Characterization and prediction of highway runoff constituent event mean concentration

Highway stormwater runoff quality data were collected from throughout California during 2000-2003. Samples were analyzed for conventional pollutants (pH, conductivity, hardness, and temperature); aggregates (TSS, TDS, TOC, DOC); total and dissolved metals (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn); and nutrients (NO(3)-N, TKN, total P, and ortho-P). Storm event and site characteristics for each sampling site were recorded. A statistical summary for chemical characteristics of highway runoff is provided based on statewide urban and non-urban highways. Constituent event mean concentrations (EMCs) were generally higher in urban highways than in non-urban highways. The chemical characteristics of highway runoff in California were compared with national highway runoff chemical characterization data. The results obtained in California were generally similar to those found in other states. The median EMC for Pb measured in studies conducted in previous decades was much higher than the current median Pb EMC in California. The lower Pb EMC in California compared to previous highway runoff monitoring is believed to be due to the elimination of leaded gasoline. An attempt was also made to identify surrogate constituents within a general family of water quality categories using Spearman correlations and selected pairs with Spearman coefficients greater than 0.8. The strongest correlations were observed among parameters associated with dissolved minerals (EC, TDS, and chloride); organic carbon (TOC and DOC); petroleum hydrocarbons (TPH and O & G); and particulate matter (TSS and turbidity). Within the metals category, total iron concentration was highly correlated with most total metal concentrations. The correlations between total and dissolved concentrations were all less than 0.8, even between total and dissolved concentrations of the same metals. Multiple linear regression (MLR) analyses were performed to evaluate the impact of various site and storm event variables on highway runoff constituent EMCs. Parameters found to have significant impacts on highway runoff constituent EMCs include: total event rainfall (TER); cumulative seasonal rainfall (CSR); antecedent dry period (ADP); contributing drainage area (DA); and annual average daily traffic (AADT). Surrounding land use and geographic regions were also determined to have a significant impact on runoff quality. The MLR model was also used to predict constituent EMCs. Model performance determined by comparing predicted and measured values showed good agreement for most constituents.     

事故状态下污染物排放对水环境影响的预测研究

对辽河油田欢喜岭采油厂在事故状态下污染物排放对大凌河水域环境的影响进行预测研究。计算了洪水淹没、油罐冒顶泄漏、油井井喷泄漏、联合站泄漏、管道泄漏、暴雨径流带走落地油等16种情景下对该河流水质的影响情况,并建立数学模型,进行情景模拟。研究结果表明,事故状态下对大凌河水质影响的次序由大到小依次为:洪水淹没、油罐冒顶泄漏、油井井喷泄漏、联合站泄漏、管道泄漏、暴雨径流。     

土壤环境质量研究的回顾和展望

土壤环境质量作为土壤质量的重要组成部分之一,是表征土壤容纳、吸收和降解各种环境污染物的能力。目前对土壤环境质量定义尚无统一的意见,陈怀满教授给出了土壤环境质量的参考定义,指出土壤环境质量是在一定的时间和空间范围内,土壤自身性状对其持续利用和其他环境要素,特别是对人类或其他生物的生存、繁衍以及社会经济发展的适宜性。本文从土壤污染、环境容量、污染物迁移转化、生态安全以及修复技术等角度回顾了国内外土壤环境质量的研究内容。对今后土壤环境质量的发展趋势进行了展望,指出土壤环境质量在我国的研究和应用还比较薄弱,在土壤持续污染物防治、土壤污染风险评价等方面急需加强。随着我国环境形势日益严峻,土壤环境污染机理及其防治也提上议事日程,土壤环境质量的研究和应用对于我国的农业安全、食品安全、生态安全都具有极为重要的理论和现实意义。     

土壤微塑料污染及其分析方法

微塑料作为环境介质中的新型污染物,其对生态系统的影响越来越受到关注.土壤是环境中微塑料的重要蓄积库,结合近些年来国内外关于土壤中微塑料的研究,针对土壤中微塑料的来源、生态效应、分析方法及污染防治进行综述,以便更全面的了解土壤中微塑料污染的现状及其潜在的生态环境风险.塑料包装废弃物、农用地膜破碎、大气沉降是土壤中微塑料的...     

Assessing Surface Water Quality and Its Relation with Urban Land Cover Changes in the Lake Calumet Area, Greater Chicago

Urban land use and land cover change significantly affect spatial and temporal patterns of runoff, which in turn impacts surface water quality. With the exponential growth in urban areas over the past three decades, changes in land use and land cover to cater for the growth of cities has been a conspicuous spectacle in urban spaces. The main goal of this study was to assess the impacts of land cover change on runoff and surface water quality using a partial area hydrology framework. The study employed ArcHydro GIS extension and a modified version of Long-Term Hydrologic and Nonpoint Source Pollution model (L-THIA-NPS) in estimating runoff and nonpoint source pollutant concentration around Lake Calumet between 1992 and 2001. Data employed include National Land Cover Data set, rainfall data, digital elevation model (DEM), Soil Survey Geographic (SSURGO) data, and The United States Environmental Protection Agency’s STORET (storage and retrieval) water quality data. The model was able to predict surface water quality reasonably well over the study period. Sensitivity analysis facilitated a manual calibration of the model. Model validation was executed by comparing simulated results following calibration and observed water quality data for the study area. The study demonstrates that the level of concentration of nonpoint source pollutants in surface water within an urban watershed heavily depends on the spatiotemporal variations in areas that contribute towards runoff compared to the spatial extent of change in major land use/land cover.     

秦皇岛市海港区土地生态环境保护和整治

当前土地生态环境安全是土地资源可持续利用的基础。近年,由于经济快速发展以及土地的不合理利用与高强度开发,秦皇岛市海港区局部出现了水土流失、土地质量退化、土地污染等土地生态环境问题,导致土地生态平衡的失调,甚至出现经济发展与土地生态环境破坏的恶性循环。通过分析海港区的土地利用现状、自然生态特征等,在充分认识土地生态环境现状及存在的问题的基础上,提出采取管护与保育并重,以生态经济和生态环境建设为重点等土地生态环境保护与整治措施。     

Forecasting land use change and its environmental impact at a watershed scale

Urban expansion is a major driving force altering local and regional hydrology and increasing non-point source (NPS) pollution. To explore these environmental consequences of urbanization, land use change was forecast, and long-term runoff and NPS pollution were assessed in the Muskegon River watershed, located on the eastern coast of Lake Michigan. A land use change model, LTM, and a web-based environmental impact model, L-THIA, were used in this study. The outcomes indicated the watershed would likely be subjected to impacts from urbanization on runoff and some types of NPS pollution. Urbanization will slightly or considerably increase runoff volume, depending on the development rate, slightly increase nutrient losses in runoff, but significantly increase losses of oil and grease and certain heavy metals in runoff. The spatial variation of urbanization and its impact were also evaluated at the subwatershed scale and showed subwatersheds along the coast of the lake and close to cities would have runoff and nitrogen impact. The results of this study have significant implications for urban planning and decision making in an effort to protect and remediate water and habitat quality of Muskegon Lake, which is one of Lake Michigan's Areas of Concern (AOC), and the techniques described here can be used in other areas.     

昌黎县生态保护现状及生态县建设对策

"十一五"以来,昌黎县主要污染物排放得以控制,环境污染恶化趋势得以遏制,环境质量明显改善,生态建设和环境保护取得了初步成效。但目前昌黎县城乡环境质量差距仍呈扩大的趋势,存在环境保护意识不强、生态经济发展比较落后、农村环境污染严重、环保投入不足等问题,因此迫切需要从以上几个方面入手加强昌黎生态县建设。     

Bacterial sources,pathways and management strategies for urban runoff

The microbiological quality of diffuse impermeable surface runoff is described in terms of bacterial densities and pathogens observed within urban catchments in North London and Milton Keynes and the use of somatic bacteriophages as faecal indicators are evaluated. The studies show the occurrence of faecal indicator organisms (FIOs) and pathogens to be ubiquitous in stormwater runoff from all types of urban land use surfaces, with the possible exception of major highways. Urban catchments in North London show a progressive downstream increase in FIOs and pathogens consonant with increasing urbanization and incidence of stormwater outfalls and combined sewer overflows (CSOs). Surface water FIOs and pathogens appear to be predominantly of non‐human origin being primarily derived from animal and bird sources, although the effect is over‐ridden in the presence of misconnections and CSO discharges. A combination of infrastructure improvement, end‐of‐pipe detention, source control and more robust local authority regulation is recommended for effective management and remediation of bacteriological urban water quality.     

A procedure for incorporating spatial variability in ecological risk assessment of Dutch river floodplains

Floodplain soils along the river Rhine in the Netherlands show a large spatial variability in pollutant concentrations. For an accurate ecological risk characterization of the river floodplains, this heterogeneity has to be included into the ecological risk assessment. In this paper a procedure is presented that incorporates spatial components of exposure into the risk assessment by linking geographical information systems (GIS) with models that estimate exposure for the most sensitive species of a floodplain. The procedure uses readily available site-specific data and is applicable to a wide range of locations and floodplain management scenarios. The procedure is applied to estimate exposure risks to metals for a typical foodweb in the Afferdensche and Deestsche Waarden floodplain along the river Waal, the main branch of the Rhine in the Netherlands. Spatial variability of pollutants is quantified by overlaying appropriate topographic and soil maps resulting in the definition of homogeneous pollution units. Next to that, GIS is used to include foraging behavior of the exposed terrestrial organisms. Risk estimates from a probabilistic exposure model were used to construct site-specific risk maps for the floodplain. Based on these maps, recommendations for future management of the floodplain can be made that aim at both ecological rehabilitation and an optimal flood defense.     

Maximum permissible and negligible concentrations for some organic substances and pesticides

The aim of the paper is to provide interested parties the methods that were used for generic hazard assessment in The Netherlands, and the resulting so-called maximum permissible concentrations (MPCs) and the negligible concentrations (NCs) for approximately 150 organic substances and pesticides. The MPCs and NCs were derived for water, sediment, and soil. The concentration in the environment above which the risk of adverse effects was considered unacceptable to ecosystems is called the MPC. The MPCs take into account that the substances are distributed among the different environmental compartments, and are harmonized accordingly. The MPCs served as a basis for the Dutch government to set generic environmental quality standards (EQS) in The Netherlands (IWINS,[15]). EQS in turn are used by the Dutch Government to assess the environmental quality and for other environmental policy purposes. Concentrations in the environment below which the occurrence of adverse effects is considered to be negligible are called NCs. Hazards must be reduced when the environmental concentration of a substance exceeds its MPC. In-between this limits reduction of hazards is preferable. The MPC is a scientifically derived hazard limit. The NC is simply defined as 1% of the MPC. In general, there is a great demand for ecotoxicological data that currently limits a more reliable estimate of many MPCs. For water, approximately half of the MPCs are derived on the basis of four or more NOECs (no observed effect concentrations). For the other half, MPCs are based on only a few chronic or acute tests. For soil and sediment, however, almost no ecotoxicological data are available, and MPCs for those compartments have, in many cases, been derived from MPCs in water applying the equilibrium partitioning method (EqP-method), resulting in MPCs with greater uncertainty. Some of the methods and underlying assumptions that have been used may need improvement. For example, the factor between MPC and NC, the statistical extrapolation method, the method that is used for secondary poisoning, the role of the background concentrations of ‘naturally’ occurring substances, and the bioavailability and the EqP-method. There is a great need for hazard limits, and the present compilation tries to provide those as well as identifying research gaps.     

Quality Control for Environmental Policy Appraisal Tools: An Empirical Investigation of Relations Between Quality,Quality Control and Effectiveness

The spectre of regulatory reform carried out in a range of Western countries has generated concern amongst parts of the environmental policy community. Quality and effectiveness are said to be at stake, but empirically there is a dearth of data on the relationship between provisions for quality control and the effects on quality and effectiveness. This research addresses this lacuna by analysing the effects of different quality control provisions in the Netherlands and Denmark for a globally institutionalized environmental appraisal tool—Environmental Assessment (EA). Extensive technical provisions for quality control in the Netherlands have led to it being described as the ‘Rolls Royce’ of EA systems, while in Denmark the polity is expected to take charge of quality control. The effects of quality control are investigated through surveys and in-depth interviews with actors centrally engaged with EA implementation. The results show that quality control provisions are poorly related to the perceived quality and effectiveness of EA. Only the appropriateness of the scope of EA reports is perceived to be strongly related to quality control provisions. The findings are relevant for environmental policy communities concerned with quality control systems and effectiveness of policy appraisal tools and policy-makers contemplating regulatory reforms.     

加强顶层设计以精准数据支撑环保决策

生态环境大数据,是反映生态环境状况,污染物来源、构成及排放主体,公众环境诉求等方面的数据集合,是预测环境质量变化、评价污染治理效果、解决紧迫环境问题的科学基础。推动生态环境保护大数据的发展和应用,对于我国供给侧结构性改革,加快绿色环保产业发展,优化社会治理结构,实现治理能力现代化等,具有重大的现实意义。应加强生态环境大数据建设的顶层设计,以改善环境质量和服务民生为核心,完善法规标准,统筹基础设施建设,推动互联互通和开放共享,为公众提供便捷、高效和低成本的公共环境信息服务,让公众看得见、感受到环境质量的改善和生活环境的宜居,确保信息安全。     

Modeling the width and placement of riparian vegetated buffer strips: a case study on the Chi-Jia-Wang stream,Taiwan

Improper agricultural activities seriously affect water quality. It is very important to control agricultural nonpoint source pollution along the Chi-Jia-Wang Stream to protect the habitat of land-locked salmon (Oncorhynchus masou formosanus), one of the endangered species in Taiwan. Riparian vegetative buffer strips are used to intercept wastewater, surface runoff and groundwater flow to reduce pesticide, nutrient and other organic pollutants before they enter the stream. This study estimates the suitable width for vegetated buffer strips in the riparian zone along the stream using a geographic information system and an index model. The groundwater in the study area is easily contaminated by pollutants due to the high hydraulic conductivity in the riparian zone of the Chi-Jia-Wang Stream. After comparing simulations on selected 46 kinds of selected pesticides, the maximum safety depth of Fenarimol was estimated. A wider Fenarimol vegetated strip is needed as a buffer zone to ensure pollution control effectiveness. Simulation results can provide a preliminary evaluation for the soil or groundwater pollution caused by pesticides, but the actual influences require onsite data verification.     

APPLICATION OF THE CONTINUOUS STORMWATER POLLUTION SIMULATION SYSTEM (CSPSS): PHILADELLPHIA CASE STUDY1

ABSTRACT: This paper describes the Continuous Stormwater Pollution Simulation System (CSPSS) as well as a site-specific application of CSPSS to the Philadelphia urban area and its receiving water, the Delaware Estuary. Conceptually, CSPSS simulates the quantity and quality or urban stormwater runoff, combined sewer overflow, municipal and industrial waste water effuent, and upstream flow on a continuous basis for each time step in the simulation period. In addition, receiving water dissolved oxygen, suspended solids, and lead concentrations resulting from these pollutant sources may be simulated. However, only rceiving water dissolved oxygen (DO) response is considered in this paper. The continuous Do receiving water response model was calibrated to existing conditions usinv observed data at Chester, Pennsylvnia, located on the Delaware Estuary approximately 10 miles down stream from the study area. Average annual pollutant loads to the receiving water were estimated for all major sources and receiving water quality improvements resulting from removal of various portions of these pollutant loads were estimated by application of the calibrated stimultion model. It was found that the removal of oxygen-demanding pollutants from combined sewer overflow and urban stormwater runoff would result in relatively minor improvements in the overall dissoved oxygen resources of the Delaware Estuary; whereas. removal of oxygen demanding pollutants from waste water treatment plant effluent would result in greater improvemens. The results of this investigation can be used along with appropriate economic techniques to identify the most cost-effective mix of point and nonpoint source pollution control measures.     

牙哈凝析气田大气环境影响回顾评价

为更好地了解牙哈凝析气田开发建设对大气环境质量的影响,根据牙哈凝析气田6年的大气环境监测资料,采用spearman秩相关系数法对牙哈凝析气田开发10年来的环境空气质量进行回顾评价及变化趋势分析。结果表明:牙哈凝析气田大气中主要污染物SO2、NMHC(非甲烷总烃)均总体呈下降趋势,NO2呈上升趋势,而在2008年急剧下降,整体大气环境质量呈现好转趋势。牙哈凝析气田开发区块环境空气质量有了明显的改善,各项大气环境治理措施取得了显著的环境效益。     

Leachability of dissolved chromium in asphalt and concrete surfacing materials

Leachate metal pollutant concentrations produced from different asphalt and concrete pavement surfacing materials were measured under controlled laboratory conditions. The results showed that, in general, the concentrations of most metal pollutants were below the reporting limits. However, dissolved chromium was detected in leachate from concrete (but not asphalt) specimens and more strongly in the early-time leachate samples. As the leaching continued, the concentration of Cr decreased to below or close to the reporting limit. The source of the chromium in concrete pavement was found to be cement. The concentration of total Cr produced from leachate of different cement coming from different sources that was purchased from retail distributors ranged from 124 to 641 μg/L. This result indicates that the potential leachability of dissolved Cr from concrete pavement materials can be reduced through source control. The results also showed that the leachability of dissolved Cr in hardened pavement materials was substantially reduced. For example, the concentration of dissolved Cr measured in actual highway runoff was found to be much lower than the Cr concentration produced from leachate of both open and dense graded concrete pavement specimens under controlled laboratory study. It was concluded that pavement materials are not the source of pollutants of concern in roadway runoff; rather most pollutants in roadway surface runoff are generated from other road-use or land-use sources, or from (wet or dry) atmospheric deposition.     

WATER QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS OF STORM WATER FROM MAJOR LAND USES IN SOUTH FLORIDA1

ABSTRACT: Starting in 1998, a study was conducted to characterize storm water quality from predominant land use types in a coastal watershed along the south central coast of Florida, namely citrus, pasture, urban, natural wetland, row crop, dairy, and golf courses. Sixty‐three sampling sites were located at strategic points on drainage conveyances for each of seven specific land use areas. Runoff samples were collected following storm events that met defined rainfall criteria for a period of 30 months. Nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), heavy metals, pesticides, and other water quality parameters were determined, and the results were analyzed to compare and characterize land uses as relative sources for these constituents in runoff. Results showed that runoff from most land use types had low dissolved oxygen concentration and that sediment and nutrient concentrations were closely related to land use, particularly to the amount of fertilizer applied in each land use. Among the eight heavy metals tested, copper was the most frequently detected and was mostly associated with runoff from citrus and golf course land uses. High levels of arsenic were also detected in golf course runoff. The most frequently detected pesticide was simazine from citrus. The information and methodologies presented may facilitate pollution source characterization and ecological restoration efforts.     

基于陆海统筹的海洋生态环境管理体系研究

经过近60年的探索和实践,我国海洋生态环境管理机制体制不断完善,海洋生态环境综合管理能力显著提升。本文立足我国海洋生态环境管理现状,重点从强化制度约束性、机制协同性和政策指导性等角度分析了存在的主要问题,阐述了陆海统筹的海洋生态环境管理体系框架,并提出了构建以生物多样性保护为核心的海洋生态环境管理分区、建立以氮磷污染物为重点的陆海协同排放管控制度、完善以监测评估为核心的海洋生态监管制度、建立以入海河流和海湾为重点的区域联防联控机制和完善以海洋生态补偿和赔偿为核心的财政政策等重点任务,可为建立陆海统筹的生态环境治理制度提供参考。