国六重型柴油车挥发性有机物排放特性

选取5辆典型国六重型柴油车,进行基于C-WTVC的挥发性有机物(VOCs)排放测试,分析了包括7种苯系物以及14种醛酮类物质的比排放量.结果表明,甲苯、苯、苯乙烯是国六重型柴油车苯系物排放的主体物质,占总量的60％～86％;而甲醛、乙醛、苯甲醛是醛酮污染物的主要物质,占总量的72％～87％.在同时包含市区、市郊和高速综...     

医院和实验室室内环境中挥发性有机污染物的比较

分别采集了医院和实验室环境空气样品,通过GC-MS/FID对样品进行定性分析.共定性检测出116种挥发性有机物(VOCs).在这两类环境中检出频次较高的VOCs物种包括乙烷、丙烷、正丁烷等烷烃;乙烯、丙烯、1-丁烯等烯烃;苯、甲苯、乙苯等芳香烃;氯甲烷、二氯甲烷等卤代烃和丙酮等含氧有机物.在实验室中经常使用的试剂如正己烷、甲苯、乙醇、丙酮等呈现较高的水平,高于室外1~3个数量级.在医院的部分候诊区中检出较高浓度的甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯,需要引起关注.     

Significant contribution of spring northwest transport to volatile organic compounds in Beijing

High values of ozone (O₃) occur frequently in the dry spring season; thus, understanding the evolution characteristics of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in spring is of great significance for preventing O₃ pollution. In this study, a total of 101 VOCs from April 16 to May 21, 2019, were quantified using an online gas chromatography mass spectrometer/flame ionization detector (GCMS/FID). The results indicated that the observed concentration of total VOCs (TVOCs) was 30.4 ± 17.0 ppbv, and it was dominated by alkanes (44.3%), followed by oxygenated VOCs (OVOCs) (17.4%), halocarbons (12.7%), aromatics (9.5%), alkenes (8.2%), acetylene (5.3%) and carbon disulfide (2.5%). The average mixing ratio of VOCs showed obvious diurnal variation (high at night, low during daytime). We conducted a source apportionment study based on 32 major VOCs using positive matrix factorization (PMF), and coal + biomass burning (25.2%), diesel exhaust (16.0%), gasoline exhaust + evaporation (17.4%), secondary + long-lived species (16.7%), biogenic sources (4.3%), industrial emissions (9.3%) and solvent use (11.2%) were identified as major sources of VOCs. In addition to local emissions, most of the atmospheric VOCs were derived from long-distance air masses (65.7%), and the average mixing ratio of VOCs in the northwest direction was 29.4 ppbv. Combined with the results of the potential source contribution function (PSCF) indicate that research should focus on the local emissions of combustion, transportation sources and solvents usage to control atmospheric VOCs. Additionally, transmission of the northwest air mass is an important component that cannot be ignored during spring in Beijing.     

Characteristics of atmospheric volatile organic compounds in urban area of Beijing: Variations, photochemical reactivity and source apportionment

Atmospheric volatile organic compounds(VOCs) were observed by an on-line gas chromatography-flame ionization detector monitoring system from November 2016 to August 2017 in Beijing.The average concentrations were winter(40.27±25.25 μg/m³)> autumn(34.25±19.90 μg/m3)> summer(32.53±17.39 μg/m³)> spring(24.72±17.22 μg/m³).Although benzene(15.70%),propane(11.02%),ethane(9.32%) and n-butane(6.77%) were the most abundant species,ethylene(14.07%) and propene(11....     

北京市医院候诊区空气中VOCs的污染特征

对北京市3家医院9个候诊区室内空气进行采样,样品采用预浓缩仪与GC-MS联用系统进行定量分析,共检测出65种挥发性有机物(VOCs).医院室内外VOCs的平均浓度为123.64~713.22μg/m3,其中烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃约占61%~98%.烷烃以乙烷、丙烷、正丁烷、异丁烷、异戊烷为主,占50%以上.烯烃的主要成份为乙烯、丙烯、异戊二烯,约占总烯烃的53%~83%.芳香烃以苯、甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯、苯乙烯为主,约占79%~98%.不同的候诊区芳香烃的组成差异大,病理科候诊区F的芳香烃主要来自二甲苯的贡献(58%±24%),而挂号处G和口腔科候诊区H的甲苯所占芳香烃的比例最大(34%±26%).绝大多数采样点的室内和室外VOCs浓度的比值(I/O)大于1.0,一些候诊区中芳香烃、卤代烃和环烷烃的I/O远大于1.0,表明这些污染物存在一定的室内来源.     

北京市机动车排放挥发性有机化合物的特征

利用气相色谱法对交通路口机动车排放的挥发性有机化合物(VOCs)进行了监测,讨论了交通路口大气中VOCs的浓度水平和排放特征,并将历年来的数据进行了对比,结果表明,由于汽车保有量的增加,VOCs浓度有增加的趋势.使用无铅汽油后,烷烃、烯烃、芳香烃的组成比例有所变化,芳香烃的含量有较大程度的增加.     

北京市典型溶剂使用企业VOCs排放成分特征

通过罐采样-GC-MS/FID采集及分析系统,测定了北京市工业区内典型溶剂使用企业挥发性有机物(VOCs)的排放成分.结果表明:在汽车喷涂企业中,芳香烃(22%~55%)和烷烃(13%~44%)是重要的VOCs排放组分,印刷企业排放的主要组分为烷烃(43%~71%)和含氧VOCs(17%~19%),电子光刻企业排放的特征组分是丙酮(10%~18%),但不同电子光刻企业VOCs其它组分比例相差较大;企业中采用的VOCs处理装置对VOCs排放组成有重要影响;与已有研究的源谱比较,印刷行业源谱较相似,主要以烷烃为主,也有部分芳香烃.汽车喷涂行业的源谱有很大变化,可能是由于汽车涂料成分改变而造成.     

上海秋季大气挥发性有机物特征及污染物来源分析

综合分析了上海地区秋季典型月份挥发性有机物(VOCs)及其他痕量气体的污染水平及特征,VOCs平均小时浓度为63.64′10-9,非甲烷碳氢化合物(NMHCs)占挥发性有机物总量的67.43%;通过对VOCs物种浓度及特征比值分析发现研究区域大气老化现象明显;结合区域后向气流轨迹分析,考察了不同来源气流对区域污染特征的影响,发现陆地传输气流乙烷/乙炔(E/E)值较海上传输气流低,而两者的苯/甲苯(B/T)值没有明显差异.     

上海市文教区大气中苯系物冬季污染特征

2004年冬天对上海市文教区大气中的苯系物(BTEX-苯,甲苯,乙苯和二甲苯)浓度进行了监测.结果表明,上海市文教区冬季苯、甲苯、乙苯、对问二甲苯、邻二甲苯的平均浓度分别为13.23 μg/m3,43.66 μ g/m3,13.50μg/m3,16.49 μ g/m3,5.52μg/m3,高于国内外相似功能区的苯系物浓度,与国外大城市交通干道附近的浓度相近.所测苯系物中,甲苯的含量最高,达47.3%.白天苯系物浓度高于夜间.甲苯、乙苯、二甲苯相互间具有较好的相关性,但与苯的相关性不显著,说明苯的来源不同与其他苯系物.     

沿海地区不同来向气团中非甲烷挥发性有机物的组成特征研究

在我国东部沿海城市两个采样点上对不同来向气团中非甲烷挥发性有机物(NMVOCs)的组成特征进行了观测研究.采用离线方法(苏玛罐采样、三级冷阱预浓缩、GC-FID分析)进行样品测定;利用拉格朗日混合单粒子轨道模型(HYSPLIT-4)模拟计算气团后向轨迹.结果表明,观测期间总非甲烷挥发性有机物(TNMVOCs)浓度的变化范围为4.31×10~(-9)～68.97×10~(-9)(体积分数,下同),主要受工业活动、溶剂和液化石油气使用影响;不同来向气团的NMVOCs组成特征有明显差异,陆地气团的NMVOCs浓度高于海洋气团,途经工业较发达地区的气团其烯烃、芳香烃和烷烃占比较高,受机动车排放的影响较大.     

BTEX pollution caused by motorcycles in the megacity of HoChiMinh

Monitoring of benzene, toluene and xylenes (BTEX) was conducted along with traffic counts at 17 roadside sites in urban areas of HoChiMinh. Toluene was the most abundant substance, followed by p,m-xylenes, benzene, o-xylene and ethylbenzene. The maximum observed hour-average benzene concentration was 254 μg/m3 . Motorcycles contributed to 91% of the traffic fleet. High correlations among BTEX species, between BTEX concentrations and the volume of on-road motorcycles, and between inter-species ratios in air and in gasoline indicate the motorcycle-exhaust origin of BTEX species. Daily concentrations of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, p,m-xylenes and o-xylene were 56, 121, 21, 64 and 23 μg/m 3 , respectively. p,m-xylenes possess the highest ozone formation potential among the BTEX family.     

广州番禺大气成分站挥发性有机物的污染特征

应用GC/FID在线挥发性有机物(VOCs)检测仪,于2011年6月~2012年5月在中国气象局广州番禺大气成分观测站进行了1a的连续监测,获得了具有高时间分辨率的VOCs组成、含量及其时间变化规律.结果表明:VOCs浓度月变化范围是(40.99~65.400)×10-9,月平均浓度48.10×10-9,冬季VOCs浓度高于夏季.VOCs日浓度变化范围是(35.10~59.13)×10-9.VOCs组分随季节变化所占比例不同,烷烃、烯烃和芳香烃全年平均所占比例分别为58%、16%和26%.采样点在7月份没有周末效应,而在12月份表现出显著周末效应.国庆长假期间的大气VOCs浓度比国庆节放假前、后均有大幅度降低,降幅分别达到39.3%和56.7%.采样点的大气VOCs浓度与风速呈负相关性.当风向为NNE、NE和SSW时,风速较大,VOCs的浓度较低;当风向为WNW和ENE时则相反.由于夏季温度高使溶剂挥发性和植物排放增强,所以导致BTEX(苯、乙苯、甲苯和二甲苯)和异戊二烯的浓度在夏季明显高于冬季.     

大气中挥发性有机物在线监测系统

一种新型的监测大气中挥发性有机物（包括含氧挥发性有机物）的在线监测系统被研制,即将超低温冷阱捕集-热解析装置与气相色谱-质谱仪联用.其分析方法是大气样品经除水、除O3后以60 mL·min-1的流速通过温度为-150℃的超低温冷阱捕集5min,然后样品在110℃下解析后进入GC-FID/MS系统进行分析,时间分辨率为1h.系统使用混和标气进行标定.目标化合物定量曲线的R2值为0.9137~0.9998,相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于10%.将系统与相关商业化的VOC在线监测仪器进行比对,对于相同目标化合物进行分析,其相关系数r在0.7412~0.9620之间.     

上海市城区春节和“五一”节期间大气挥发性有机物的组成特征

挥发性有机物(VOCs)是对流层臭氧和二次有机气溶胶等二次污染生成过程的关键前体物.研究VOCs的浓度水平、组成特征和反应活性对揭示复合型大气污染的形成机制具有重要意义.本研究利用在线气相-氢离子火焰法测量了2009年春节和"五一"节期间上海市城区大气中56种VOCs.结果表明,上海市城区大气受机动车尾气排放源影响明显,VOCs浓度日变化特征呈双峰状,与上下班交通高峰基本吻合.大气中VOCs平均体积分数为(28.39±18.35)×10-9;各组分百分含量依次为:烷烃46.6%,芳香烃27.0%,烯烃15.1%,乙炔11.2%.用OH消耗速率和臭氧生成潜势(OFP)评估了VOCs大气化学反应活性,结果表明,上海市城区大气VOCs化学反应活性与VOCs体积浓度相关性良好;VOCs活性与乙烯相当,平均化学反应活性较强;OH消耗速率贡献最大的物种是烯烃51.2%和芳香烃31.8%;OFP贡献最大的物种是芳香烃53.4%和烯烃30.2%;对臭氧生成贡献最大的关键活性物种为丙烯、乙烯、甲苯、二甲苯以及丁烯类物质.     

中国室内挥发性有机物污染特征

近年来室内空气污染问题频发,已引起全社会的广泛关注.挥发性有机物(volatile organic compounds,VOCs)是室内空气的主要污染物之一,其成分复杂,来源广泛,严重威胁人体健康.本文综述了中国近十年来室内VOCs在来源、浓度水平、影响因素及健康评价方面的研究进展.研究表明,室内建筑装修材料、人类活动及室外污染等来源都会影响VOCs的室内浓度;中国住宅内甲醛、苯等VOCs污染普遍存在,家具市场是甲醛污染最高的公共场所;VOCs浓度受到温湿度、通风和装修时间等因素影响;中国室内部分VOCs对人体健康影响评估值超过美国环保署可接受水平.调查更全面的室内VOCs数据,探索对各类因素影响机制,提出更有效降低VOCs对人体健康影响的措施将是未来室内空气治理重点发展方向.     

Long-term winter observation of nitrous acid in the urban area of Beijing

The particulate matter (PM) pollution has been significantly improved by carrying out various valid emission control strategies since 2013 in China. Meanwhile the variation trend of nitrous acid (HONO) is worthy to investigate due to its vital role in the atmospheric oxidation process. In this study, field observation in the winter is conducted to investigate the concentration of HONO in an urban area of Beijing. In the winter of 2019, the mean HONO concentration is 1.38 ppbV during the whole winter. Photo-enhanced NO₂ heterogeneous reactions on the ground and aerosol surfaces were found as the possible daytime sources of HONO. Compared to O₃, photolysis of HONO dominates the primary OH sources during the winter time. To understand the HONO pollution patterns by years variation, multi-year data is summarized and finds that primary pollutants including CO and NO decreased, but secondary pollutants i.e., HONO (mostly generated via secondary process) increased. Our study highlights the requirement to mitigate secondary pollution by control HONO concentration.     

The ignored emission of volatile organic compounds from iron ore sinter process

Iron ore sintering is a major source of gaseous and particulate pollutants emission in iron smelt plant. The aim of present study is to characterize the volatile organic compounds(VOCs) emission profiles from iron ore sintering process. Both sinter pot test and sinter simulation experiment were conducted and compared. Out results showed that sinter process produced large quantity of VOCs together with NOxand SO_2. VOCs and NO were produced simultaneously in sinter pot test from 3 to 24 min after ignition, flowed by SO_2 production from 15 min to the end of sintering. Total VOCs(TVOC) concentration in sinter flue gas was affected by the coal and coke ratio in sinter raw material. The maximum TVOC concentration was 34.5 ppm when using 100% coal as fuel. Sinter simulation experiments found that the number of VOCs species and their concentrations were found by sinter temperature. The largest VOCs species varieties were obtained at 500 °C. Benzene, toluene,xylene and ethylbenzene were major VOCs in sinter flue gas based on the results from both simulation test and sinter pot. It thus demonstrated that in addition to NO_x, SO_2 and metal oxide particles, sinter flue gas also contained significant amount of VOCs whose environmental impact cannot be ignored. Based on our work, it is timely needed to establish a new VOC emission standard for sinter flue gas and develop advanced techniques to simultaneously eliminate multi-pollutants in iron ore sinter process.     

珠三角产业重镇大气VOCs污染特征及来源解析

2019年在珠三角典型产业重镇佛山市狮山镇在线监测大气挥发性有机化合物(VOCs),并开展大气VOCs污染特征、臭氧生成潜势(OFP)及来源贡献分析.观测期间共测得56种VOCs物种,总挥发性有机物(TVOCs)体积浓度为(39.64±30.46)×10-9,主要组成为烷烃(56.5％)和芳香烃(30.1％).大气VO...     

环境中挥发性有机物监测及分析方法

挥发性有机物(VOCs)是一类重要的环境污染物,严重威胁着环境和人类健康。随着VOCs问题的日趋突出,关于VOCs监测技术的研究也越来越多,检测技术逐渐完善。本文对大气中VOCs的监测技术进行了详细的综述,重点介绍了气相色谱-质谱、高效液相色谱等离线检测方法和质子转移反应质谱法在线监测方法。此外,本文分析了各种采样方法及仪器检测技术的优势与不足,旨在为大气VOCs的监测与研究起到一定的指导作用。     

成都秋季大气污染过程VOCs特征及SOA生成潜势

利用在线气相色谱-质谱（GC-FID/MS）监测系统,对成都市城区秋季典型大气污染期间环境空气中的77种挥发性有机物（VOCs）进行连续监测,分析了污染前期、污染中期、污染后期VOCs的污染特征、日变化规律.结果表明,成都市城区典型污染前期VOCs体积分数为38.9×10^-9;污染中期VOCs体积分数迅速增加,比污染前期高3.7倍,达到143.4×10^-9,污染后期VOCs体积分数为35.7×10^-9.污染前期VOCs日变化不明显,污染中期、后期VOCs日变化呈双峰性,分别出现在每天车流量高峰时段.此外,利用气溶胶生成系数（FAC）评估了不同污染阶段VOCs对二次有机气溶胶（SOA）的生成潜势,污染前期、污染中期、污染后期SOA浓度值分别为1.1,3.1,1.5 μg/m³,芳香烃是SOA的主要前体物.