珠江河口区翡翠贻贝中有机氯农药和多氯联苯含量及分布

对分布于珠江河口区海域的翡翠贻贝有机氯农药和多氯联苯的含量进行测定 ,结果显示 :HCHs为ND— 1.1ng·g-1,DDTs为 9.5— 191ng·g-1,PCBs为 82 .8— 6 15 .1ng·g-1.尖沙嘴码头 (维多利亚港 )贻贝积累的PCBs浓度最高 ,珠江河口桂山岛和外伶仃岛的贻贝积累的DDTs和PCBs浓度较高 ,而荷包岛 (珠江河口西海区 )的贻贝则检出含量较高的HCHs和DDTs .贻贝选择性积累含 5— 6个氯原子数的PCB异构体 .各采样点贻贝积累的PCBs组成分析表明珠江河口区海域存在两个PCBs污染源     

Distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in surface water and sediments from Baiyangdian Lake in North China

Persistent organochlorine compounds, including hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs), dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethanes (DDTs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) were analyzed in surface water and sediments from Baiyangdian Lake, North China. Total concentrations of HCHs, DDTs and PCBs in surface water were in the range of 3.13-10.60, 4.05-20.59 and 19.46-131.62 ng/L, respectively, and total concentrations of HCHs, DDTs and PCBs in sediments were 1.75-5.70, 0.91-6.48 and 5.96-29.61 ng/g dry weight, respectively. Among the groups of HCHs (sum of α-HCH, β-HCH, γ-HCH and δ-HCH) and DDTs (sum of DDT, DDD and DDE), the predominance of β-HCH, DDE and DDD in water and sediment samples was clearly observed. This observation suggested that β-HCH was resistant to biodegradation and the DDTs had been transformed to its metabolites, DDE and DDD. For PCBs, penta-, hexa- and hepta-chlorinated congeners were the most abundant compounds in the both phases. Furthermore, the partitioning of chlorinated compounds between sediment and water was investigated to understand their transport and fates in aquatic ecosystems. The results indicated that average logs of organic carbon-normalized sediment-water partition coefficients (logK_oc') for OCPs varied between 3.20 and 5.53, and for PCBs, logK_oc' values ranged from 3.19 to 5.57. The observed logK_oc' was lower than their equilibrium logK_oc predicted from linear model, which may be attributed to the solubility enhancement effect of colloidal matter in water phase and the disequilibrium between sediment and water.     

Persistent organochlorine residues in sediments of the Haihe River and Dagu Drainage River in Tianjin, China

Persistent organochlorine compounds were analyzed by means of GC-ECD in surface sediment samples from two selected rivers in Tianjin, Haihe River and Dagu Drainage River. A total of 16 surface sediment sites were selected along the both rivers. The frequency of detection of T-HCH and T-DDT in sediment samples both was up to 100%, which illustrated that the contamination of HCH and DDT was widespread in Haihe and Dagu Drainage Rivers. Results indicated that the concentrations of various pesticides in sediments from Haihe River were in the range of 3.30-75.96 ng/g dw for T-HCH and 1.57-211.57 ng/g dw for T-DDT. Compared with Haihe River, Dagu Drainage River was contaminated by HCHs and DDTs along the all locations and the values of T-HCH and T-DDT residues in sediments ranged from 2.30 to 124.61 ng/g dw and from 11.28 to 237.30 ng/g dw, respectively, The possible pollution sources were analyzed through monitoring results of organochlorine pesticides（OCPs） residues in sediments from the two rivers. The investigation also indicated that HCH was still used as pesticide in Tianjin partial area.     

黄河中下游表层沉积物中有机氯农药含量及分布

利用GC-ECD检测了黄河中下游干支流23个表层沉积物中的有机氯农药,主要检测出HCHs、DDTs、六氯苯、氯丹等,总含量范围为0.35～22.92 ng/g,其中HCHs和DDTs的含量较高,分别为0.09～12.88 ns/g和0.05～5.03 ng/g.干流中有机氯农药的含量从中游到中下游呈逐渐升高趋势,主要支流中的含量为:新蟒河＞金堤河＞汜水＞伊洛河＞沁河.干流中HCHs含量较海河、珠江、长江和黄浦江明显偏高;DDTs含量与除海河外的其它河流基本相同,但两者均低于国外河流.沿河流区域工业废水和主要支流的汇入、农药的广泛施用所引起的长期残留与风化土壤是黄河有机氯农药污染的主要来源.     

黄浦江表层沉积物中有机氯农药的分布特征及风险评价

用双柱GC/ECD对黄浦江表层沉积物中的20种有机氯农药进行了分析 沉积物中总有机氯农药含量范围为2.65～19.54ng/g ,含量较高的组分有DDTs、BHCs、甲氧氯和狄氏剂等,DDTs含量高于BHCs ,含量范围分别为0.68～4.43ng/g和0.14～0.77ng/g 从上游到下游沉积物中有机氯农药含量呈升高趋势,说明工业污染及苏州河对黄浦江中下游水环境中的有机氯农药具有较大的输入贡献.有机氯农药组分分布特征研究表明,当前沉积物中的有机氯农药主要来自于早期残留或是施用农药长期风化后的土壤.相关性分析表明,总有机碳是影响沉积物中有机氯农药分布的重要因素.与其它地区相比较,黄浦江沉积物中有机氯农药含量较低.与沉积物风险评估值相比较,黄浦江中下游沉积物存在一定的生态风险.     

珠江三角洲表层沉积物中丁基锡的初步测定

以正己烷和正己烷∶乙酸乙酯(1∶1)序列萃取沉积物中的丁基锡,以气相色谱-原子发射光谱联用仪(GC-AED)对珠江三角洲表层沉积物中的丁基锡进行了检测。结果表明,在珠江三角洲沉积物中存在较为广泛的丁基锡污染,其中三丁基锡(TBT)的浓度范围约为20～380 ng/g(干样),其区域面源背景在n×10 ng/g(干样,n<10)水平。珠江广州河段、黄埔港水域以及澳门外港表层沉积物中三丁基锡的含量较高,与航运和船舶修造有关。      

太湖梅梁湾沉积物中有机氯农药的残留现状

采用GC/ECD分析了梅梁湾沉积物中有机氯农药的残留现状.所测样品中有机氯农药总浓度为1.78～64.74ng/g,其中,HCHs、DDTs在几乎所有采样点都有检出,含量分别是0.23～1.81ng/g、1.78～63.08ng/g.HCHs中,α-HCH与γ-HCH残留水平相当,未检出β-HCH.DDTs中p,p'DDE残留水平较高.数据表明有机氯农药中HCHs可能有新的污染源输入,DDTs在多数采样点发生好氧生物降解,与国内不同水体表层沉积物中HCHs、DDTs的含量相比,梅梁湾沉积物中有机氯农药含量较低.     

Perfluoroalkyl substances and organochlorine pesticides in sediments from Huaihe watershed in China

Twelve perfluoroalkyl substances （PFASs） and nine organochlorine pesticides （OCPs） were quantified in surface sediments from the Huaihe River, China, along which there are intensive industrial and agricultural activities. Concentrations of PFASs ranged from 0.06 to 0.46 ng/g dry weight （dw）, and concentrations of OCPs ranged from 1.48 to 32.65 ng/g dw. Compared with other areas in China, concentrations of PFASs were lesser than the national mean value, while concentrations of OCPs were moderate. Concentrations of perfluorooctanoic acid （PFOA） and perfluorooctane sulfonate （PFOS） ranged from n.d. （not detected） to 0.03 and n.d. to 0.10 ng/g dw, respectively. Among the three groups of OCPs, mean concentrations of hexachlorocyclohexane and its isomers （HCHs）, dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane and its metabolites （DDTs） and hexachlorobenzene （HCB） were 5.62 ± 4.35, 2.43 ± 3.12 and 1.55 ± 4.17 ng/g dw, respectively. Concentrations of HCHs and DDTs decreased from upstream to downstream along the mainstream of the Huaihe River. When compared to sediment quality guidelines （SQGs）, concentrations of HCHs, DDTs and HCB would pose adverse biological effects. In general, contamination by PFASs in the upstream of the Huaihe River was more severe than that in the downstream, which was mainly caused by interception from dams, locks and industrial emissions. And OCPs from tributaries, especially the Yinghe River and Wohe River, were higher than those from Huaihe mainstream, and primarily came from historical inputs.     

府河和白洋淀沉积物中DDTs的分布特征和风险评估

利用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)检测了府河和白洋淀共计19个表层沉积物样品中的w(DDTs)及其分布特征. 结果表明,w(DDTs)为1.74～51.33 ng/g (以干质量计),平均值为11.01 ng/g,其分布特征呈现从府河到白洋淀逐渐递减的趋势. 与国内其他地区沉积物相比,府河和白洋淀地区DDTs的污染处于中等偏低的水平. 在所有沉积物样品中,p,p′-DDT所占比例较大,是最主要的异构体. 大部分样品中w(DDD)/w(DDE)大于1,而w(DDT)/w(DDE+DDD)小于1,说明研究区DDT处于厌氧环境条件,且没有新的DDT输入. 该地区DDTs主要来源于农田土壤侵蚀及工业废水排放. 潜在风险评估表明,府河和白洋淀的表层沉积物中DDTs对周围环境具有一定的影响,应引起相关部门的重视.      

漓江沉积柱芯有机氯农药垂向分布特征与来源

用GC/ECD内标法定量法首次测定了广西桂林漓江沉积柱中19种有机氯农药(OCPs)的含量,结果表明:漓江沉积柱芯中OCPs浓度范围为4.75～489.4ng/g(均值43.26ng/g),在国内处于中等污染水平。OCPs、HCHs表现出下游污染程度高于上游,但DDTs则相反,这是由于上游的取样点蚂蟥洲附近有大量餐饮业造成的。沉积柱垂直分布表明,漓江近期受到人为污染影响。总体上漓江沉积物中HCHs污染大于DDTs,符合当地的农药使用历史。同分异构体比值表明研究区DDT主要是历史使用农药残留并得到了较好的降解,且以厌氧生物降解为主,当地在使用三氯杀螨醇可能性不大;沉积物中工业六六六尚未降解完全,同时周围可能有林丹输入。     

珠江入海口水体中多氯联苯的分布特征及其来源分析

为评估珠江三角洲水体中PCBs(多氯联苯)的污染水平及其生态环境影响,于2005年3月—2006年2月,采集并分析了珠江八大入海口水体中PCBs的残留状况. 结果显示,珠江八大入海口水体中ρ(PCBs)为0.19～7.04 ng/L,其中三氯联苯和四氯联苯占PCBs总量的70%以上,约40%的水样(主要为7—12月样品)ρ(PCBs)高于或接近我国《地表水环境质量标准》(GB 3838—2002)的限值(2 ng/L). 组成分析及主成分分析结果表明,珠江入海口水体中PCBs的分布特征与我国#1PCBs及国外Aroclor 1242和Aroclor 1016产品相近,低氯产品#1PCBs及Aroclor 1242和Aroclor 1016可能是水体中PCBs污染的主要来源,而废弃电容器、沉积物再悬浮、大气沉降及废水处理厂排放等输入源是水体的重要贡献者.      

淮河沉积物中有机氯农药的残留与风险评价

采用GC-ECD对淮河江苏段表层沉积物中16种有机氯农药(OCPs)残留进行测定. 结果表明,有机氯农药在所有样品中均有检出,w(OCPs)为8.88～16.22 ng/g;组分分布特征分析表明,六六六类(Hexachlorocyclohexanes,HCHs)农药的来源可能与早期土壤的残留或大气远距离输送有关,滴滴涕类(DDTs)污染除了来自早期土壤残留外,近期可能有新的含DDTs农药成分的物质输入;相关性分析揭示总有机碳(TOC)是影响沉积物中有机氯农药分布的重要原因;与国内不同地区沉积物中有机氯农药残留相比,淮河江苏段有机氯农药污染水平中等;与淡水水域沉积物质量标准对照发现,其对水生底栖生物危害风险较低.      

若尔盖高原湿地地表水与大气湿沉降中有机氯农药和多氯联苯研究

采用高分辨率气相色谱-高分辨率质谱联用法分析位于青藏高原东缘的若尔盖高原牧场地表水和大气湿沉降中有机氯农药(OCPs)和多氯联苯(PCBs)异构体含量的季节分布特征,探讨持久性有机污染物(POPs)在边远清洁地区的地球化学行为.结果表明,若尔盖地区地表水中∑HCHs、∑DDTs、HCB、∑6PCBs平均浓度分别为0.90,1.36, 0.95,1.35ng/L.大气降水中OCPs和PCBs平均浓度分别为0.363,0.118ng/L,最大值出现在11月初冬的降雪样品中.异构体按平均浓度排序为HCB > PCB28 > p,p’-DDD > p,p’-DDE > α-HCH > γ-HCH.PCBs以PCB28和PCB52为主,除少量的PCB101外,其余高氯代PCB化合物都未在沉降样品中检出.∑HCHs、∑DDTs、∑PCBs的大气沉降通量分别为0.058~0.268,0.087~0.311,0.049~0.188ng/(m2·d).高海拔地区POPs大气沉降模式可分为“海拔梯度降水型”和“高原型”2类.类似于极地冷凝作用,高原型降雪中的POPs的沉积通量高于降雨沉降通量,但持久性较强的PCB138、PCB153和PCB180则缺失.这一结果验证了高空大气远程迁移和局地的高山冷凝效应的区别.     

长江口东滩湿地柱状沉积物中多氯联苯的分布和变化趋势

采用同位素稀释质谱法,用高分辨率气相色谱-高分辨率质谱仪(HRGC-HRMS)对长江口崇明东滩湿地柱状沉积物30个层段中7种指示性多氯联苯(PCB28,PCB52,PCB101,PCB118,PCB153,PCB138和PCB180)的含量进行了测定. 结合近几十年长江下游气候变化情况,对PCBs垂直分布历史记录特征以及异构体的物理化学性质参数进行了探讨. 结果表明,w(PCBs)为0.138～0.400 ng/g(以干质量计,下同),平均值为0.228 ng/g,属于轻度污染. 东滩沉积物中PCBs呈现明显的周期性分布,在20世纪50年代初期开始快速增长,高峰期出现在70年代,之后呈减少趋势,反映了世界主要生产国家禁止生产PCBs的情况.      

汕尾近岸水体和沉积物中有机氯农药的残留特征及生态风险评价

本研究通过对汕尾近岸水体和沉积物中两类有机氯农药（六六六和滴滴涕）的分析测定,评估了汕尾海域的有机污染现状和生态风险。研究表明,汕尾近岸水体中六六六（HCHs）和滴滴涕（DDTs）的含量分别为0.26～3.53ng/L和nd（未检出,下同）～6.77ng/L,沉积物中HCHs和DDTs的含量分别为nd～0.62ng/g...     

贵州红枫湖地区水稻土多氯联苯和有机氯农药的残留

调查了红枫湖周边水稻土的7种多氯联苯（PCBs）和13种有机氯农药（OCPs）的含量分布.结果显示,DDTs及其代谢产物、HCHs的异构体、异狄氏剂、七氯等有机氯农药及PCB 28和PCB 52在所有样品中均被检出.与国内外污染区相比,PCBs含量较低.研究区土壤中污染物的组成结果类似,PCBs以3～5氯取代的同属物为主,农药以DDTs为主.剖面土壤中∑PCBs含量范围为8.9～55.9 ng/g,主要以3～5氯取代的PCBs为主,平均占PCBs总量的89%.∑DDTs含量为 4.7～42.6ng/g,以p,p′-DDE,p,p′-DDT为主.DDT/（DDD+DDE）的比率表明红枫湖地区水稻田中DDTs的降解速率不同,暗示其环境条件的差异.α-HCH/γ-HCH为0.28～0.90,表明红枫湖地区水稻田中HCHs在环境中残留时间很长,经历了光解和生物作用等变化.PCBs对TEQ的贡献较低,为0.06～0.51 pg/g.     

长江水体多氯联苯和有机氯农药污染特征与通量研究

河流作为陆源持久性有机污染物(POPs)进入海洋的重要途径,其POPs污染问题备受关注. 为了解我国“十三五”时期长江水体多氯联苯(PCBs)和有机氯农药(OCPs)的污染特征,以2017年11月—2018年11月在长江大通站采集的表层水为研究对象,利用气相色谱-三重四级杆串联质谱仪(GC-MS/MS)测定水体中溶解态、颗粒态PCBs和OCPs的浓度,分析水体中溶解态、颗粒态PCBs和OCPs的污染特征,通过化合物组成特征和比值揭示水体中PCBs、OCPs的来源,估算输出通量,并从污染物浓度、年径流量及输沙量三方面加以比较. 结果表明:大通站水体中溶解态∑₄₁PCBs和∑₉OCPs浓度范围分别为0.059~0.29和0.21~0.52 ng/L,颗粒态∑₄₁PCBs和∑₉OCPs浓度范围分别为0.26~0.88和0.34~0.89 ng/L. 六六六(HCHs)、滴滴涕(DDTs)和氯丹(CHLs)均以历史使用残留为主,而PCBs存在新的输入. PCBs、HCHs和DDTs的总输出通量(溶解态+颗粒态)分别为0.57、0.35和0.29 t/a,远低于其他学者于2009—2015年得到的长江入海PCBs、HCHs和DDTs的年均通量. 研究显示,大通站水体中溶解态、颗粒态PCBs和OCPs的污染特征不同,大通站相对较低的PCBs、HCHs和DDTs的输出通量与长江流域过去10年污染物浓度、年径流量和输沙量的整体降低直接相关,溶解态PCBs、HCHs和DDTs浓度显著降低是重要因素. 研究结果反映了我国“十三五”期间提出的长江经济带“共抓大保护,不搞大开发”和近20年坚持履行《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》的重要成效. 今后应重点关注大通以下至长江河口的污染物跨介质分配和交换通量,以系统揭示长江输出POPs在区域污染物“源汇”关系中扮演的角色.      

闽江口水、间隙水和沉积物中有机氯农药的含量

利用GC-ECD和GC-MSD对1999年11月闽江口水、间隙水和沉积物中的有机氯农药进行了研究.结果显示,闽江口水中有机氯农药的含量范围是0.532～1.82μg/L,间隙水中有机氯农药的含量为4.54～13.7μg/L,沉积物(于重,以下讨论到的沉积物,无特别说明都是干重表示):28.79～52.07μg/kg;与其他河口如珠江口、九龙江口相比,闽江口的污染水平居中.间隙水的污染物浓度普遍高于其上覆水的浓度,而沉积物中的浓度大于间隙水、表层水,是由于有机污染物在水体中倾向于吸附在沉积物颗粒,并且通过再悬浮从底层向上迁移.对水体中有机氯农药各组分的含量及特征进行了分析,发现有机氯农药的主成分为:β-HCH,DDE,Heptachlor(七氯),Endosulfan Ⅱ(硫丹),Methoxychlor(甲氧滴涕).DDE、β-HCH、EndosulfanⅡ分别占DDTs、HCHs和硫丹的主要部分;有机氯农药各组分间有正相关性,表明其河口有机氯农药陆源的土壤输入与相似的环境行为;对该河口的污染水平进行了初步的评价,HCHs符合国家海水水质一级标准,DDTs则超过该标准.     

Organochlorine compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in surface sediment from Baiyangdian Lake, North China： Concentrations, sources profiles and potential risk

Organochlorine pesticides(OCPs),polychlorinated biphenyls(PCBs),and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons(PAHs) were determined in nineteen surface sediment samples collected from Baiyangdian Lake and its inflowing river(Fuhe River) in North China.Total concentrations of OCPs,PCBs and PAHs in sediments ranged from 5.4 to 707.6 ng/g,2.3 to 197.8 ng/g,and 101.3 to 6360.5 ng/g,respectively.The levels of contaminants in Fuhe River were significantly higher than those in Baiyandian Lake.For hexachlorocyclohexane(HCHs) and dichlorodiphenytrichloroethanes(DDTs),α-HCH and p,p-DDT were predominant isomers;while for PCBs,PCB 28/31,PCB 40/103,PCB 60,PCB 101,and PCB 118 were predominant congeners.Possible sources derived from historical usage for OCPs and incomplete combustion fuel,wood,and coal and exhaustion of boats or cars for PAHs.Risk assessment of sediment indicated that sediments in Fuhe River were likely to pose potential biological adverse impact.     

太湖表层沉积物中PAHs和PCBs的分布及风险评价

采用GC-EI-MS联用技术分析了太湖18个表层沉积物样品中多环芳烃(PAHs)和多氯联苯(PCBs)的含量.共检出28种PAHs,其总浓度范围为90.6~1.04×103ng/g,其中16种优控PAHs的浓度范围为63.1~885ng/g,最高浓度出现在竺山湖;56种PCBs的浓度范围为1.35~13.8ng/g,最高浓度出现在新塘港.利用分子比和因子分析/多元线性回归模型分析PAHs的来源,结果显示,太湖PAHs主要来源于燃烧,其中木柴、煤炭燃烧和油料燃烧的贡献率分别为45%和50%.PCBs同族体组成分析结果表明,PCBs的同系物组成呈现Aroclor 1242和Aroclor 1254的混合来源特征.太湖表层沉积物中PAHs和PCBs的二 毒性当量(以TCDD计)范围为0.64~3.35pg/g,风险评价结果表明,太湖沉积物中的PAHs和PCBs尚未对周围环境造成不利影响.