基于利益相关者理论的企业环境绩效影响因素研究

基于利益相关者理论,通过构建企业环境绩效与企业受到各利益相关者环境压力的计量模型,并在江苏常熟地区展开问卷调查,分析了影响企业环境绩效的利益相关者,结果表明:在该实证区域,以主动性环境管理行为度量企业环境绩效时,投资者、竞争者、消费者和社区居民等外部利益相关者对企业环境绩效的提高有显著的正影响;政府虽然给企业造成了很高的环境压力,但并不是造成企业之间环境绩效差异的原因;媒体和环保非政府组织等外部利益相关者作用尚不明显.结论说明:我国政府通过引入利益相关者参与企业环境治理,已经取得一定成效.建议我国政府继续推动环境政策创新,积极创造更多利益相关者成长的制度空间,为我国企业环境绩效的提高提供更多动力.     

绿色产品质量监管的三方博弈关系研究

在绿色产品质量监管中,政府以提升绿色产品质量安全为目标,第三方认证机构及企业则希望利用现有资源获得最大收益。在信息不对称条件下,第三方认证机构与企业容易发生权利寻租问题。有效解决权利寻租问题是保障绿色产品质量的关键,研究政府、第三方认证机构及企业三者共同参与的监管策略,可为制定符合实际情况的监管对策提供依据。本文首先阐述了政府、第三方与企业各自的职责,政府监管企业生产行为,第三方获得认证后监管企业并受政府监督。在此基础上,建立了政府、第三方与企业关系概念模型,分析三者相互作用的内在机理。其次,运用博弈理论,构建了第三方与企业、政府与第三方及政府与企业间博弈模型,并进行混合策略Nash均衡求解及策略选择分析,研究了影响政府监督、不监督,企业寻租、不寻租,第三方接受寻租、拒绝寻租行为策略的关键因素。再次,重点讨论了政府、第三方与企业三者共同参与的寻租博弈模型,详细阐述了第三方与企业发生权力寻租、政府监督二者寻租行为的影响因素。研究结果表明:1绿色产品质量监管中的寻租行为与政府的监管能力系数、付出成本、对第三方和企业的惩罚力度有关。政府通过降低监管的成本,提高监管能力,加大对第三方与企业寻租行为的经济惩罚,能有效避免二者间的权利寻租行为。2在提高政府监管二者寻租行为效率方面,分为两种情况。当把第三方利益放在第一位时,政府应减少第三方寻租的额外经济收益,提高政府监督的能力系数,同时加大对第三方发生寻租行为的经济处罚;当把企业利益放在首位时,政府应提高企业与第三方权利寻租的成本,加大对违规企业的经济处罚。最后,给出了政府提高绿色产品质量监管效率,妥善处理博弈各方的利益诉求,避免第三方与企业权力寻租的措施。     

排污权有偿使用政策的寻租博弈分析

现行的环境规制为政府部门和企业提供了过多的寻租空间,可能使得环境管理效果和政策公信度下降,导致社会总福利受损,公众的利益被牺牲,因此应当对寻租行为采取积极有效的防范措施.本文系统分析了排污权有偿使用政策制定、实施和延续全过程中可能存在的寻租途径,包括游说政府,逃离管制范围,占有配额,拖延缴费,降低核定量和再分配收益.针对三种造成环境质量下降的逃避付费类寻租行为构建了政府、排污企业和公众的三方博弈模型,论证了寻租行为必然带来社会总福利的下降,并用逆推归纳法得到公众参与下环保局和企业的寻租期望值,筛选出了公众举报率,举报成本,企业违法成本,寻租成本等对企业寻租决策影响较大的因素.从完善法规制度和鼓励公众参与两个方面,对减少排污权有偿使用政策中企业的寻租动力,从根本上消除寻租行为提出了相应的政策建议.     

农村环境善治的逻辑重塑——基于利益相关者理论的分析

农村环境污染问题是我国实现十八届五中全会倡导的五位一体重大战略的突出矛盾,也是学术界需要研究的核心问题之一。本研究利用利益相关者理论分析法,对我国农村环境治理失灵的内在机理进行理论解释,认为政府、企业、城市、村民、环保组织、科研院校等利益相关者的不同利益诉求和行为导向,造成了目前农村环境污染的现实困境。分析发现:正是政府层面重视经济发展,轻视监管职责;企业层面重视经济利润,轻视社会责任;农民层面重视生计诉求、轻视安全需求;城市层面突破政府管制,转嫁污染成本;环保组织力量资源有限,难以提供环保功能以及科研院校重视环保技术研发,轻视科技推广,才导致了现阶段农村环境污染愈演愈烈。因此,只有明确政府、企业、城市、村民、环保组织、科研院校等利益相关者的角色定位,充分发挥好各自的环保功能,真正构建起农村环境的共同治理体系,才能克服不同利益相关者之间的冲突和相互博弈状态,进而实现农村环境善治的目标。研究结论表明:农村环境善治的内涵体现为政治国家与公民社会的合作参与、共同治理乡村环境问题.其主要特征为合法性、透明性、责任性、回应性、有效性,其实质是在乡村环境治理中,构建起强国家和强社会的"双强"模式。通过构建这种"双强"模式使国家与社会在乡村环境治理中达成利益均衡共识,彼此协同合作,共同致力于乡村环境的善治之道,以此彻底改变现在的乡村污染面貌,最终实现十八届五中全会倡导的生态良好农村战略构想。     

长三角地区生态补偿利益相关者及其行为响应

生态补偿是调整利益相关者利益、维护生态系统服务功能的重要政策工具,政府付费项目是生态补偿的重要类型。基于长三角地区上海、苏州和湖州生态补偿实践的调查,运用利益相关者分析和比较分析方法,辨识地方政府付费型生态补偿利益相关者属性、类型及其行为响应差异并揭示原因。按照影响力、参与度和经济利益性的不同,将生态补偿补偿利益相关者分为核心、次核心I、次核心II和边缘型。结果表明,三地实践中,市、县(区)政府是核心利益相关者,与我国地方政府权威具有一致性;现行补偿制度没有赋予乡镇和村等次核心利益相关者I讨价还价的资格,成为其在环境治理和民生改善项目上有限响应的法律约束条件;次核心利益相关者II(媒体、环保NGO、科研机构)虽然有主动响应的积极性,但参与度还不高;农户的利益相关者属性和类型因地而异,且农户、企业和社会公众的响应比较微弱。同时,不同利益相关者利益目标和属性亦存在冲突,不同地区利益相关者在监督与审计、制度调整以及环境治理和民生投入方面的响应也不完全一致。利益相关者属性、类型及其行为响应差异,与生态补偿制度安排、当地经济社会发展和地方政府偏好等深层次原因紧密相关,这也是今后我国地方政府付费型生态补偿项目设计需要重视的问题。随着我国生态补偿制度的不断发展,基于利益相关者视角,地方政府付费型生态补偿项目设计,应注重增加利益相关者的满意度和公众参与度,注重生态补偿制度安排与当地经济社会发展的协调融合。     

企业绿色技术创新扩散的演化博弈分析

环境污染问题的日趋严重,使社会环境参与者对于企业绿色技术创新的要求不断加深,监督力度也随之加强。政府、创新企业以及公众消费者之间存在相互制约、相互影响的利益关系,同时多方利益相关者的行为准则也将影响绿色技术创新在社会系统中的扩散,因此,探究三方利益相关者对绿色创新行为以及绿色创新扩散的影响成为学者关注的重要问题之一。通过借鉴利益相关者理论,对社会系统中参与企业绿色创新的利益相关者进行利益、权利分析,构建政府、企业与公众消费者之间的三方演化博弈模型,根据演化的仿生学研究,引入Lotka-Volterra模型,探究环境利益相关者的规制行为,对于企业绿色技术创新扩散的演化影响,利用Matlab仿真工具,对演化博弈以及仿生演化模型进行数学推导求解并赋值仿真进行相关分析。结果表明:利益相关者的污染抵制措施在一定程度上,会促进绿色技术创新的扩散;高强度的污染税收、低强度的公众环保宣传与适度的创新激励补偿对企业绿色技术创新的促进效果最明显;公众对于绿色技术创新的推广促进其在社会系统中的扩散,而政府对于绿色创新技术的过度推广,则会降低绿色创新扩散效率。本文的研究对社会环境监管参与者起到一定的启示作用:第一,政府作为绿色创新的推动者及环境监管的权利机关,应注重把握监管力度,合理选择环境规制手段、规划环境规制成本,防止过激手段的实施对绿色技术创新带来的阻碍;第二,公众消费者对于绿色技术创新的推动作用更为广泛,因此,消费者应从自身做起,杜绝非环保产品,不断推动社会绿色创新技术的发展。第三,企业作为绿色技术创新的生产方,应将环境保护作为己任,努力研发环保类产品,减少环境污染及能源的消耗。     

企业社会最优绩效研究假设与评价分析

目前,企业应主动承担社会责任这一理论虽已得到理论家和企业界的普遍认可,但实践中企业社会责任的绩效并不尽人意。本文运用研究假设与定量分析的方法,从企业相关者利益角度出发,构建了一个企业社会绩效最大化的三维空间理论模型,并在对企业社会绩效静态评价基础之上,对企业社会绩效进行了协调性评价,以探求在利益相关者利益不均衡、不同向发展下的企业社会绩效最大化,即企业社会综合绩效构成与评价,旨在为企业社会绩效研究提供一种思路。研究结果表明,企业社会绩效有较多的影响因素,且各影响因素之间时有碰撞、对抗或不统一性,从而导致各维度上的社会绩效存在着非同向发展情形。因此,要实现企业社会绩效的最大化,必须考虑企业承担的社会责任的综合绩效,即企业社会最优绩效,并且引入企业社会绩效综合评价体系进行评价。只有从企业社会最优绩效点出发,才能促进企业更好与更全面地履行社会责任,进而实现企业社会绩效最大化目标。     

供应链环境成本内部化利益相关者行为抉择博弈探析

面对环境污染,供应链环境成本内部化是解决环境问题的重要途径。为明晰供应链环境成本内部化的过程机理,选取中央政府、地方政府、集成供应链系统和消费者为主要利益相关者,基于对主要利益相关者环境价值诉求的识别及行为策略分析,构建了中央政府、地方政府、供应链三方动态博弈模型,并考虑消费者的行为策略对三方博弈的影响。运用三方动态博弈模型解析了供应链环境成本内部化各博弈方的博弈均衡策略以及各利益相关者行为选择之间的相互影响关系。结果显示,个体利益相关者的行为策略会受到其他利益相关者的影响,为保障供应链环境成本内部化的顺利实施,各利益相关者应协同合作。通过对供应链环境成本内部化协同机理的探讨,提出了促进供应链环境成本内部化实施的对策建议,即中央政府应发挥政策导向作用、地方政府应发挥监督主体作用、企业应发挥投资主体作用、消费者应发挥监督推动作用。     

特许物权变动中寻租行为的衍生路径及抑制

特许物权是自然资源用益物权。特许物权变动是指特许物权的设立、变更和终止行为。自然资源的稀缺性特征是为其变动过程被政府管制的重要原因,我国法律即采取特许物权变动行政许可制度,是国家为减少自然资源开发中的外部性问题而对私人权益实施的强制性干预。特许物权变动行政许可制度弱化特许物权人的最大化收益,产生了价格不菲的经济租。部分特许物权人为了谋求自身利益的最大化,会做出各种努力旨在影响特许物权变动中行政许可的向度与强度。一旦寻租行为得逞,自然资源的法定变动路径将备受扭曲,社会总体福利下降。寻租行为在特许物权变动中的发生类型呈现出独占型寻租和竞争型寻租两种,但其有着共同的衍生路径。追踪寻租行为的发生脉路,可以洞察到自然资源特许物权变动中寻租衍生的特殊动因。可以通过合理化特许物权结构、规范特许物权变动秩序和强化行政许可权力制衡力度等措施来对寻租的动因加以有效抑制。     

关于生态补偿标准和机制

生态补偿项目的成本是确定生态补偿标准的基础.在生态补偿项目评估中,全面、准确地计算损失者的直接成本、机会成本和发展成本比生态服务价值评估远为重要.生态补偿没有统一标准,最终结果取决于生态补偿项目中受损者和得益者双方的谈判能力.因此,动员各利益相关者参与能更准确地制定生态补偿标准,保护那些实实在在提供生态服务或遭受外部性损失的基层农民的利益;同时还可以充分利用地方性技术和制度知识,提高项目效益,监督项目管理者,减少寻租行为.生态补偿机制除政府和市场补偿外,还应包括社区内部补偿.在政府补偿中,中央和地方政府的分工是不同的.财政分权理论表明,由地方政府负责实施生态补偿是有效率的.因为地方政府更接近社会,更了解当地居民的偏好.     

WSSD 2002, Latin America and Brazil: Biodiversity and Indigenous People

Latin America comprehends notable variations in terms of natural environment, availability of natural resources, living standards, and demographic patterns. Latin America is a mosaic of cultures, post- and pre-Columbian. The rich variety of life forms discovered and described by chroniclers and traveling naturalists in the Neotropics contributed to the proposal, in mid-XVIIIth century, of a new system of classification and a scientific code of nomenclature for all organisms. Biodiversity was, for many centuries, a source of resources to be exploited in natura. In scientific circles, its inventory became the domain of taxonomists. But modern technology showed how important the miriad of life forms really are as sources of chemical molecules to be engineered as drugs and reassembled as novel manufactured products. We are on the brink of a new agricultural and medical revolution, thanks to the techniques of genetic engineering, which will lead eventually to the elimination of hunger and malnutrition.In this essay, the Brazilian environmental and social heterogeneity will serve as an example to illustrate some key points, which have influenced sustainability policies. The Amazon deforestation and indigenous knowledge (IK), subjects often associated with areas of high biodiversity, are usually the focus of environmental debates. The importance of IK in integrating development, reducing poverty and sustainability are considered together with the intellectual property rights of native populations.In the World Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD) Implementation Plan, a few paragraphs were dedicated to Latin America, because of the pre-existing Action Platform on the Road to Johannesburg 2002, approved in Rio de Janeiro in October 2001. This paper calls attention to the need to draw up specific environmental policies for a region which shows an extremely high cultural and biological diversity, associated with a high availability of forests and water, among other resources.     

湘鄂赣农业资源与专业化区域化方向

湘鄂赣地理位置优越,农业资源丰富,稻谷、茶叶、麻类、棉花、油料、柑桔和淡水产品、禽蛋、肉类等在我国居有重要的地位,因此,大力发展三省农业生产,对我国人民实现小康生活具有战略意义。今后,要加速专业化区域化进程。我们找出生产潜力所在:改造低产田、低产园、低产水面;开发“三高”技术;开垦荒地、荒山、荒水;适当提高复种指数。通过建设,三省主要农产品将自给有余,还可满足国内外市场的需要。努力方向:高效农业开发——综合农业开发,吨粮田开发,玉米带开发,饲料稻开发,山区开发;合理布局农业生产;深化农业商品基地建设,发展综合利用,搞活商品流通;全面提高农业现代化水平,加强农业社会服务体系。     

Ethnosciences––A step towards the integration of scientific and indigenous forms of knowledge in the management of natural resources for the future

Integration of indigenous knowledge and ethnoscientific approaches into contemporary frameworks for conservation and sustainable management of natural resources will become increasingly important in policies on an international and national level, both in countries that are industrialised and those that have a developing status. We set the scene on how this can be done by exploring the key conditions and dimensions of a dialogue between ȁ8ontologiesȁ9 and the roles, which ethnosciences could play in this process. First, the roles of ethnosciences in the context of sustainable development were analysed, placing emphasis on the implications arising when western sciences aspire to relate to indigenous forms of␣knowledge. Secondly, the contributions of ethnosciences to such an ȁ8inter- ontological dialogueȁ9 were explored, based on an ethnoecological study of the encounter of sciences and indigenous knowledge in the Andes of Bolivia, and reviewed experiences from mangrove systems in Kenya, India and Sri Lanka, and from case-studies in other ecosystems world-wide, incl. Australia, Burkina Faso, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Guatemala, Indonesia, Nepal, Niger, Philippines, Senegal, South-Africa and Tanzania.     

Paradoxical ozone associations could be due to methyl nitrite from combustion of methyl ethers or esters in engine fuels

We review studies of the effects of low ambient ozone concentrations on morbidity that found a negative coefficient for ozone concentration. We call this a Paradoxical Ozone Association (POA). All studies were in regions with methyl ether in gasoline. All but one study carefully controlled for the effects of other criterion pollutants, so the phenomenon cannot be attributed to them. One was in southern California in mid-summer when ozone levels are highest. Because ozone is created by sunlight, the most plausible explanation for a POA would be an ambient pollutant that is rapidly destroyed by sunlight, such as methyl nitrite (MN). A previously published model of engine exhaust chemistry suggested methyl ether in the fuel will create MN in the exhaust. MN is known to be highly toxic, and closely related alkyl nitrites are known to induce respiratory sensitivity in humans. Support for the interpretation comes from many studies, including three linking asthma symptoms to methyl tertiary butyl ether (MTBE) and the observation that a POA has not been seen in regions without ether in gasoline. We also note that studies in southern California show a historical trend from more significant to less significant ozone-health associations. The timing of those changes is consistent with the known timing of the introduction of gasoline oxygenated with MTBE in that region.     

Household water in rural asia: a case study of the construction of a piped water system in Bangui,Ilocos Norte,Philippines

In early 1980 an extension agent was assigned to the rural municipality of Bangui, Ilocos Norte, Philippines to work on development projects – in particular the improvement of the supply of safe water for drinking and sanitation. After many months of visiting spring sites and meeting with community leaders, a small part of the municipality was selected to build a gravity fed piped water system. Although the system took many months to plan, identify funding and construct, the 600 community members were ultimately rewarded with house to house connections that enabled them to achieve per capita water consumption levels above the minimum levels recommended by the World Health Organization. Of course, money was critical to ensure the project’s success, but many other factors played an equally critical role. For instance, without the active participation of the community and the unwavering support of the community leadership the project would not have survived the initial planning stage. Also, the extension agent played a critical role by acting as a conduit between funding agencies, the Bureau of Public Works and the community. The primary lesson to be learned from this experience is that the success of rural development projects is largely driven by the synergy between the community, technical support, financial support, and agents of change such as extension agents. If any of these ingredients had been lacking, the project result would likely have been far different.     

Prognosis of the spatiotemporal dynamics of ecosystems by means of universal kriging

The use of quantitative data for constructing prognostic maps of the dynamics of ecosystem degradation and restoration by nonlinear simulation methods is a topical field of landscape ecology. This method of dynamic cartography is based on fiberwise comparison of data on the state of Chernye Zemli (the Kalmyk Republic, Russia) in different years and the detailed analysis of the period on which the prognosis was based. For this purpose, materials of repeated aerial and satellite photography obtained during a long period (1954–1993) were used. Comparison of maps characterizing the dynamics of Chernye Zemli between 1958 and 1993 allows prognostic electronic maps for the next 10–15 years (with a five-year interval) to be drawn and land prognosis for the next 20–30 years (1998–2023) to be obtained. Deceased     

Distributions of personal VOC exposures: a population-based analysis

Information regarding the distribution of volatile organic compound (VOC) concentrations and exposures is scarce, and there have been few, if any, studies using population-based samples from which representative estimates can be derived. This study characterizes distributions of personal exposures to ten different VOCs in the U.S. measured in the 1999-2000 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Personal VOC exposures were collected for 669 individuals over 2-3 days, and measurements were weighted to derive national-level statistics. Four common exposure sources were identified using factor analyses: gasoline vapor and vehicle exhaust, methyl tert-butyl ether (MBTE) as a gasoline additive, tap water disinfection products, and household cleaning products. Benzene, toluene, ethyl benzene, xylenes chloroform, and tetrachloroethene were fit to log-normal distributions with reasonably good agreement to observations. 1,4-Dichlorobenzene and trichloroethene were fit to Pareto distributions, and MTBE to Weibull distribution, but agreement was poor. However, distributions that attempt to match all of the VOC exposure data can lead to incorrect conclusions regarding the level and frequency of the higher exposures. Maximum Gumbel distributions gave generally good fits to extrema, however, they could not fully represent the highest exposures of the NHANES measurements. The analysis suggests that complete models for the distribution of VOC exposures require an approach that combines standard and extreme value distributions, and that carefully identifies outliers. This is the first study to provide national-level and representative statistics regarding the VOC exposures, and its results have important implications for risk assessment and probabilistic analyses.     

Geographic Variation in the Seasonal Reproductive Strategy of the Mite Varroa jacobsoni in the Honeybee Nest

Variation in the reproduction of Varroa jacobsoni mite was studied in relation to the expansion of the range of its parasitism on the honeybee. Geographic differences in the seasonal dynamics of mite reproduction in the nests of bee families were revealed. Variation in the sex ratio of mites and the factors inhibiting their reproduction at the northern boundary of the honeybee range are considered. The forms of parthenogenetic reproduction in V. jacobsoni are discussed.     

Long-term increase in climatic dryness in the East-Mediterranean as evidenced for the island of Samos

The Eastern Mediterranean region is among the regions which were predicted to become drier under IPCC climate scenarios. Here, we document a gradual reduction of rainfall and tree growth and the loss of rural springs during the last decades of the twentieth century. Years with severe drought are associated with very low tree growth (dendrochronology) and dry falling of springs as evidenced by interviews with local stakeholders. The paper discusses the consequences of accelerating drought on natural vegetation and agriculture and points at the interaction with fire dynamics and economy, both likely to enhance the drought effect.