贵州丹寨县土壤-水稻中硒和重金属的积累及迁移特征

通过测定贵州丹寨县主要水稻种植区30件水稻土及对应的水稻中硒和重金属的含量,分析硒和重金属Cd、Hg、As、Pb在根系土及对应水稻中的分布特征,研究了土壤有机质和pH对硒和重金属在土壤-水稻系统中迁移的影响.结果 表明:该地区水稻根系土中硒含量变化范围为0.27～0.98 mg/kg,平均值为0.65 mg/kg,70...     

桂中典型碳酸盐岩区水稻及根系土硒含量特征

硒对人体的健康具有重要意义。水稻作为中国南方的主要粮食作物,研究水稻籽实与根系土硒含量特征及其影响因素,可为富硒水稻种植、富硒产业开发、提升土地利用价值提供科学依据。本文以桂中典型碳酸盐岩地区为研究区,通过采集、测试400套水稻籽实及对应的根系土样品,研究讨论其含硒水平及影响因素。结果表明:(1)水稻根系土硒含量为0.11～3.82 mg/kg,平均值为0.61 mg/kg,明显高于全国其他省份表层土壤硒含量值。(2)根系土中Cd、Cr、Hg、S元素含量高于全国土壤背景值,Cd、Cr、Hg富集现象显示了广西典型碳酸盐岩区土壤重金属高背景属性,碳酸盐岩区Se与Cd等重金属元素次生富集特征近似。(3)根系土中硒含量主要受成土母质岩系控制,土壤中Se高含量主要与石炭系、泥盆系、二叠系、三叠系地层碳酸盐岩、硅质岩的分布密切相关。此外,与土壤有机质呈明显正相关,土壤中的有机质能对硒起吸附固定作用,使得硒在土壤表层富集。(4)研究区水稻籽实硒最小值为0.015 mg/kg,最大值为0.532 mg/kg,平均值为0.08 mg/kg,富硒率高达81.5%。水稻籽实硒含量除了与根系土硒含量有关外,还与土壤中的有机质、S、pH呈显著负相关性。     

外加可溶性碳、氮对不同热量带土壤氨挥发的影响

在室内条件下采用静态吸收法,研究了外加可溶性碳、氮对不同热量带经长期施肥的3种农田土壤:黑土、潮褐土和红壤氨挥发的影响.结果表明,施用氮肥显著促进了土壤氨挥发,在单施氮肥和可溶性碳配施氮条件下,不同热量带土壤氨挥发量从高到低分别为潮褐土(14.3、 7.37 mg·kg~(-1)),黑土(1.52、 1.11 mg·kg~(-1)),红壤(0.998、 0.402 mg·kg~(-1)).添加可溶性碳显著减少土壤因施氮肥产生的氨挥发量,其中黑土减少27.0%,潮褐土减少48.5%,红壤减少60.0%.在黑土、潮褐土长期不同施肥土壤中,单施氮肥后氨挥发量均表现为无肥土壤 > 化肥土壤 > 化肥+有机肥土壤,与可溶性碳配施氮后氨挥发量变化规律相反;在红壤长期不同施肥土壤中,单施氮肥和可溶性碳配施氮后氨挥发量均表现为无肥土壤 > 化肥土壤 > 化肥+有机肥土壤.研究结果还表明,外加可溶性碳、氮后,潮褐土铵态氮含量的减少幅度和硝态氮含量的增加幅度均显著高于黑土和红壤,说明潮褐土中氮素损失潜能大.     

Volatilization behaviors of diesel oil from the soils

The volatilization of diesel oil, Shengli crude oil and 90 # gasoline on glass surface of petri dishes were conducted at the ambient temperature of 25℃. Diesel oil evaporates in a power manner, where the loss of mass is approximately power with time. 90 # gasoline evaporates in a logarithmic with time. Where as the volatilization of Shengli crude oil fit either the logarithmic or power equation after different time, and has similar R^2 . And the effects of soil type and diesel oil and water content on volatilization behavior in unsaturated soil were studied in this paper. Diesel oil and water content in the soils play a large role in volatilization from soils. Appropriate water helps the wicking action but too much water stops it. The wicking action behaves differently in four different types of soils in the same volatilization experiment of 18% diesel oil content and air-dry condition.     

不同类型土壤中As(Ⅴ)解吸行为的研究

为了解As(Ⅴ)在土壤中的解吸行为及不同类型试剂(NaOH、NaCl、NaHCO3、柠檬酸、草酸及磷酸盐缓冲液)对所吸附砷的解吸效果,对As(Ⅴ)在不同类型土壤中的解吸热力学和动力学效果进行了研究.结果表明,NaOH和磷酸盐缓冲液对几种土壤吸附砷的解吸效果较好,解吸率分别在47.3%～73.0%和35.4%～66.6%...     

不同价态外源硒在石灰性土壤中的形态转化及其生物有效性

通过盆栽试验和连续浸提的方法,研究了外源硒酸盐(六价硒)和亚硒酸盐(四价硒)施入石灰性土壤后的形态转化及其对小白菜生物有效性的影响.结果表明,不同价态外源硒施入土壤后,土壤各形态硒含量均随外源硒添加量的增加而显著增大(p0.01).但两种外源硒在土壤中的形态变化明显不同,施入土壤的硒酸盐主要以可溶态形式存在,在土壤中的移动性相对较大;而亚硒酸盐主要以可交换态及碳酸盐结合态形式存在,并可由可溶态转化为其他土壤形态,从而降低了其生物有效性.Monod方程拟合结果表明,小白菜根系对六价硒的亲和能力显著大于四价硒,从而使得硒酸盐处理小白菜地上和地下部最大硒含量分别为亚硒酸盐处理的5倍和2倍,说明在石灰性土壤上硒酸盐比亚硒酸盐的生物有效性更高.另外,亚硒酸盐处理小白菜地下部最大硒含量是地上部的2.3倍,而硒酸盐处理小白菜地下部和地上部最大硒含量相近,说明小白菜根系吸收在硒累积和转运过程中起着至关重要的作用.     

浙西球川富硒区耕地土壤硒含量及其影响因素

通过浙西球川耕地土壤的调查与分析,对表层土壤硒分布特征及其影响因素进行了研究。结果表明,该区表层土壤硒含量均值为0. 43 mg/kg。不同地层分布区土壤硒含量差异较大,荷塘组碳质页岩、硅质岩分布区土壤硒含量最高(平均值为0. 59 mg/kg),寿昌组凝灰岩分布区土壤硒含量最低(平均值为0. 32 mg/kg),地质背景(岩石分布)对土壤硒含量及分布起控制作用。旱地土壤硒含量平均值高于水田。土壤硒含量与有机质含量呈正相关关系,而与土壤p H关系不密切。球川地区土壤硒主要来自自然背景(成土母质),外源输入影响较小,该区富硒土壤具有可持续开发利用潜力。     

气相抽提法(SVE)去除土壤中挥发性有机污染物的实验研究

研究了土柱直径、土壤粒径和不同污染物等对模拟SVE通风效率的影响.以苯、甲苯、乙苯、正丙苯为污染物进行的实验结果表明,柱底面积/装土高度(S/H)越大,去除率越高.不同粒径受甲苯、乙苯、正丙苯污染的土壤进行的实验结果表明,当土壤粒径由10目变为20～40目后,SVE通风效率降低,污染物去除难度增大.受苯、甲苯、乙苯污染...     

Johnson & Ettinger模型和Volasoil模型在污染物室内挥发风险评价中的应用和比较

在土壤污染和地下水污染的现场,挥发过程是挥发性污染物暴露的重要途径.设置典型土壤污染场景作为研究对象,选取Johnson&Ettinger模型和Volasoil模型进行室内挥发过程的模拟和暴露浓度的计算.对两个模型中污染物的运移机理进行了比较和分析.尽管方法和参数选择有所不同,二者对污染源处三相平衡浓度的计算本质上是一致的.暴露浓度的计算结果表明,两个模型对室内挥发过程的模拟可能会有较大差异,与污染现场的具体情况有关.参数影响的分析表明,污染源顶部埋深对二者暴露浓度的影响一致,Johnson&Ettinger模型对污染土壤含水率的大小非常敏感.建议考虑房屋结构的实际情况,选用或者改进模型进行室内挥发过程的评价.     

麦秸全量还田下太湖地区两种典型水稻土稻季氨挥发特性比较

利用原状土柱在田间试验条件下,比较了麦秸还田下乌栅土和黄泥土稻季氮素氨挥发损失规律,每种试验土壤均设对照、氮肥、氮肥加麦秆这3个处理,同步测定施肥后氨挥发、田面水铵态氮浓度与pH、以及表层土壤Eh.结果表明,乌栅土氨挥发速率及其累积氨挥发量显著高于黄泥土,两种土壤的稻季平均氨挥发的氮素损失量分别为41.8 kg·hm-2和11.2kg·hm-2,分别占氮肥用量的15.2%和3.8%;在3个施肥时期中,分蘖肥期氨挥发损失率最高,乌栅土和黄泥土分别占氮肥用量的29.4%和8.3%;麦秸还田显著增加了氮肥的氨挥发损失,麦秸还田下乌栅土和黄泥土稻季氨挥发损失比单施氮肥处理分别增加了19.8%和20.6%.两种土壤氨挥发速率均与田面水NH4+-N浓度、pH呈正相关关系,但与表层土壤Eh的关系还需进一步研究.     

广西北部湾沿海经济区水稻及根系土硒含量特征

应用原子荧光光度法对广西北部湾沿海经济区水稻和根系土中的硒含量进行了测试。研究了水稻中硒含量与根系土中硒含量以及土壤性质之间关系。结果表明:研究区水稻中硒含量在0.021～0.335mg/kg之间,平均值为0.074mg/kg,标准差0.045,样品数为70件;根系土中硒含量变化范围为0.167～1.328mg/kg,平均值为0.620mg/kg,标准差0.230,样品数为70件。高于世界土壤表层平均值和全国表层土壤平均值,相关分析结果表明,根系土中S、有机质、P、C、N不利于水稻对硒的吸收,高CaO含量和pH有利于硒的吸收。土壤全硒量不是控制水稻硒水平的最主要因素。     

Treatability of volatile chlorinated hydrocarbon-contaminated soils of different textures along a vertical profile by mechanical soil aeration: A laboratory test

Mechanical soil aeration is a simple, effective, and low-cost soil remediation technology that is suitable for sites contaminated with volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons(VCHs). Conventionally, this technique is used to treat the mixed soil of a site without considering the diversity and treatability of different soils within the site. A laboratory test was conducted to evaluate the effectiveness of mechanical soil aeration for remediating soils of different textures(silty,clayey, and sandy soils) along a vertical profile at an abandoned chloro-alkali chemical site in China. The collected soils were artificially contaminated with chloroform(TCM) and trichloroethylene(TCE). Mechanical soil aeration was effective for remediating VCHs(removal efficiency 98%). The volatilization process was described by an exponential kinetic function.In the early stage of treatment(0–7 hr), rapid contaminant volatilization followed a pseudofirst order kinetic model. VCH concentrations decreased to low levels and showed a tailing phenomenon with very slow contaminant release after 8 hr. Compared with silty and sandy soils, clayey soil has high organic-matter content, a large specific surface area, a high clay fraction, and a complex pore structure. These characteristics substantially influenced the removal process, making it less efficient, more time consuming, and consequently more expensive. Our findings provide a potential basis for optimizing soil remediation strategy in a cost-effective manner.     

中国一些岩类中硒的比较研究

用荧光分光光度法分析了114个岩样和陆架沉积物中的微量硒.样品基本覆盖我国地表主要岩类.硒在样本空间呈不规则多重全域分布,经模式校正,所得岩浆岩硒值高于美国标准岩样,而沉积岩硒值明显偏低,据此推算了硒的区域丰度值以及我国地表成土母质硒含量的阈值下限.     

中国一些岩类中硒的比较研究

用荧光分光光度法分析了114个岩样和陆架沉积物中的微量硒.样品基本覆盖我国地表主要岩类.硒在样本空间呈不规则多重全域分布,经模式校正,所得岩浆岩硒值高于美国标准岩样,而沉积岩硒值明显偏低,据此推算了硒的区域丰度值以及我国地表成土母质硒含量的阈值下限.     

水稻对不同土壤中硒酸盐/亚硒酸盐的吸收和富集

通过土培试验研究了在3种类型土壤(红壤、黑土和灰钙土)上施用不同价态硒肥(Na2 SeO3或Na2 SeO4)条件下,水稻地上部硒含量的变化.结果表明,在水稻幼苗期,3种土壤上Se4+硒肥处理的水稻幼苗地上部硒含量高于Se6+硒肥处理.施用Se4+硒肥,红壤、黑土及灰钙土中水稻幼苗的硒含量分别为5.76、1.18和1.11 mg· kg-1,分别为对照的2.5、4.7和6.9倍;施用Se6+硒肥,红壤、黑土及灰钙土中水稻幼苗的硒含量分别为4.70、0.66和0.73 mg·kg-1.在水稻成熟期,施用Se4+硒肥后,红壤、黑土及灰钙土中水稻籽粒中硒含量分别由对照中的0.34、0.05和0.05 mg·kg-1增加到0.94、0.14和0.20 mg·kg-1;施用Se6+硒肥后,红壤、黑土及灰钙土中水稻籽粒中硒含量分别为1.13、0.12、0.16mg·kg-1.不同价态硒肥处理和土壤类型对水稻幼苗和成熟地上部硒含量都有显著影响.在pH值低的红壤上施用Se6+硒肥效果更好,而在pH值高的黑土和灰钙土上施用Se4+硒肥效果更好;从环境风险和硒对植物毒性的角度考虑,硒肥以亚硒酸盐的形式施用比较好.     

Assessment of selenium pollution in agricultural soils in the Xuzhou District, Northwest Jiangsu, China

Xuzhou City is an important base for coal production and coal-fired power. To evaluate selenium contamination in this area, we sampled agricultural soil, soil profile, irrigation water, bedrock, coal, fly ash, paddy rice, and vegetables from the north of Xuzhou City, and determined their selenium contents. The background level of selenium in the soil profile was 0.08 mg/kg. The selenium concentrations in agricultural soils and irrigation water were in the range of 0.21-4.08 mg/kg and 0.002-0.29 mg/L, respec...     

北京东南化工区土壤有机氯农药污染特征和分布规律

采集北京原东南化工区表层土壤样品,测定了土壤有机氯农药(滴滴涕、六六六和六氯苯)残留浓度,结果表明化工区土壤有机氯农药浓度较高,滴滴涕和六六六平均浓度高达5470ng/g和2110ng/g,比一般农业和城市土壤中的浓度高出很多;某些点位甚至超过国家土壤三级标准,高浓度的点位主要集中在原农药厂的生产车间和存储点。六氯苯由于来源和挥发性跟滴滴涕和六六六不同,所以六氯苯残留在化工区土壤中的分布相对比较均匀。化工区土壤滴滴涕和六六六的异构体组成特征表明工业区土壤的有机氯农药降解速度较慢,滴滴涕残留来源于工业滴滴涕和三氯杀螨醇,而六六六主要来源于工业六六六。化工区的有机氯农药污染主要来自于原农药厂的生产和存储,重污染点位对周围化工厂的有机氯残留有一定的影响。由于高残留浓度和较低的降解速度,化工区土壤有机氯农药残留的环境风险值得进一步关注。     

Selenium in agriculture and the environment

Selenium occurs naturally in the soil environment in amounts which may cause nutritional toxicity or deficiency to livestock in areas throughout the world. Normal soils contain between 0.1 and 2.0 μg g^?1 selenium compared with 30–324 μg g^?1 (dry weight) or above from a seleniferous area. Plant selenium concentrations can generally be used as an indicator of the soil selenium status. Selenium accumulator plants may contain thousands of μg g^?1 selenium and grow healthily on highly seleniferous soils. Most plants contain small amounts of selenium; less than 1 μg g^?1 when growing on normal soils. A third group of plants, containing large amounts of sulphur, contain higher amounts of selenium when growing on normal soils.Animals consuming plants containing unusually small or large amounts of selenium over a prolonged period may develop nutritional selenium disorders. Development of sensitive analytical techniques has permitted detection of the very low amounts of selenium present in livestock suffering from selenium deficiency and associated problems. Required amounts of selenium necessary for animal nutrition range from 0.04 to 0.10 μg g^?1 depending on the animal species and the level of vitamin E in the diet. Amounts of selenium causing nutritional toxicity are usually an order of magnitude higher than those producing deficiency.Factors affecting selenium absorption in animals include the form of selenium in the diet and the type of animal. Ruminants moderate their dietary intake by reducing selenium to insoluble forms, which they excrete. Monogastric animals, by contrast, may absorb up to 80% or more of their dietary selenium intake, depending on its biological availability.Although there are areas where livestock poisoning occurs, much evidence has been accumulated to indicate that agricultural livestock is deficient, or bordering on selenium deficiency, in many areas of the world. Overt selenium deficiency in man has been reported in China, indicating the possibility of widespread non-overt sub-clinical selenium deficiency in humans. No definite evidence for human selenium toxicity has been reported.Although anthropogenic selenium contributes to the total selenium in the soil environment, most of it is biologically unavailable. Organisms such as bacteria and fungi reduce biologically available selenium to elemental insoluble forms, whilst others produce volatile organic forms of selenium which are lost to the atmosphere. Some bacteria are able to oxidise colloidal selenium so that it becomes biologically available. Whether the overall amount of biologically available selenium is increasing or decreasing in the soil environment is of vital consequence to agricultural productivity. It is recommended that work should be carried out to quantify amounts of available selenium that are lost from soil systems, and to identify the forms and amounts of selenium that enter the soil environment from natural and anthropogenic sources. Tests to indicate the presence of non-overt selenium deficiency in animals, such as blood selenium measurements, are recommended for areas under suspicion from soil and crop analyses.     

典型污灌区土壤中Cd的形态、有效性及其影响因子

采集了北京、山东、天津、河北及辽宁5个典型污灌区土壤,外源添加1.20mg/kg 的Cd,经过30d老化后,研究了不同污灌区土壤中小麦Cd的吸收、转运系数,同时利用离子色谱及WHAM6.0模型对污灌区土壤溶液性质及自由Cd²⁺形态等进行了测定.结果表明,不同污灌区土壤中,小麦根、茎叶对Cd的富集系数（BCF）与植株体内Cd的根-茎叶转运系数（TF）有显著差异;二种不同Cd敏感性小麦茎叶对土壤Cd的富集系数为0.064~0.465,最大相差626.5%,不同污灌区土壤Cd的富集系数大小表现为辽宁棕壤最大,山东棕壤最小;植株根-茎叶Cd转运系数（TF）表现为河北褐土>辽宁棕壤~北京潮土>天津潮土>山东棕壤.不同污灌区土壤中,自由Cd²⁺形态含量与Cd植物有效性呈显著正相关;植株根、茎叶中Cd含量与土壤中自由Cd离子含量的负对数[p（Cd²⁺）]呈显著（P<0.001）的负相关关系,方程分别为：y=-3.3106x+17.681（R²=0.929）;y=-0.3389x+1.7743（R²=0.916）.外源添加1.20mg/kg Cd土壤中,溶液自由Cd²⁺形态的变化值[△p（Cd²⁺）]与pH值、EC含量呈正相关,而与溶液中Cl^-、Na⁺、Ca²⁺含量呈负相关.由此可以推断,由污灌引起的土壤中Cl^-、Na⁺、Ca²⁺等离子含量的增加将导致土壤中Cd环境风险增大.     

洋河流域不同土地利用类型土壤硒(Se)分布及影响因素

基于洋河流域土地利用方式、海拔高度、土壤、植被类型等采集流域上下游171个代表性表层土壤(0~10 cm),系统地分析了土壤总硒(Se)含量、分布及影响因素.结果表明,洋河流域土壤总Se含量(以干重(dw)计,下同)在0.02~3.24mg·kg-1之间,几何平均值为0.30 mg·kg-1,高于北京平原(0.20 mg·kg-1)、河北平原(0.19 mg·kg-1)和全国平均值(0.29mg·kg-1).洋河流域少Se(0.13~0.18 mg·kg-1)土壤主要分布在怀安县、宣化县以及怀来县,多数地区土壤处于足Se水平(0.18~0.45 mg·kg-1),除此之外,在万全县、兴和县、天镇县及阳高县分布有富Se(0.45~2.0 mg·kg-1)土壤.不同土地利用类型中Se含量有所差异,Se平均含量由高到低分别为:林地城镇工矿用地草地农业用地,其中农业用地平均含量为0.28 mg·kg-1.成土母质、土壤类型对洋河流域Se含量影响较小.黏粒含量与洋河流域表层土壤中Se相关性最好.Se含量随海拔增高显著增加,随p H增加显著减小.TOC、Fe和Al含量也是影响土壤Se含量的重要因素.