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发展中国家灾害经济的特点、成因及对策 总被引:7,自引:3,他引:7
发展中国家人口众多,经济技术落后,酱稀缺,抗灾能力低,防灾意识不强,加多不合理经济活动对环境的过度干预以及发达国家转嫁环境灾害和社会危机,致使发展中国家产生灾害的潜在因素日益增加,灾害的成灾损失越来越严重,灾害对经济发展的影响与经济因素对灾害的影响都在日益加深,形成恶性循环。本文从经济学角度提出了防灾减灾就采取的主要对策。 相似文献
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临汾市地裂缝灾害成因及防治对策研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
临汾市是山西省地裂缝分布最集中的地区之一,其成因受多种因子控制.本文从地震、断层、地下水开采、黄土湿陷等方面分析了临汾市地裂缝灾害的形成,并在此基础上对本市地裂缝灾害提出了一些预防对策. 相似文献
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基于GIS技术的广东省洪涝灾害风险区划 总被引:13,自引:0,他引:13
洪涝灾害风险区划是洪灾评估与管理的重要内容.运用自然灾害风险评价的理论和方法,借助GIS 平台对广东省进行了洪涝灾害风险区划,以期对该省防灾减灾工作提供科学依据.通过分析洪灾形成的主要因子,选取自然致灾因子危险性、承载体社会经济易损性和抗灾指数3个指标,借助ArcGIS软件分析得到了广东省洪涝灾害危险性分区图、社会易损性分区图和工程防洪能力分区图;最后,按照风险评估理论将3个指标进行叠加后,形成了广东省以县为单元的洪涝灾害综合风险区划图.研究结果表明,最容易发生洪涝灾害的地区集中在河流汇聚的中部和珠江三角洲地区;易损性最高的地区集中在珠江三角洲和潮汕地区;抗灾能力最弱的地区集中在粤北经济较落后的地区;综合各种因素,珠江三角洲地区虽然处于高危险区上,但因其防洪能力较强,降低了受灾风险;而粤北山区因防洪能力较弱,处于高风险区.评价结果与广东省近几年的情况基本吻合. 相似文献
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《Environmental Hazards》2013,12(2):156-186
In this paper, we present a method to assess social vulnerability through the creation of an Open Source Vulnerability Index (OS-VI). The OS-VI provides context to environmental hazards and allows NGOs and local agencies to better tailor services and provide targeted pre-emptive vulnerability reduction and resilience-building programmes. A deductive indicator-based approach is utilised to incorporate a wide range of vulnerability indicators known to influence vulnerability. Unlike many vulnerability indices, the OS-VI incorporates flood risk as well as the loss of capabilities and the importance of key services (health facilities and food stores) through the measurement of accessibility when determining an area's level of social vulnerability. The index was developed using open-source mapping and analysis software and is composed completely of open-source data from national data sets. The OS-VI was designed at the national level, with data for all proxy indicators available across the entirety of England and Wales. For this paper, a case study is presented concerned with one English county, Norfolk.Highlights
We produce an open-source vulnerability index.
Accessibility to health care found to be severely affected by flooding.
High vulnerability areas found to be disproportionately impacted by flooding.
Urban extent of an area found to increase its level of vulnerability.
Flood affected areas more likely to be composed of elderly, sick and poor.
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1998年吉林省西部洪水过程遥感动态监测与灾情评估 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
用NOAA卫星资料对1998年吉林省西部地区洪涝灾害进行了动态监测。并以农田损失为主对灾害情进行了评估。采用AVHRR通道1与通道2的比值图像突出水体信息,在直方图上人机交互划定水陆边界,用统计数学方法确定了混合像元中水体与非水体的阈值,利用灾区与当年的作物种植数作出农田受灾面积评估,用受灾前后的植被指数图,进行农田受灾程度划分,对象元面积的精确计算可以提高受灾面积的计算精度,区域像元数的统计分析可以减少区域内灾害面积比例分析的误差。 相似文献
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