硝基苯、苯胺对湿地土壤微生物和脲酶活性的影响

通过室内培养试验研究不同w(硝基苯)和w(苯胺)下,湿地土壤w(微生物量碳),土壤呼吸强度和脲酶活性的变化特征.结果表明,输入硝基苯和苯胺后,前期w(微生物量碳)明显降低.w(硝基苯)和w(苯胺)分别为10和100mg/kg的处理前期对土壤呼吸表现为促进作用,后期表现为抑制作用; 随处理浓度的提高,作用强度和作用时间有所加剧和延长.w(硝基苯)和w(苯胺)均为100 mg/kg,处理7 d后,前者对土壤呼吸的抑制作用大于后者; 而w(硝基苯)为1mg/kg的处理对土壤呼吸几乎无影响.不同w(硝基苯)的处理对土壤脲酶活性影响不显著,处理5 d后均表现为弱的激活作用;w(苯胺)为1和10 mg/kg的处理对脲酶活性一直表现为弱的激活作用;w(苯胺)为100 mg/kg的处理表现为抑制作用.      

湿地土壤对硝基苯的吸附-解吸作用

应用平衡法研究硝基苯在湿地土壤中的吸附-解吸特性.结果表明,湿地土壤对硝基苯具有较强的吸附能力,其吸附行为可以用Linear和Freundlich型吸附等温式描述,不同类型湿地土壤对硝基苯的吸附和解吸能力有所不同.将吸附常数Kf与湿地土壤的理化性质进行相关性分析表明,土壤有机质含量与硝基苯吸附系数显著相关(r=0.888,P<0.01,n=7),其中泥炭沼泽土表层有机质含量最高,其吸附系数也最大(86.44 mg·kg-1).硝基苯在湿地土壤中的吸附自由能变化量为10.68～13.45 kJ·mol-1,表明其吸附以物理吸附为主.不同类型湿地土壤对硝基苯的解吸能力也有一定的差别,其中草甸白浆土的解吸率最大(41.87%),泥炭沼泽土表层解吸率最小(11.79%).     

三江平原湿地土壤对苯胺的吸附-解吸作用

应用平衡法研究了苯胺在三江平原湿地土壤中的吸附-解吸特性.结果表明,湿地土壤对苯胺具有较强的吸附能力,其吸附行为主要是通过疏水分配作用和阳离子交换作用完成.吸附行为可以较好地用Freundlich 吸附等温式描述,但不同类型湿地土壤对苯胺的吸附和解吸能力有所不同.将吸附常数Kf 与湿地土壤的理化性质进行回归分析表明,Kf 与土壤有机质含量呈极显著正相关,与阳离子交换量呈显著正相关.不同类型湿地土壤对苯胺的解吸能力也有一定的差别,其中草甸白浆土的解吸率最大(47.51%),泥炭沼泽土表层解吸率最小(6.24%).     

苯胺、硝基苯废水的吸附-双催化氧化降解

苯胺、硝基苯废水利用吸附树脂吸附后 ,再利用过氧化氢作氧化剂 ,在亚铁离子和紫外光的双催化下氧化降解。主要考察了亚铁离子浓度、过氧化氢浓度等因素对光降解的影响。结果表明 ,在实验条件下 ,苯胺、硝基苯废水经该体系处理 1 2h后 ,去除率最高可分别达 99.7%和 95 .3 %。     

新型有机膨润土对苯胺,硝基苯与十二烷基硫钠的吸附性比较

以苯胺，硝基苯与十二烷基硫酸钠为吸附质，研究了它们在有机膨润土上的吸附性能，并探讨了相关机理。结果表明，大分子十二烷基硫酸钠的吸附量明显大于较小分子苯胺与硝基苯的吸附量；同时，各吸附质在溶液中的不同存在状态对吸附量有影响。     

地带性土壤对苯胺吸附行为的研究

土壤作为挥发性有机污染物的源与汇,研究污染物在其中的吸附行为对探明污染物环境归趋和生态风险意义深远。以苯胺为代表性污染物,在综合分析我国12种地带性土壤的基本理化性质基础上,探讨苯胺在土壤-水界面分配规律以及该吸附行为与土壤理化性质之间的关系。结果表明:1）12种地带性土壤对于苯胺的吸附能力差异明显,其中,黑龙江黑土吸附苯胺能力最强,理论饱和吸附量最大;2）考虑到部分土样的吸附等温线表现出明显的非线性,用Freundlich模型拟合土壤吸附苯胺的等温线;3）12种地带性土壤的理化性质差异显著;4）有机质含量对苯胺土-水界面吸附行为影响最为显著:有机质含量越高,土壤对于苯胺的吸附能力越强。     

新型有机膨润土对苯胺、硝基苯与十二烷基硫酸钠的吸附性比较

以苯胺、硝基苯与十二烷基硫酸钠为吸附质，研究了它们在有机膨润土上的吸附性能，并探讨了相关机理。结果表明，大分子十二烷基硫酸钠的吸附量明显大于较小分子苯胺与硝基苯的吸附量；同时，各吸附质在溶液中的不同存在状态对吸附量有影响。     

黄河口典型芦苇湿地土壤磷的吸附动力学特征

以黄河口不同淹水条件的芦苇湿地为研究对象（潮汐淹水湿地、淡水恢复湿地和季节性淹水湿地）,通过吸附模拟实验探讨了不同类型湿地表层土壤对磷的吸附动力学特征及其影响因素,评估了不同淹水条件下湿地土壤对磷的吸附能力。研究结果表明：具有不同水盐条件的芦苇湿地土壤对上覆水体中磷的吸附表现为淡水恢复湿地>潮汐淹水湿地>季节性淹水湿地,淡水恢复湿地土壤对磷的吸附量最大;三类湿地土壤对磷的吸附过程均表现为初期（0~3 h）最快、中期（3~24 h）逐渐减慢、后期（24 h以后）慢而平衡的状态,但淡水恢复湿地土壤对磷的吸附速率最快,季节性淹水湿地土壤对磷的吸附速率最慢且存在着时间上的延迟性;三类湿地土壤的水盐条件和理化性质差异（如pH、盐度、土壤质地、Al₀、Fe₀和Ca₀）是导致三类湿地土壤对磷的吸附量和吸附速率存在差异的主要因素;Simple Elovich模型和Power Function模型更适合模拟黄河口芦苇（Phragmites australis）湿地土壤对磷的吸附动力学特征。在黄河口退化芦苇湿地实施淡水恢复工程,能够在一定程度上促进湿地土壤对磷的吸附,进而降低湿地水体发生富营养化的风险。     

O_3氧化处理苯胺、硝基苯废水的试验研究

利用Ｏ_３处理含苯胺、硝基苯有机废水，反应速度快、效果好这一特点使苯胺和硝基苯的去除率分别达到９５％和９９％，处理后废水可达标排放。     

苯胺在水体悬浮颗粒上吸附特征

通过批量平衡法实验，比较了作为有机碱离子化有机污染物之一的苯胺在酸性，天然水和碱性水体中悬浮颗粒物上的吸附特征，并观察了水体颗粒物中腐殖酸含量对苯胺吸附行为的影响。结果表明，苯胺在水体悬浮颗粒物上的吸附遵守Ｆｒｅｕｎｄｌｉｃｈ方程；在ＰＨ５－１０范围内苯胺被吸附的能力附介质ＰＨ值和颗粒物中有机质含量的升高而增大。     

氧等离子体改性竹活性炭对苯胺的吸附特性

对氧等离子体改性前后的竹活性炭表面理化性质的改变及其对水溶液中苯胺的吸附特性进行了研究.结果表明,氧等离子体改性竹活性炭的表面物理性质变化较小,但是表面化学性质的变化十分显著.在实验条件下,当溶液pH值超过5.0以后,3种竹活性炭对苯胺的吸附效率达到最大并基本保持不变.吸附动力学研究表明,3种竹活性炭对苯胺的吸附过程均可以在480min内达到平衡,改性竹活性炭的苯胺平衡吸附量显著大于未改性炭,吸附过程均可以用准二级动力学模型和内部颗粒扩散模型进行描述.吸附等温线研究表明,3种竹活性炭对苯胺的吸附等温线均符合Langmuir模型.进一步的分析表明, π-π色散力和氢键作用的增强可能是导致改性竹活性炭吸附苯胺性能提高的主要原因.     

Simultaneous elution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and heavy metals from contaminated soil by two amino acids derived from β-cyclodextrins

Two highly water-soluble amino acids, which derived from -CDs, i.e., glutamic acid- -cyclodextrin (GluCD) and ethylene-diamine- -cyclodextrin (EDCD), were synthesized and were examined for their e ect on solubilization of anthracene (ANT), complexation of cadmium (Cd2+), and elution removal of ANT and Cd2+ in soil. The results showed that GluCD and EDCD were powerful complexant for ANT and Cd2+. In the presence of 10 g/L GluCD and EDCD, the solubilization of ANT increased by 47.04 and 23.85 times compared to the control, respectively. GluCD resulted in approximately 90% complexation of Cd2+ while 70% complexation was observed for EDCD. Simultaneously, GluCD and EDCD could greatly enhance the elution removal of ANT and Cd2+ from soil. GluCD resulted in the highest elution e ciency of ANT and Cd2+.With the addition of 10 g/L GluCD, 53.5% of ANT and 85.6% of Cd2+ were eluted, respectively. The ANT had a negligible e ect on the Cd2+ removal due to di erent complexing sites of ANT and Cd2+, while Cd2+ enhanced the ANT removal under the addition of GluCD because Cd2+ neutralized the –COOH group of GluCD. Adversely, the removal of ANT was decreased with Cd2+ under the addition of EDCD, this was due to the fact that Cd2+ enhanced the polarity of EDCD molecule and inhibited the complexation between ANT and EDCD. The study suggested that GluCD could be preferred and be successfully applied to remediation of heavy metals or organic compounds in contaminated soil.     

Micronutrient dynamics in some wetland soils of south-eastern Nigeria

The inventory of profile distribution of total iron(Fe),zinc(Zn), manganese(Mn) and copper(Cu) were determined in three different soil horizons each of the wetland soils selected form Mbiabet(MB),Nkari(NK)and Nkana(NA) in Ini Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State.Total Fe ranged between 3.25 and 4.15ppm.The average contents were 3.72,3.91 and 3.62ppm in Mbiabet(MB),Nkari(NK) and Nkana(NA)soils respectively.The total value of Zn also ranged between 2.4 and 4.9 ppm with the average content in each soil being 28.27,17.73and 36.53 ppm respectively.The amount of Fe and Zn in these soil profiles were strongly correlated with the clay content and high levels of organic matter of 3.70%,2.47%and 2.5% respectively.The content clearly reflected a poor drainage conditions.In all the soil profiles Mn and Cu were detected in at least one of the soil horizons.However, Mn and Cu were not detected in the soil horizons at Nkari.Generally , the relative inventory of these micronutrients appeared to be influenced by pH,drainage pattern,organic matter and clay contents of these soils.The inventory of total values of the wetland soils considered are assessed in the light of establishing a baseline information.     

3种四环素类抗生素在石油污染土壤上的吸附解吸

以OECD Guideline 106为基础,采用批量平衡方法研究了3种四环素类抗生素在不同石油污染程度土壤上的吸附和解吸作用,并探讨了土壤中此类抗生素与石油污染物形成的复合污染环境行为.结果表明,3种四环素类抗生素在高石油污染和低石油污染土壤上的吸附和解吸均不同程度地偏离线性模型,其中Freundlich模型对吸附和解吸数据具有良好的非线性拟合性(P四环素>金霉素,差异达到极显著水平(P<0.01).对于同一种四环素类抗生素,石油污染土壤的不同程度并未对抗生素的吸附容量、吸附强度、吸附等温线形状、吸附机理以及解吸滞后性产生显著影响.因此四环素类抗生素进入石油污染土壤将加重土壤污染的程度和复杂性.     

Adsorption characteristic of bensulfuron-methyl at variable added Pb^2＋ concentrations on paddy soils

The combined pollution of heavy metal Pb²⁺ and bensulfuron-methyl (BSM), originating from chemical herbicides, in agroecological environments has become commonplace in southern China. The adsorption of BSM on three paddy soils in the presence of Pb²⁺ was examined using high-performance liquid chromatograph (HPLC). Results indicated that adsorption of BSM could accurately be described by a Freundlich isotherm equation with correlation constant (R) > 0.98, irrespective of the presence of spiked Pb²⁺. Of the various factors influencing BSM sorption, soil pH appeared to be the most influential. The constant K_f of Freundlich isotherm equation tended to increase with increasing Pb²⁺ concentration in soil which indicated that the spiked of Pb²⁺ in paddy soils would promote the sorption of BSM. ΔG^θ of BSM in three paddy soils was less than 40 kJ/mol in all treatments, indicating the adsorption of BSM is mainly physical in nature. The elution of soil dissolved organic matter (DOM) enhanced the adsorption of BSM in paddy soils. The mechanisms involved in the promotion effects of the spiked Pb²⁺ on BSM adsorption might be the modified surface characteristics of paddy soil solids due to the soil acidification and the increase of soil organic matter concentration because of DOM binding.     

阳-非离子混合表面活性剂对沉积物吸附硝基苯的影响

研究了非离子表面活性剂Triton X-100、阳离子表面活性剂氯化十六烷基吡啶(CPC)及其混合物在沉积物上的吸附行为,探讨了它们对沉积物吸附硝基苯的影响.结果表明,CPC和Triton X-100在沉积物上的吸附等温线均为非线性,吸附量随着平衡浓度的增加急剧增加,并迅速达到最大吸附量.低浓度CPC能明显增加Triton X-100在沉积物上的吸附,而高浓度的CPC则显著降低Triton X-100在沉积物上的吸附.Triton X-100略微降低CPC在沉积物上的吸附.在表面活性剂浓度较低的实际环境中,无论是阳离子或非离子表面活性剂,将主要被土壤或沉积物吸附并固定.硝基苯在沉积物上的吸附等温线为线性.CPC和Triton X-100促进沉积物对硝基苯的吸附,CPC-Triton X-100混合表面活性剂溶液能进一步增强沉积物对硝基苯的吸附.因此,阳离子和非离子混合表面活性剂可增强土壤或沉积物对有机污染物的吸附固定能力,也可以用来制备有机膨润土以提高其吸附处理废水的性能.