氧化亚铁硫杆菌及其在环境工程中的应用

本文介绍了氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Thibacilus ferrooxidans，简称T．f菌)的生理特性以及它在环境工程中的应用，并阐明了今后有关T.f菌研究的发展趋势和方向。     

软锰矿与氧化亚铁硫杆菌吸收SO2过程中的影响因素

研究了低浓度软锰矿浆与氧化亚铁硫杆菌(Thiobacillus ferrooxidans,简称 T.f)联合吸收SO2过程中软锰矿浆浓度、T.f菌液量、O2体积分数、气体流量以及SO2进口浓度对硫酸根生成的影响.研究表明:在该体系中,生成的硫酸根浓度随着软锰矿浆浓度、T.f菌液量、O2体积分数以及气体流量的增加而增大;随着进口SO2浓度的增加,硫酸根的生成呈现先增加后减少的趋势.     

矿山尾矿酸性废水源头控制技术研究进展

矿山尾矿酸性废水的治理是采矿行业关注的一个热点问题。作者在论述矿山尾矿酸性废水的成因、水质特征及危害的基础上,评述了主要的源头控制技术方法,包括尾矿脱硫技术、施用T.f菌杀菌剂技术、覆盖法、表面钝化处理技术,指出了各种源头控制技术方法在实际应用中面临的一些问题,提出源头控制技术和末端治理技术的联合使用将会是未来研究的重点。     

重庆市农业自然生产潜力研究：I.潜力计算方法讨论

一般认为,影响作物的主要生态因子包括光、温、水和养分,根据这四个因子构成的自然生产潜力模型为阶乘形式:y_1=f(S)·f(W)·f(T)·f(Q)提出这种模型的学者有罗马尼亚的Dumitru Teaic、我国的梁荣欣、孙惠南等。考虑光、温和水三个因子的所谓气候生产潜力的阶乘型公式较多,如陈明     

无花果曲霉菌丝球对活性艳蓝KN-R的脱色研究

生物吸附法是染料废水处理中很有前途的一种方法。本文将培养的无花果曲霉菌丝球用于蒽醌染料活性艳蓝KN-R的脱色，研究了培养时间、温度、转速、pH值及盐浓度、不同碳源、不同氮源对菌丝球脱色的影响；比较了活菌与死菌的脱色效果；探讨了菌丝球重复利用对脱色率的影响。结果表明：培养时间为72h，温度为33℃，转速为150rpm，pH值为6．0，盐浓度为0.5％，以乳糖为碳源、硝酸钠为氮源时，菌丝球对活性艳蓝KN-R的脱色效果最好：活菌对染料的吸附性能比死菌好；菌丝球在重复利用了四次后，脱色率仍达85．7％。     

松毛菇生态特性及其施用恩肥研究

松毛菇也称灰离褶伞[LyophyllumCinerascens（Bullexkonr．）konr．etmaubl．]，隶属于担子菌纲、伞菌目、口蘑科、离褶伞属，食、药兼用．据测定，每100g干松毛菇中含粗蛋白26．72g、粗脂肪6．95g、总糖46．06g、纤维素10．48g、灰分9．79g，灰分中氧化锌含量达0.25％．每100g鲜菇中含VB20．06mg、VC10．97mg、VD0.20g．1松毛菇形态特征松毛菇菌盖初期呈球形，后期平展，直径1．5～8cm，浅灰褐色；菌肉白色、肥厚、质脆；菌褶白色、稠密，与菌柄离生；菌圆柱形，长7～8cm，直径0．5～0．8cm．色白转浅灰褐，柄中生、肉质、实心，子实体…     

青霉菌X5对活性艳蓝KN-R脱色研究

采用梯度平板筛选法，从染布厂废水池污泥中分离到一株对蒽醌染料KN－R有较强脱色能力的青霉菌X5（Penicillium sp.)，并考察该菌在不同温度，pH，培养时间，染料浓度，菌量及不同碳源氮源条件下对活性艳蓝KN－R的脱色情况，结果表明,在20－40℃温度范围内该菌对活性艳蓝KN－R的脱色率均在95％以上，其最佳脱色温度为25℃，pH为4．0，培养时间为48h，染料浓度，菌量对染料脱色有一定影响，该菌对碳源、氮源具有较宽适应范围，在最佳条件下，该菌对染料的脱色率达99．3％。     

改性少根根霉对钍(IV)的吸附研究

本文研究改性少根根霉对钍（Ⅳ）的吸附。在30℃，起始pH=4．0时，未改性少根根霉对钍的饱和吸附容量可达198．7mg／g干菌。用NaOH改性处理后少根根霉的吸附能力有较大提高，在30℃，吸附反应的最佳pH范围在4～4．5时，其饱和吸附量为265mg／g干菌。     

高效降氰菌的筛选及其特性研究

本研究从电镀废水中分离出了三株能够高效降解自由氰根的菌种，并对这三株菌的生长曲线和影响其降解氰化物的因素进行了研究。结果表明，这三株菌分别属于青霉属、木霉属和酵母属，并命名为M3、Mw4和Ms；其最大生长量的时间分别为15、20和18小时；当CN^-初始浓度为80mg／L时，M3菌16h内降解氰化物的最优条件是pH为5-7、温度为20℃～30℃、摇床转速为130rpm、接种量为10％。在此条件下，M3菌将80mg/L CN^-降解到0．22mg/L，降氰率达到98．9％。该研究结果可为微生物在处理含氰废水的实际应用提供依据。     

气相色谱法同时测定蔬菜中醚菌酯和肟菌酯残留量的方法研究

建立了一种同时测定蔬菜中醚菌酯和肟菌酯农药残留的气相色谱法。以乙腈高速匀浆提取、盐析。再经氟罗里硅土柱层析、净化,再经浓缩、定容后,采用气相色谱一电子捕获检测器对待测组分进行了分离和测定。本实验选用番茄为实验原料,通过在番茄样品中添加不同浓度的醚菌酯和肟菌酯混合标样,每档浓度做5个平行和1个空白。实验证明,添加浓度在0．01mg·kg^-1,0．05mg·kg^-1和0．2mg·kg^-1时,番茄中醚菌酯和肟菌酯添加回收率在81．2％～106．5％之间,相对标准偏差（RSD,n=5）小于10％,醚菌酯和肟菌酯在样品中的最低检出浓度为0．005mg·kg。     

CENTRAL NEBRASKA RIVER BASINS,NEBRASKA1

ABSTRACT: The Central Nebraska Basins (NAWQA) study unit includes the Platte River and two major tributaries, the Loup and Elkhorn Rivers. Platte River flows are variable in the western part of the study unit because of diversions, but the Loup and Elkhorn Rivers originate in an area of dune sand covered by grassland that generates consistent base flows. More frequent runoff in the eastern part of the study unit also sustains stream flow. Ground water in the study unit has no regional confining units and the system is a water table aquifer throughout. Macroinvertebrate and fish taxa at biological sampling sites in the state were related to stream flow. One of the four wetland complexes identified in the study unit includes habitat for threatened and endangered bird species. The study unit is an agricultural area that includes row crops, both irrigated and nonirrigated in the eastern and southern parts, and rangeland in the Sand Hills of the western part. A water quality assessment will be based on the differences in environmental setting in each of four subunits within the study unit.]     

建构主义学习理论在高等数学教学中的具体运用

建构主义学习理论是在认知主义基础上发展起来的一种独特的学习观。它认为“学习不应该被看成只是对于教师授予知识的被动接受，而应是学习者以自身已有的知识和经验为基础主动地建构意义的活动”。它对学习者的主动性、实践性、探索性、创造性和社会性的树立具有深远的意义。建构主义学习理论包括情境创设、协作学习和意义建构等主要环节。     

National, holistic, watershed-scale approach to understand the sources, transport, and fate of agricultural chemicals

This paper is an introduction to the following series of papers that report on in-depth investigations that have been conducted at five agricultural study areas across the United States in order to gain insights into how environmental processes and agricultural practices interact to determine the transport and fate of agricultural chemicals in the environment. These are the first study areas in an ongoing national study. The study areas were selected, based on the combination of cropping patterns and hydrologic setting, as representative of nationally important agricultural settings to form a basis for extrapolation to unstudied areas. The holistic, watershed-scale study design that involves multiple environmental compartments and that employs both field observations and simulation modeling is presented. This paper introduces the overall study design and presents an overview of the hydrology of the five study areas.     

Environmental justice in Nigeria: A narration of residents’ experience in Ile-Ife

The sharing of environmental cost by residents in various residential areas in the developing world is perceived to be unfair. This study therefore assessed residents’ experiences of environmental justice in Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Three residential areas were identified in the study area and samples were selected using systematic sampling. Using availability and condition of urban infrastructure, severity of environmental problems and residents’ involvement in environmental issues, the study examined environmental justice in the study area. The study established a variation in environmental issues across identified residential areas. The severity of environmental problem measured through an index tagged Severity of Environmental Problem (SEPI) revealed that environmental problems was most severe in the core (SEPI = 4.00), followed by the peripheral area (SEPI = 3.71) and least in the transition area (SEPI = 3.56). On the condition of available environmental infrastructure, the study revealed that the conditions of infrastructure were most improved in the peripheral area (ICI = 3.07), followed by the core (ICI = 2.67) and the least in the transition area (ICI = 2.42). The study concluded that residents’ experiences of environmental justice differ significantly across the different residential zones as reflected by residents’ socio-economic characteristics. Furthermore, it established that age, gender, educational status, and number of years spent in the area can be used to explain the differences in residents’ experience of environmental justice in the study area. To enhance the liveability, the study recommends adequate provision of environmental amenities needed by each category of people in the city.     

APPLICATION OF MODERN ORGANIZATIONAL CONCEPTS TO A LARGE WATER RESOURCE STUDY1

ABSTRACT: Modem management concepts were used to increase the efficiency and productivity of a large and complex water resource study conducted on two Delaware River components of the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System. The study analyzed the hydraulics of a 120 mile reach of the river using Rhodamine WT dye injected under medium-flow, low-flow steady-state, and low-flow-surge wave flow conditions. The study benefited from a decentralized management structure that used informal teams to attain quality control objectives, to overcome study difficulties, to secure substantial interagency cooperation, and to maximize limited financial and staffing resources.     

RESOURCE DEMANDS FOR ENERGY DEVELOPMENT IN THE YELLOWSTONE RIVER BASIN1

ABSTRACT: This paper reports on the development of a mathematical model for forecasting energy development in the Yellowstone study area for the years 1985 and 2000, and determining the associated economic demands for water, land, labor, capital, and mineral resources. The study was prepared for use by the Missouri River Basin Commission in conducting a comprehensive, “Level B” planning study of the water and related land resources in the Yellowstone River Basin. The study results indicate that the amount of coal development in the Yellowstone study area will depend primarily upon state and federal energy policies and regulations. Policies related to slurry pipeline transportation of coal will be particularly important in determining the level and pattern of future energy development in the area. Coal production under the “most probable” scenario is expected to increase from about 40 million tons in 1976 to 163 million tons per year by 1985, and 513 million tons in the year 2000. Consumptive water use for energy development in the study area could be as much as 556,000 acre-feet per year by the year 2000 (under the high scenario). A parametric analysis was conducted on the 1985 most probably scenario to determine the influence on the study results of variations in the delivered price of water. Water requirements were reduced by nearly one-fourth as water costs increased from zero to over $750 per acre-foot.     

Recycling inorganic domestic solid wastes: results from a pilot study in Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania

Solid waste recycling and recovery approach can be a sustainable and effective waste management system in many growing cities of the least developed countries. In the course of achieving proper solid waste management, a lot of efforts in these countries have, however, been focused more on collection and disposal and ignored waste recycling which can result into income generation, employment creation and reduction of the waste quantities that will finally require disposal in the existing municipal landfills or disposal sites. This paper reports the findings of a study on solid waste recycling in a selected semi-planned settlement in Dar es Salaam City, Tanzania. The objective of the study was to describe the existing solid waste management in the study area with a view to identifying the waste generation rates, types of the wastes and determine the amount of waste from the settlement that can be recycled for the purpose of income generation and reduction of the total amount of waste to be disposed of. Findings from this study revealed that waste generation rate in the study area was 0.36 kg per person per day, and that out of the 14 600 kg of recyclable waste generated per year, 8030 kg or 55% can be recycled and generate a per capita income of Tsh 834 000 for waste recyclists which is more than twice the official minimum annual wage (Tsh 360 000) in Tanzania at the time of the study. The study also revealed that effective waste recycling in the study area would result in the reduction of the total waste that need to be transported for final disposal by 11%.     

Swamp reclamation in tropical monsoon regions by appropriate refuse landfilling

Summary This paper is based on a research study to evaluate the feasibility of reclaiming low-lying swamplands by filling them with refuse, rather than with dirt, sand or other inert materials. A supplementary study was also initiated to prepare a preliminary evaluation of disposing of solid waste from the Bangkok Metropolis region. This included a preliminary assessment of available filling areas and of costs for filling them, together with projected values of reclaimed land. The latter study was included to determine if a feasibility study for utilising refuse landfilling for Bangkok solid-waste disposal is warranted, and to prepare the feasibility study terms of reference if so justified. Results of the literature review, practices of refuse landfilling in swamps, and methods and materials employed in conduct of the study are described. This is followed by evaluations of the feasibility of disposing solid wastes utilising swamplands, an environmental analysis of the same, and the conclusions of the study.The authors are Consulting Engineers at Seatec International, Bangkok. The views in this paper are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect World Bank policies.     

国内外耕地保护的经济补偿研究进展述评

采用文献回顾法、归纳法和比较研究法对国内外耕地保护经济补偿研究的趋势、理论和方法、内容和体系进行了归纳、分析和总结。研究表明:①在研究内容方面,国外将耕地保护的经济补偿融合于农业补贴,尤其是农业生态补贴和农业环保计划之中。国内耕地保护经济补偿研究内容则多侧重于对耕地价值、价格和效益的内涵界定、测算方法以及耕地非农化补偿(征地补偿)研究方面。②在研究体系方面,已有研究未能将区内和区际补偿、生态效益和社会效益补偿进行有机结合。③在研究理论和方法方面,未能将相关理论进行有机融合,也未能从耕地保护外部效益供体与受体分析的基础上合理测算耕地保护的外部性。为此,我国学者应在借鉴已有研究成果的基础上,结合我国实际,构建适合我国国情的的耕地保护经济补偿体系和运行机制。     

鄂尔多斯某区域石油开发生态环境变化分析

通过回顾鄂尔多斯盆地某地区石油开发以来区域生态环境变化,分析研究区目前的生态环境质量现状及石油开发等经济活动对区域生态环境的影响。利用GIS(地理信息系统)软件的最大值合成法(MVC)对研究区1989—2010年植被覆盖度遥感MODIS(中分辨率成像光谱仪)数据进行解译。研究结果表明:研究区石油开发以来,生态环境的变化特征能够反映出该地区社会经济发展客观规律以及随之带来的环境问题,对研究区制定环境保护与资源开发政策具有一定参考意义。