中国东南部碎斑熔岩问题再探讨

归纳并总结了前人对碎斑熔岩的产出位置、产状特征、分带性、岩石结构、岩石类型归属、成岩温度及长石矿物特点等方面的研究成果及其认识,对碎斑熔岩的构造属性、碎斑熔岩与火山碎屑沉积岩、花岗斑岩存在的演化关系及碎斑结构成因问题进行了探讨,并指出了原来的碎斑熔岩在空间上应为火山口附近至火山颈相或火山通道相区间的过渡性岩石类型,而不是某一种岩性,应根据岩石特征和野外产状分别归为熔岩或花岗斑岩的岩石名称,这种过渡岩石类型作为整体可考虑定名为碎斑熔岩体。     

浙江遂昌柘岱口地区酸性碎斑熔岩地质特征及成因

通过野外地质调查及室内综合研究,进一步阐明浙江遂昌柘岱口地区碎斑熔岩地质特征及成因。宏观上划分了碎斑熔岩相带,查明了碎斑熔岩时空分布及与围岩的接触关系;微观上通过岩石地球化学、同位素年代学及锆石饱和温度计算等方法研究该碎斑熔岩。研究区碎斑熔岩受控于柘岱口—湖山NE向大型火山构造洼地复活型破火山,具有侵出—溢流特点,为复合穹丘状地质体。岩浆演化在时空上具有连续性,具有分异岩浆"溢流—侵出—侵入"过程。岩石具有典型的连续不等粒碎斑结构和珠边结构,富碱,K2O+Na2O为8.54%~9.25%,A/CNK为0.88~1.04,为准铝质钾玄岩系列,富集Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf等高场强元素和Rb、Sr、Ba、Th等大离子亲石元素。岩石成岩温度为803℃~884℃,具有高温浅成特点。全岩Rb-Sr等时线年龄为123 Ma,为早白垩世中期九里坪期岩浆活动的产物,是壳—幔混合I型碎斑熔岩,属于活动大陆边缘靠板内的构造环境。     

中国熔岩隧道景观特征与成因

发育于玄武岩区的熔岩隧道,是具有科学意义和观赏价值的特殊地质遗迹。本文概述我国镜泊湖、五大连池、海口已知的熔岩隧道分布与现状,论述了熔岩隧道形态、组合、内部景观、派生景观及其特征,并就熔岩隧道成因过程和形成条件作了讨论,提出了熔岩隧道保护和研究的问题。     

香港世界地质公园核心景观—碎斑熔岩石柱林特征(二)

<正>本刊2015年第1期介绍了香港世界地质公园大面积出露的粮船湾组碎斑熔岩共有的特征之一为普遍发育柱状节理,本文继续介绍其共有的其它特征:(1)与围岩呈侵出接触关系。.碎斑熔岩本质上属熔岩,但其下部通过火山通道与岩浆房相连,因而与围岩呈侵出接触关系,接触面内倾,不同于侵入岩的外倾接触面。在清水湾半岛的龙虾湾等地,可见粮船湾组碎斑熔岩(Kkh)与槟榔     

碎斑熔岩相特征与相模式

本文在研究侵出相碎斑熔岩体产出的地质特征基础上,总结了其结构构造和组分特征的规律性变化,建立了四种形式的相模式。     

凝灰熔岩-碎斑熔岩-熔结凝灰岩对比鉴别

凝灰熔岩、碎斑熔岩、熔结凝灰岩三种岩类在中国东南沿海中生代火山岩中占有重要位置，据初步统计，全区八种火山岩柏类型中，凝灰惦着占10．94％，烙结凝灰岩类占23．24％。所以正确鉴别这三种岩石对于火山岩层划分与横向对比、恢复火山活动、演化历史等有重要意义。下面列表分八个方面介绍各岩类持证并供对比鉴别（见表）。从表中可以看出，凝灰熔岩与熔结凝灰岩匕别明显，鉴别标志清楚，而与碎斑熔岩有区别又有许多相似之处，这是因为它们是属于同一火山活动过程中的同一岩浆房内的岩浆，经历了相同的分异结晶作用和熔离作用后而处于个同…     

试论凝灰熔岩相特征、相模式及其成因

本文通过对长江中下游地区的溧水、宁芜等火山岩盆地、浙闽粤中生代火山岩带、广西等地的凝灰熔岩地质体的宏观和微观特征研究，总结了凝灰熔岩的相特征，建立了二相成因模式．对凝灰熔岩的成因机理、火山喷发方式、岩类归属等进行了深入讨论．提出了凝灰熔岩熔离成因的看法。     

科马提岩熔岩的侵位和冷却

<正> 现已确认,科马提岩熔岩相当于喷发温度为1400—1700℃、估计粘度为0.1—1帕·秒、MgO含量为18—35％的超镁铁质流体。这类熔岩大部分为太古代的。这些科马提岩熔岩表明早期地球的热状况与现今相比是非常不同的,并提供了深入了解太古代地幔成分的条件。科马提岩通常出现引人注目的鬣剌结构和     

江西省广丰县李家膨润土矿床成因及找矿标志

广丰县李家膨润土矿床赋存于白垩系上统南雄组第二岩性段酸性火山岩的顶底部.膨润土的主要矿物成分为蒙脱石,矿石结构构造与成矿原岩有关.矿石化学成分与酸性熔岩相近,矿体形态及空问分布受酸性熔岩流相带的控制.因此认为,膨润土矿床成矿原岩为酸性玻质熔岩,矿床是由酸性玻璃质熔岩经水解脱玻化而形成,其成因类型为风化淋滤蚀变岩型矿床.膨润土可自然改型,由原来的钠基膨润土改型成钙基膨润土和偏镁的钙基膨润土.对时代较新的酸性火山岩,在玻质熔岩发育处都有可能找到有利用价值的膨润土矿.由于膨润土常由珍珠岩、沸石脱玻化形成,三者常共生出现,是很好的找矿标志.     

关于岩浆房分带形成机理的评述

岩浆房中存在不均一性,这一事实已被人们普遍接受并引起极大兴趣,但目前有关其成因机理的假说很多,归纳起来有两种,一种观点认为由熔融作用造成,岩浆房的分带性与岩浆形成同时,称为原始成分分带;另一种观点认为由岩浆分异作用造成,初始岩浆原为均一的,称就地成分分带,笔者在大量文献资料检索综合的基础上,对目前有关岩浆房分带性形成机理的几种主要观点作一简要评述。     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Distribution and ecological effect of mercury in Laogang landfill, Shanghai, China

Laogang landfill near Shanghai is the largest landfill in China, and receives about 10000 t of daily garbage per day, Samples of topsoil and plants were analyzed to evaluate mercury pollution from the landfill. For topsoil samples, there were significant correlations among total mercury （HgT）, combinative mercury （Hgc） and gaseous mercury （HgG）, and content of total organic carbon （TOC）, but, no significantly relationship was found between Hg content and filling time. Hg content changes in vertical profiles with time showed that the average Hgv of profiles 1992, 1996, and 2000 was similar, but their average HgG was quite different. HgT was significantly correlated with Hgc in profile 1992 and 2000, and Hgv was significantly correlated with Hg6 in profile 1996. HgG/Hgv ratio in profile samples decreased in the order of （HgG,/HgT）1992〉（HgG/HgT）1996〉〉（HgG/HgT）2000. A simple outline of Hg release in landfill could be drawn： with increasing of filling time, degradation undergoes different biodegradation, accordingly, gaseous mercury goes through small, more, and small proportion to total mercury. Distribution of Hg in plants was inhomogeneous, following the order of leaf〉root〉stem. The highest value of leaf may be associated with higher atmospheric Hg from landfill. Ligneous plants （e.g. Phyllostachys glanca, Prunus salicina and Ligustrum lucidum） are capable of enriching more Hg than herbaceous plants.     

EDTA-enhanced phytoremediation of lead contaminated soil by Bidens maximowicziana

Phytoremediation is a potential cleanup technology for the removal of heavy metals from contaminated soils.Bidens maximowicziana is a new Pb hyperaccumulator,which not only has remarkable tolerance to Pb but also extraordinary accumulation capacity for Pb.The maximum Pb concentration was 1509.3 mg/kg in roots and 2164.7 mg/kg in overground tissues.The Pb distribution order in the B. maximowicziana was:leaf>stem>root.The effect of amendments on phytoremediation was also studied.The mobility of soil Pb and the Pb concentrations in plants were both increased by EDTA application.Compared with CK(control check),EDTA application promoted translocation of Pb to overground parts of the plant.The Pb concentrations in overground parts of plants was increased from 24.23-680.56 mg/kg to 29.07-1905.57 mg/kg.This research demonstrated that B.maximowicziana appeared to be suitable for phytoremediation of Pb contaminated soil,especially,combination with EDTA.     

Decomposition of alachlor by ozonation and its mechanism

Decomposition and corresponding mechanism of alachlor, an endocrine disruptor in water by ozonation were investigated. Results showed that alachlor could not be completely mineralized by ozone alone. Many intermediates and final products were formed during the process, including aromatic compounds, aliphatic carboxylic acids, and inorganic ions. In evoluting these products, some of them with weak polarity were qualitatively identified by GC-MS. The information of inorganic ions suggested that the dechlorination was the first and the fastest step in the ozonation of alachlor.     

Enzymatic oxidation of aqueous pentachlorophenol

The influence of the nonionic surfactant Tween 80 on pentachlorophenol （PCP） oxidation catalyzed by horseradish peroxidase was studied. The surfactant was tested at concentrations below and above its critical micelle concentration （CMC）. Enhancement of PCP removal was observed at sub-CMCs. The presence of Tween 80 in the reaction mixture reduced enzyme inactivation which occurred through a combination of free radical attack and sorption by precipitated products. A simple first-order model was able to simulate time profiles for enzyme inactivation in the presence or absence of Tween 80. At supra-CMCs, the surfactant caused noticeable reductions in PCP removal, presumably through micelle partitioning of PCP which precluded the hydrophobic PCP molecule from interacting with the enzyme.