城市污水量短时预测的混沌神经网络模型

通过分析进水水量时间序列的非线性动力学性质,认为该时间序列具有混沌特性.在此基础上,通过相空间重构的方法建立了用于城市污水水量短时预测的混沌神经网络模型;并利用此模型对污水厂的进水水量进行短时预测,取得了较为满意的预测效果.     

Factors affecting simultaneous nitrification and denitrification in an SBBR treating domestic wastewater

An aerobic sequencing batch biofilm reactor (SBBR) packed with Bauer rings was used to treat real domestic wastewater for simultaneous nitrification and denitrification. The SBBR is advantageous for creating an anoxic condition, and the biofilm can absorb and store carbon for good nitrification and denitrification. An average concentration of oxygen ranging from 0.8 to 4.0 mg/L was proved very efficient for nitrification and denitrification. Volumetric loads of TN dropped dramatically and effluent TN concentration increased quickly when the concentration of average dissolved oxygen was more than 4.0 mg/L. The efficiency of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification (SND) increased with increasing thickness of the biofilm. The influent concentration hardly affected the TN removal efficiency, but the effluent TN increased with increasing influent concentration. It is suggested that a subsequence for denitrification be added or influent amount be decreased to meet effluent quality requirements. At optimum operating parameters, the TN removal efficiency of 74%–82% could be achieved. Translated from Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2006, 26(5): 728–733 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

Process evaluation of an alternating aerobic-anoxic process applied in a sequencing batch reactor for nitrogen removal

In order to improve the nitrogen removal efficiency and save operational cost, the feasibility of the alternating aerobic-anoxic process (AAA process) applied in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) system for nitrogen removal was investigated. Under sufficient influent alkalinity, the AAA process did not have an advantage over one aerobicanoxic (OAA) cycle on treatment efficiency because microorganisms had an adaptive stage at the alternating aerobic-anoxic transition, which would prolong the total cycling time. On the contrary, the AAA process made the system control more complicated. Under deficient influent alkalinity, when compared to OAA, the AAA process improved treatment efficiency and effluent quality with NH₄ ⁺-N in the effluent below the detection limit. In the nitrification, the average stoichiometric ratio between alkalinity consumption and ammonia oxidation is calculated to be 7.07 mg CaCO₃/mg NH₄ ⁺-N. In the denitrification, the average stoichiometric ratio between alkalinity production and NO₃ ⁻-N reduction is about 3.57 mg CaCO₃/mg NO₃ ⁻-N. As a result, half of the alkalinity previously consumed during the aerobic nitrification was recovered during the subsequent anoxic denitrification period. That was why the higher treatment efficiency in the AAA process was achieved without the supplement of bicarbonate alkalinity. If the lack of alkalinity in the influent was less than 1/3 of that needed, there is no need for external alkalinity addition and treatment efficiency was the same as that under sufficient influent alkalinity. Even if the lack of alkalinity in the influent was more than 1/3 of that needed, the AAA process was an optimal strategy because it reduced the external alkalinity addition and saved on operational cost. Translated from Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2004, 24(4): 576–580 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

Influence of carbon source and temperature on the denitrifying phosphorus removal process

To supply the valuable operating parameters for the popular usage of the new denitrifying phosphors removal process, it is essential to study the dominant biochemical reactions and the characteristics of denitrifying phosphorus removing bacteria (DPB). Thus, parallel batch experiments using DPB sludge were carried out to assess the effect of substrates (sewage, HAc, and endogenous carbon source) on denitrifying dephosphorus removal efficiency in this study. The results showed that the initial specific phosphorus release rate increased with the high concentration of the short-chain volatile fatty acids ratio in the influent, and sufficient phosphorus was released by DPB. This improved the subsequent denitrification and phosphorus uptake efficiency. The specific endogenous denitrification mainly relies on the internal carbon source (PHB) stored by poly-P bacteria. Denitrifying phosphorus removing bacteria were very hungry when the internal PHB was consumed. Consequently, the specific endogenous denitrification rate was low and the phosphorus uptake did not happen. On the other hand, in the experiment, the denitrifying phosphorus removal performance under two temperature conditions (8–10°C and 25–26°C) was also investigated and analyzed. It was found that the lower temperature decreased the specific phosphorus release and uptake rate, but did not inhibit the denitrifying phosphorus removal completely. Therefore, the negative influence of the low temperature on the overall phosphorus removal was not significant. Translated from Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2006, 26 (2): 186–192 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

城市污水处理厂进水氨氧化菌对活性污泥系统的季节性影响

为考察进水氨氧化菌（AOB）对活性污泥系统的季节性影响,对未设置初沉池的西安市第二污水处理厂中进水及活性污泥的氨氧化活性及群落结构进行长期调查分析.结果表明,进水及活性污泥的比氨氧化速率（SAUR）分别为0.48~3.02 mg·（g·h）^-1和0.68~2.25 mg·（g·h）^-1,相关性分析结果显示进水SAUR与次月活性污泥SAUR高度相关（r=0.862,P<0.05）,表明进水硝化菌对活性污泥硝化性能有显著影响.根据硝化活性计算的进水AOB对活性污泥的接种强度为0.21~0.92 g·（g·d）^-1,因此,在优化活性污泥模型及污水厂设计时,有必要考虑到进水硝化菌的迁移作用.qPCR结果显示,进水及活性污泥中AOB丰度分别为1.32×10⁸~2.36×10⁹cells·g^-1和1.12×10¹⁰~1.19×10¹⁰ cells·g^-1,而冬季活性污泥中AOB丰度虽有降低,但仍保持在10¹⁰ cells·g^-1,这说明进水硝化菌的迁移能缓解因温度降低而导致的活性污泥硝化菌丰度下降.Illumina MiSeq测序结果表明,进水和活性污泥中具有共同的优势AOB,分为Nitrosomonas sp.Nm58、Nitrosomonas sp.JL21和bacterium CYCU-0253.     

Nitrification and denitrification in biological activated carbon filter for treating high ammonia source water

Since the ammonia in the effluent of the traditional water purification process could not meet the supply demand, the advanced treatment of a high concentration of NH₄ ⁺-N micro-polluted source water by biological activated carbon filter (BACF) was tested. The filter was operated in the downflow manner and the results showed that the removing rate of NH₄ ⁺-N was related to the influent concentration of NH₄ ⁺-N. Its removing rate could be higher than 95% when influent concentration was under 1.0 mg/L. It could also decrease with the increasing influent concentration when the NH₄ ⁺-N concentration was in the range from 1.5 to 4.9 mg/L and the dissolved oxygen (DO) in the influent was under 10 mg/L, and the minimum removing rate could be 30%. The key factor of restricting nitrification in BACF was the influent DO. When the influent NH₄ ⁺-N concentration was high, the DO in water was almost depleted entirely by the nitrifying and hetetrophic bacteria in the depth of 0.4 m filter and the filter layer was divided into aerobic and anoxic zones. The nitrification and degradation of organic matters existed in the aerobic zone, while the denitrification occurred in the anoxic zone. Due to the limited carbon source, the denitrification could not be carried out properly, which led to the accumulation of the denitrification intermediates such as NO₂ ⁻. In addition to the denitrification bacteria, the nitrification and the heterotrophic bacteria existed in the anoxic zone. __________ Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(1): 69–73 [译自: 环境科学]     

Pollution of NPEOs in four municipal sewage treatment plants in the north of China

The concentration and distribution of nonylphenol polyethoxylates (NPEOs represents the mixture, and NPnEO represents the monomer) and its metabolites in the influent and effluent of four municipal sewage treatment plants (STPs) in the north of China were measured. Moreover, the concentration and distribution of the above chemicals in the sludge of two STPs were also determined, and the transfer and fate of NPEOs in the sewage treatment process were discussed primarily by analyzing the distribution of the products in the effluent and the sludge. The results showed that NPEOs and its metabolites existed in all the samples of the influent, effluent, and sludge. NPEOs were degraded in the sewage treatment process with the removal efficiency in the range of 23.38%–77.11%, or an average of 52.86%. However, the large analogs of NPnEO were only degraded to small ones, whose degradation rate was rather slow, and consequently the degradation was not complete. Hence, the concentrations of some small metabolites, such as nonylphenol (NP), nonylphenol monoethoxylate (NP1EO), and nonylphenol diethoxylate (NP2EO) were elevated in the effluent. These small metabolites are more toxic than the large NPnEO analogs, and some of them were reported to exhibit environmental endocrine disrupting activity. From this point of view, the process of sewage treatment does not reduce but elevate the risk of NPEOs, which becomes the main source of these small NPnEO in the environment. The sludge exhibited good adsorption ability for NPEOs, especially for the small analogs, which led to the high level of NPEOs in the sludge. Hence, reasonable disposal of the surplus sludge to avoid re-pollution is very important. Translated from Research of Environmental Sciences, 2006, 19(3): 61–66 [译自: 环境科学研究]     

Simultaneous denitrifying phosphorus accumulation in a sequencing batch reactor

In order to achieve simultaneous nitrogen and phosphorus removal in the biological treatment process, denitrifying phosphorus accumulation (DNPA) and its affecting factors were studied in a sequencing batch reactor (SBR) with synthetic wastewater. The results showed that when acetate was used as the sole carbon resource in the influent, the sludge acclimatized under anaerobic/aerobic operation had good phosphorus removal ability. Denitrifying phosphorus accumulation was observed soon when fed with nitrate instead of aeration following the anaerobic stage, which is a vital premise to DNPA. If DNPA sludge is fed with nitrate prior to the anaerobic stage, the DNPA would weaken or even disappear. At the high concentration of nitrate fed in the anoxic stage, the longer anoxic time needed, the better the DNPA was. Induced DNPA did not disappear even though an aerobic stage followed the anoxic stage, but the shorter the aerobic stage lasted, the higher the proportions of phosphorus removal via DNPA to total removal. Translated from Environmental Science, 2004, 25(6): 92–96 [译自: 环境科学]     

升级A/O工艺污水处理系统中抗生素抗性基因的分布与去除研究

针对北方某采用升级A/O工艺的生活污水处理厂,使用实时荧光定量PCR技术,探究污水厂中ARGs的分布及各处理工艺段对ARGs的去除效果.结果表明：四环素抗性基因（tetA、tetC和tetM）、磺胺抗性基因（sul1和sul2）、大环内酯抗性基因（ermA和ermF）和喹诺酮抗性基因（parC和gyrA）在污水和污泥中均被检出.污水厂进水中ARGs的绝对丰度为2.65×10³~1.01×10⁶ copies·mL^-1,升级A/O工艺未能有效削减ARGs,出水中ARGs的绝对丰度为9.22×10³~1.15×10⁶ copies·mL^-1,污泥中ARGs的绝对丰度为8.07×10⁷~2.65×10¹¹ copies·g^-1.深度处理工艺对ARGs的去除效率对比结果显示,生物活性炭工艺对ARGs的削减效果优于紫外消毒.     

Synthesis of nanoiron by microemulsion with Span/Tween as mixed surfactants for reduction of nitrate in water

Denitrification of nitrate in groundwater using iron nanoparticles has received increasing interest in recent years. In order to fabricate iron nanoparticles with homogeneously spherical shape and narrow size distribution, a simple and “green” method was developed to synthesize iron nanoparticles. The conventional microemulsion methods were modified by applying Span 80 and Tween 60 as mixed surfactants. The maximum content of water in the Water-in-oil (W/O) microemulsion and its appropriate forming conditions were found, and then the microemulsion system consisting of saturated Fe²⁺ solution was used to synthesize α-Fe ultrafine particles by redox reaction. The nanoparticles were characterized by using powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The results show that the average diameter of the particle is about 80–90 nm. The chemical activity of the obtained iron nanoparticles was studied by the denitrification experiment of nitrate. The results show that under the experimental conditions, iron removed most of the 80 mg/L nitrate within 30 min. The mass balance of nitrate reduction with nanoscale Fe indicates that endproducts are mainly ammonia. Two possible reaction pathways for nitrate reduction by nanoscale iron particles have been proposed in this work. __________ Translated from Chemical Journal of Chinese Universities, 2006, 27(4): 672–675 [译自: 高等学校化学学报]     

Effects of nitrite on phosphate uptake in anaerobic-oxic process

An anaerobic-oxic (A/O) biological phosphorus removal reactor was operated to study the effect of nitrite on phosphate uptake. The phosphorus uptake profile was determined under different operating conditions. The results indicated that in addition to oxygen and nitrate (DPB_Na, nitrate denitrifying phosphorus removal), to some extent, nitrite could also serve as an electron acceptor to achieve nitrite denitrifying phosphorus removal (DPB_Ni). The quantity and rate of phosphorus uptake of DPB_Ni, however, were evidently lower than that of DPB_Na. The experiment results revealed that nitrite would bring toxic action to phosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) when NO₂ ⁻-N ⩾ 93.7 mg/L. The nitrite existing in the anoxic reactor made no difference to the quantity and rate of denitrifying phosphorus removal, but it could reduce the consumption of nitrate. Moreover, the data showed that the aerobic phosphate uptake of DPB_Ni was lower than that of anaerobic phosphorus-released sludge in a traditional A/O process. However, there was not much difference between these two kinds of sludge in terms of the total phosphorus uptake quantity and the effluent quality. Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(4): 701–703 [译自: 环境科学]     

Eco-environmental water demands for the Baiyangdian Wetland

In recent years, the hydrological characters of Baiyangdian Wetland have changed greatly, which, in turn, influence the biotic component, the structure and function of the wetland ecosystem. In order to determine the demands for water resources of ecological wetland system, a method of ecological water level coefficient was suggested to calculate the water resources demands for wetland environment use. This research showed that the minimum coefficient is 0.94 and the optimal coefficient is more than 1.10. According to these two coefficients, the ecological water level and water quantity can be estimated. The results indicate that the amount of the minimal and optimal eco-environmental water requirements are 0.87 × 10⁸ and 2.78 × 10⁸ m³ in average monthly, respectively, with the maximum eco-environmental water requirement in summer and the minimum in winter. The annual change of eco-environment water demand is in according with the climate change and hydrological characters. The method of ecological water level emphasizes that wetland ecosystem adapts to the hydrological conditions, so it can be used in practice well. __________ Translated from Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2005, 25(8): 1,119–1,126 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

Leaching characteristics of heavy metals during cement stabilization of fly ash from municipal solid waste incinerators

The leaching characteristics of heavy metals in products of cement stabilization of fly ash from a municipal solid waste incinerator were investigated in this paper. The stabilization of heavy metals such as Cd, Pb, Cu, and Zn in fly ash from such incinerators was examined through the national standard method in China based on the following factors: additive quantity of cement and Na₂S, curing time, and pH of leaching liquor. The results showed that as more additives were used, less heavy metals were leached except for Pb, which is sensitive to pH of the leachate, and the worse effect was observed for Cd. The mass ratio of cement to fly ash = 10% is the most appropriate parameter according to the national standard method. When the hydration of cement was basically finished, stabilization of heavy metals did not vary after curing for 1 d. The mixtures of cement and fly ash had excellent adaptability to environmental pH. The pH of leachate was maintained at 7 when pH of leaching liquor varied from 3 to 11. __________ Translated from Environmental Science, 2006, 27(12): 2564–2569 [译自: 环境科学]     

Influence of glucose feeding on the ligninolytic enzyme production of the white-rot fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium

The present work studied the influence of glucose feeding on the ligninolytic enzyme production of Phanerochaete chrysosporium in a nitrogen-limited (C/N ratio is 56/8.8 mmol/L) medium. Several sets of shaking flask experiments were conducted. The results showed that 2 g/L glucose feeding on the first day of the culture (24 h after the inoculation) simulated both fungal biomass growth and enzyme production. The manganese peroxidase (MnP) activity was 2.5 times greater than that produced in cultures without glucose feeding. Furthermore, the glucose feeding mode in fed-batch culture was also investigated. Compared to cultures with glucose feeding every 48 h, cultures with glucose feeding of 1.5 g/L (final concentration) every 24 h produced more enzymes. The peak and total yield of MnP activity were 2.7 and 3 times greater compared to the contrast culture, respectively, and the enzyme was kept stable for 4 days with an activity of over 200 U/L. Translated from Acta Scientise Circumstantiae, 2007, 27(3): 363–368 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

Effect of streambed substrate on macroinvertebrate biodiversity

Macroinvertebrates are important components of stream ecosystems, and are often used as indicator species for the assessment of river ecology. Numerous studies have shown that substrate is the primary physical environmental variable affecting the taxa richness and density of macroinvertebrates. The aim of this work is to study the effects of the characteristics of streambed substrate, such as grain size, shape, and roughness, on the composition and biodiversity of macroinvertebrates. A field experiment was done on the Juma River, a second-order mountain stream in northern China. Substrata of cobbles, hewn stones, pebbles, coarse sand, and fine sand were used to replace the original gravel and sand bed in a stretch of 30 m in length. The sampling results indicated that the macroinvertebrate assemblage is significantly affected by the grain size, porosity and interstitial dimension of the substrate, while it is rarely affected by the shape and the surface roughness of the experimental substrata. Macroinvertebrate compositions in cobbles and hewn stones were stable and changed least over time. The taxa richness and density of individuals in the substrata of cobbles, hewn stones, and pebbles are much higher than in those of the coarse sand and fine sand. __________ Translated from Journal of Tsinghua University (Science and Technology), 2007, 47(9): 1553–1556 [译自: 清华大学学报(自然科学版)]     

大型城市污水处理厂处理工艺对微塑料的去除

污水处理厂出水是自然水体中微塑料(MPs)的重要来源.本文以上海市两个大型污水处理厂(WWTP)为研究对象,分析了进水及各处理工艺出水中MPs的数浓度、形态变化及相应的去除率差异,计算了MPs在污水处理厂的归趋.结果表明,WWTP1和WWTP2进水中MPs数浓度分别为(226. 27±83. 00)个·L-1和(171. 89±62. 98)个·L-1; WWTP1对MPs的去除效率为63. 25%,略大于WWTP2的处理效率(59. 84%);两个污水处理厂一级处理工艺对MPs的去除率占整个处理工艺的70%～80%.从污水处理厂的处理工艺来看,一级处理工艺和二级处理工艺分别将污水中(48. 10%±1. 62%)和(12. 97%±0. 05%)的MPs转移到污泥中.从整体来看,污水处理厂中的最终有(38. 82%±1. 55%)的MPs随出水进入到自然水体,剩余(61. 18%±1. 55%)的MPs进入到污泥中.本研究表明,上海市污水处理厂对MPs的去除率较低,即使在处理后依旧有大量的MPs随出水进入到自然水体,仍会对生态系统造成巨大的风险.本研究提供了平原河网地区大型城市污水处理厂MPs去除及归趋的基础数据,可为进一步的MPs去除工艺设计提供参考.     

Effects of environmental factors on the production and release of matrix-bound phosphine from lake sediments

Effects of pH, temperature, and oxygen on the production and release of phosphine in eutrophic lake sediments were investigated under laboratory tests. Results indicated that the elimination of matrix-bound phosphine was accelerated under initial pH 1 or 12. Phosphine levels could reach maximum under initial pH 10. The contents of phosphine increased with the addition of alkali under pH 4–12. The rates of phosphine production and release from lake sediments varied with temperature. 20°C was the most favorable temperature for the production of matrix-bound phosphine. Oxygen showed little effect on matrix-bound phosphine. Matrix-bound phosphine concentrations in lake sediments were concluded to be dependent on a balance of natural generation and depletion processes. Translated from Acta Scientise Circumstantiae, 2005, 25(5): 681–685 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

Studies on catalytic reduction of nitrate in groundwater

Catalytic reduction of nitrate in groundwater by sodium formate over the catalyst was investigated. Pd-Cu/γ-Al₂O₃ catalyst was prepared by impregnation and characterized by brunauer-emmett-teller (BET), inductive coupled plasma (ICP), X-ray diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and energy dispersive X-ray (EDX). It was found that total nitrogen was effectively removed from the nitrate solution (100 mg/L) and the removal efficiency was 87%. The catalytic activity was affected by pH, catalyst amount used, concentration of sodium formate, and initial concentration of nitrate. As sodium formate was used as reductant, precise control in the initial pH was needed. Excessively high or low initial pH (7.0 or 3.0) reduced catalytic activity. At initial pH of 4.5, catalytic activity was enhanced by reducing the amount of catalyst, while concentrations of sodium formate increased with a considerable decrease in N₂ selectivity. In which case, catalytic reduction followed the first order kinetics. Translated from Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2006, 26(4): 567–571 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

Kinetic analysis of anaerobic phosphorus release during biological phosphorus removal process

Enhanced biological phosphorus removal (EBPR) is a commonly used and sustainable method for phosphorus removal from wastewater. Poly-β-hydroxybutyrate (PHB), polyphosphate, and glycogen are three kinds of intracellular storage polymers in phosphorus accumulation organisms. The variation of these polymers under different conditions has an apparent influence on anaerobic phosphorus release, which is very important for controlling the performance of EBPR. To obtain the mechanism and kinetic character of anaerobic phosphorus release, a series of batch experiments were performed using the excessively aerated sludge from the aerobic unit of the biological phosphorus removal system in this study. The results showed that the volatile suspended solid (VSS) had an increasing trend, while the mixed liquid suspended sludge (MLSS) and ashes were reduced during the anaerobic phosphorus release process. The interruption of anaerobic HAc-uptake and phosphorus-release occurs when the glycogen in the phosphorus-accumulating-organisms is exhausted. Under the condition of lower initial HAc-COD, HAc became the limiting factor after some time for anaerobic HAc uptake. Under the condition of higher initial HAc-COD, HAc uptake was stopped because of the depletion of glycogen in the microorganisms. The mean ratio of Δρ _P/Δρ _PHB, Δρ _GLY/Δρ _PHB, Δρ _P/ΔCOD, was 0.48, 0.50, 0.44, and 0.92, respectively, which was nearly the same as the theoretical value. The calibrated kinetic parameters of the HAc-uptake and phosphorus-release model were evaluated as follows: Q _HAc,max was 164 mg/(g · h), Q _P,max was 69.9 mg/(g · h), K _gly was 0.005, and KCOD was 3 mg/L. An apparently linear correlation was observed between the ratio of Δρ _P/ΔCOD and pH of the solution, and the equation between them was obtained in this study. Translated from Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2005, 25(9), 1164–1169 [译自: 环境科学学报]     

Mechanism studies on nitrogen removal when treating ammonium-rich leachate by sequencing batch biofilm reactor

The nitrogen removal mechanism was studied and analyzed when treating the ammonium-rich landfill leachate by a set of sequencing batch biofilm reactors (SBBRs), which was designed independently. At the liquid temperature of (32 ± 0.4)°C, and after a 58-days domestication period and a 33-days stabilization period, the efficiency of ammonium removal in the SBBR went up to 95%. Highly frequent intermittent aeration suppressed the activity of nitratebacteria, and also eliminated the influence on the activity of anaerobic ammonium oxidation (ANAMMOX) bacteria and nitritebacteria. This influence was caused by the accumulation of nitrous acid and the undulation of pH. During the aeration stage, the concentration of dissolved oxygen was controlled at 1.2–1.4 mg/L. The nitritebacteria became dominant and nitrite accumulated gradually. During the anoxic stage, along with the concentration debasement of the dissolved oxygen, ANAMMOX bacteria became dominant; then, the nitrite that was accumulated in the aeration stage was wiped off with ammonium simultaneously. Translated from Acta Scientiae Circumstantiae, 2006, 26(1): 55–60 [译自: 环境科学学报]