa which remain, for the moment, broadly beyond the frontier of commercial development.     

Cost‐effective conservation of an endangered frog under uncertainty

How should managers choose among conservation options when resources are scarce and there is uncertainty regarding the effectiveness of actions? Well‐developed tools exist for prioritizing areas for one‐time and binary actions (e.g., protect vs. not protect), but methods for prioritizing incremental or ongoing actions (such as habitat creation and maintenance) remain uncommon. We devised an approach that combines metapopulation viability and cost‐effectiveness analyses to select among alternative conservation actions while accounting for uncertainty. In our study, cost‐effectiveness is the ratio between the benefit of an action and its economic cost, where benefit is the change in metapopulation viability. We applied the approach to the case of the endangered growling grass frog (Litoria raniformis), which is threatened by urban development. We extended a Bayesian model to predict metapopulation viability under 9 urbanization and management scenarios and incorporated the full probability distribution of possible outcomes for each scenario into the cost‐effectiveness analysis. This allowed us to discern between cost‐effective alternatives that were robust to uncertainty and those with a relatively high risk of failure. We found a relatively high risk of extinction following urbanization if the only action was reservation of core habitat; habitat creation actions performed better than enhancement actions; and cost‐effectiveness ranking changed depending on the consideration of uncertainty. Our results suggest that creation and maintenance of wetlands dedicated to L. raniformis is the only cost‐effective action likely to result in a sufficiently low risk of extinction. To our knowledge we are the first study to use Bayesian metapopulation viability analysis to explicitly incorporate parametric and demographic uncertainty into a cost‐effective evaluation of conservation actions. The approach offers guidance to decision makers aiming to achieve cost‐effective conservation under uncertainty.