新形势下森林防火工作的重要性与实施策略分析

森林是地球之肺,其和人类健康生存有着密切关系,必须做好森林保护工作。防火工作是森林管理工作的重点,如果发生火灾,不仅会造成经济损失,而且对生态环境会带来破坏,因此必须需提高对森林防火工作的重视程度。本文就新形势下森林防火工作的重要性与实施策略展开探讨,以期对森林资源的保护提供智力支持。     

森林火灾重灾年(季)灾变原理和机制的研究

根据辩证逻辑和唯物哲学“联系的普遍性和多样性”、“物质运动规律性”及“量变 -质变”原理和13年来对森林火灾与太阳黑子活动异常、海温异常、海陆气压异常、大气环流异常、强地震活动、地球自转速度变化等地球各圈层重大异常变化关系的研究结果和经验积累 ,以及近年来国内外自然灾害研究界共识的“许多自然灾害具有群发性、相关性和连锁性规律”观点 ,研究并提出了一个林区发生大规模森林火灾以至最终形成森林火灾重灾年 (季 )的基本原理———四因素轨迹交叉论理论 ,并同时提出了大规模森林火灾及森林火灾重灾年 (季 )的灾变机制和逻辑过程理论 ,为林火长期管理和科学地预防、控制森林火灾灾害提供了一种全新的理念 ,为森林火灾长期预报和防治决策提供了重要理论和基础     

国外森林防火经验谈

森林是地球之肺,随着世界人口的膨胀,导致资源短缺、气候异常、灾害频发,人们越来越意识到发展林业、保护森林的重要性。近年来,由于气候反常等不利因素,世界各地的森林火灾时有发生,成为所有人心中的伤痛。为了减少森林火灾的危害,许多国家采用了～系列预防和扑救森林火灾的先进手段,对照国外森林防火的先进经验,也许对我们有一些借鉴和启发。     

福建国有林场森林防火工程体系建设成效

福建是我国重点林区,也是森林火灾的重灾区,福建国有林场系统重视森林防火工程体系建设,强化林火阻隔网络、林火预报与监控,林火交通通讯,组建快速扑火队伍等“四网二化”建设,取得显著成效。     

无锡惠山区探索建设森林火灾应急扑救体系

冬春时节是森林火警的高发期,无锡惠2区林木覆盖率23.8%,其中森林(即山林地)面积占全区国土总面积1.6%。森林防火压力较大。近年来,惠山区积极贯彻落实“预防为主,积极消灭”的方针,森林火灾防治能力、防治水平取得明显提高,连续多年未发生较大的森林火灾。当前,惠山区正把推进森林火灾应急扑救体系建设,有效预防和遏制森林火灾发生,作为防灾减灾救灾工作的重中之重。     

中国的森林防火工作

本文系统介绍了中国不断探索森林火灾的特点,有针对性的加强管理和技术防范措施,以提高对森林火灾的控制能力。着重说明了中国森林火灾带来的危害和损失,受自然条件的制约和社会环境影响所产生的特点。阐述了实行森林防火行政领导负责制,依法治火,大力开展宣传教育,强化野外火源管理,加强消防队伍建设、动员全社会力量防火以及多方集资和加强对外合作的效果。最后,具体介绍了森林火灾的预报、探测和林火阻隔预防技术,以及采用的直接扑打,用水、风力和飞机灭火,人工降雨,以火攻火等多种扑救森林火灾方法,还介绍了中国森林防火科技的系统研究情况。     

林业资源保护及森林防火管理措施研究

随着人类社会的发展,林业资源的保护已经成为全球重要议题之一。在现代化、城镇化过程中,森林火灾频发,给人类带来巨大的经济和环境损失。因此,为了保护生态环境和人类利益,必须积极进行森林防火管理。基于此,本文结合笔者多年的工作经验,对林业资源的保护策略以及森林防火管理措施展开分析,以期降低森林火灾发生率,对我国珍贵的林业资源实施有效保护,促进人与自然和谐发展。     

我国森林火灾受害率大幅下降

国家林业局防火办提供的资料表明,1950～1988年,我国平均每年发生森林火灾15 992次,年均受害森林面积近92.5万hm2。而在1989～2001年间,我国年均发生森林火灾6 574次,年均受害森林面积为5.25万hm2,受害森林面积大大降低。另有相关资料显示,1989年前,全国每年平均森林火灾受害率为8.5‰,是世界同期水平的8倍左右,而1989～2001年,年均受害率仅为O.31‰,大大低于世界1‰的平均水平,因森林火灾死亡的人数也大幅度下降。在气候条件极为不利,世界范围内森林火灾频繁发生的情况下,中国的森林火灾次数和损失能够连续多年保持较低的水平实属不易。     

森林可燃物可持续管理技术理论与研究

实现森林可燃物可持续管理是减少和控制森林火灾的基础。本文介绍了基于可物管理的防火林带和计划火烧的预防和控制森林火灾方法。     

国有林场森林防火存在的不足和改进措施

国有林场森林防火工作是极其重要的一项工作,一旦发生森林火灾,不仅会破坏森林资源,还会对周边的生态环境造成负面影响,严重时甚至会影响到人们的日常生活。进行有效的国有林场森林防火并非易事,国有林场的面积较大,其中所种植的树木种类较多,想要确保森林防火能够有效进行,需要针对不同种类的树木做好管理工作。然而在日常防火工作进行的过程中,还存在诸多现实问题有待解决,需要相关人员及时结合各国有林场的实际情况,制定出有效的解决策略。基于此,本文首先阐述国有林场森林火灾发生特点,其次分析国有林场森林防火中存在的不足,最后针对不足提出有效的改进措施。     

Gender differences in DUI offenders in treatment in Texas

OBJECTIVE: This is a study of 8,464 adult women and 21,155 adult males who entered substance abuse treatment in Texas between 2000 and 2005. Participants were either on probation for driving under the influence (DUI), were referred to treatment by DUI probation, or had been arrested for DUI in the past year. METHODS: The female and male clients were compared on demographic characteristics, substance use patterns, DSM-IV diagnoses, and levels of impairment. T tests and chi square tests were used to determine significance and multivariate logistic regression identified predictors of completing treatment and being abstinent at follow-up. RESULTS: The proportion of females who were sent to treatment as a result of DUI increased from 27% in 2000 to 32% in 2005. Females were significantly more likely than males to be White (73% vs. 56%), to have used substances a shorter period of time (17 vs. 19 years), to be seeking custody to regain their children (11% vs. 2%), to meet the DSM criteria for drug dependence (32% vs. 23%), to have injected drugs (31% vs. 23%), to have used substances daily (42% vs. 40%), to have a depressive disorder (16% vs. 7%) or bipolar disorder (12% vs. 5%), and to be have been in treatment before (60% vs. 49%). In contrast, males were more likely to be alcohol dependent (49% vs. 44%). Females were less likely to complete treatment (67% vs. 72%) and reported significantly more days of problems on the 6 domains of the ASI at both admission and at 60-day follow-up. Furthermore, at follow-up, they were more likely to be living with someone who abused alcohol or used drugs (9% vs.7%). CONCLUSIONS: Although females comprised only 29% of the DUI treatment admissions, they were more impaired and experienced more problems than their male counterparts. The findings indicate that additional resources, including treatment for co-occurring mental health problems and living in sober households, may be keys to helping these women achieve abstinence and prevent additional DUI episodes.     

我国非煤矿山安全生产的差距

从我国非煤矿山安全生产立法、安全生产管理体制、监察执法、群众监督、宣传教育、科研、矿山企业等方面与国外矿业进行了对比分析，分析了我国非煤矿山存在的问题以及与国外的差距，最后分析了产生问题与差距的原因。     

Trends in chemical hazards in Japan

In the past, the chemical industry in Japan has been the cause of a number of major industrial accidents. Subsequent to each accident, specific lessons have been learned. These lessons learned have been implemented in terms of safety education of the employees and/or safety measures of the equipment and facilities resulting in a rapid decrease of corresponding accident frequencies. In this paper, we summarized both recent and past major accidents caused by chemical substances in fixed installations in Japan. Case studies show that runaway reactions are among the main causes of major accident occurrences in the chemical process industry in Japan. A recent fatal poisoning accident caused by H₂S gas generated during maintenance work again highlights the necessity of adequate safety management in a chemical factory. Therefore, even if hazard evaluation of chemical substances and chemical processes is necessary to prevent runaway reactions, human error is also an important factor contributing to reaction hazards [Wakakura, M. (1997) Human factor in chemical accidents, J. Safety Eng. High Press. Gas. Safety Inst. Japan, 34, 846].     

Violence in the workplaces in Finland

The aim of this study was to describe violence in Finnish workplaces by comparing it with leisure-time violence. The data were derived from 13,762 interviews made from a representative sample of the Finnish population in 1988. The subjects were asked to report all the violent incidents they had encountered during the previous 12 months. There were 394 victims of violence in workplaces, that is, 40.6 victims per 1,000 workers. The rate of occupational violence was almost identical for males (40.6) and females (40.5). The most hazardous occupations were prison guard, police officer, and mental health nurse. The main reasons for violence at work were related to refusal of an authority's order to go away or to the relationship between doctor or nurse and patient. A typical assailant was an unaccompanied man who was under the influence of alcohol.     

Trends in occupational hygiene in Finland

The aim of this work is to evaluate and describe the current status of, and prospects for, the future of occupational hygiene in Finland. The main sources of information include a seminar held in the annual meeting of Finnish Occupational Hygiene Society and interviews with different stakeholders. Nanotechnology and other new materials, changing work environments, circular economy including green jobs, new medical methods and advances of construction methods were recognized as future challenges. Future work opportunities for occupational hygiene experts included exposure assessments in indoor air surveys, private consulting and entrepreneurship in general, international activities and product safety issues. Unclear topics needing more attention in the future were thought to be in new exposures, sensitive persons, combined effects, skin exposures and applicability of personal protective equipment. Occupational hygiene should broaden its view; occupational hygienists should have to cooperate with other specialists and grasp new challenges.     

WTO与中国安全生产

新世纪之始,中国将要迈进世界贸易组织（ＷＴＯ）。在入世的过程中,与美国为首的发达国家之间始终存在着阻挠与反阻挠、限制与反限制的斗争,目前虽已告一段落,但远未结束。可以预见,中国加入ＷＴＯ之后,斗争非但不会停止,甚至可能会更复杂、更激烈。这场经济、贸易斗争实际上还有着深刻的政治与社会背景。最近几年,发达国家一直在努力使社会条款纳入世界经济贸易体系之中,在“关注发展中国家人权状况”的旗号下,反复提出“劳工标准”问题,即把本国安全生产问题与国际贸易挂钧。实际上这是“涂上绿色’”的贸易保护主义。中国是一…     

九月北京，国际盛会

第二届中国国际安全生产论坛于9月2日在人民大会堂开幕,国务委员、国务院秘书长华建敏,国家局局长王显政,国际劳工组织东亚地区局局长克里斯廷等领导参加开幕式     

在回顾中思考 在创新中发展

2008年,是中国的奥运之年,也是中国林科院建院50周年、哈尔滨林机所建所50周年、<林业劳动安全>杂志创刊20周年. <林业劳动安全>的诞生,为林业安全文化建设开辟了一片广袤的园地,为加强学术交流打开了一洞明亮的牕牖,为行业安全的发展提供了一块方正的铺路石……