饮用水及工业废水的电液压脉冲净化及处理装置

简要介绍了作者研制的电液压脉冲水处理装置的工作原理及处理染料废水（蓝－Ｂ）的实验结果。     

脉冲电浮法废水处理装置

简要介绍了脉冲电浮装置的工作原理及利用该装置处理造纸废水的工业试验结果。提出采用脉冲电浮法处理含油废水将会取得更好的效果。     

变频脉冲电磁装置在电厂循环水处理中的应用

变频脉冲电磁装置是物理水处理技术的最新一代产品,它不仅从根本上解决了防垢、除垢难题,而且在杀菌、灭藻、除锈和防腐蚀方面也具有较好的处理效果。     

低温等离子体水处理技术的应用及其反应器的研究

利用高压脉冲放电在水中产生高密度的低温等离子体来降解水中有机物、杀灭水中病毒细菌,是集电、化学氧化、光于一体的水处理高级氧化技术。并对该技术在水处理方面应用的原理、反应器的形式以及国内外的研究进展、成果、存在的问题进行探讨。并对该技术的应用进行了展望,这是一项新兴的并具有广阔前景的水处理技术。     

脉冲电吸附技术深度脱氮及分子动力学模拟

针对城市污水处理厂二级出水的氮素指标达不到国家一级A排放标准的问题,采用脉冲开关电源代替了传统电吸附中的直流稳压电源,用活性炭粉末为吸附材料制备电极板,构建了脉冲电吸附反应装置.以NO₃^--N和NH₃-N的去除率为判据,比较了脉冲电吸附法和直流电吸附法在去除模拟废水中氮素的差异,结果表明,60min内,脉冲电吸附法有更高的去除效率,且在脉冲电场占空比50%、频率10⁴Hz的条件下,氮素的去除率最高.利用分子动力学模拟分析得知,在脉冲电场下,水分子中氢、氧原子的取向更随机,相比于直流电场,水分子偶极矩的取向极化作用被弱化,减小了离子的传质阻力,从而提高离子迁移效率.     

脉冲电絮凝处理三次采油污水研究

文章利用自制的脉冲电絮凝装置对油田三次采油污水进行了处理,讨论了脉冲电流参数,包括脉冲峰值电流、频率、占空比的影响,并通过正交实验优化了处理条件。在优化条件下处理后,油田三次采油污水的COD和浊度分别达到66.3 mg/L和1.5 FTU,满足国家《污水综合排放标准》的要求。同时,脉冲电絮凝法处理三次采油污水的效果优于投加聚合氯化铝和聚合硫酸铁的化学处理法,在处理效果和节省电能的方面明显优于直流电絮凝方法。     

脉冲电压强化类芬顿氧化Cu-EDTA破络与Cu阴极回收研究

工业废水中的重金属常与共存有机配体结合形成重金属-有机络合物,其化学稳定性高,传统水处理技术难以实现重金属络合物的有效去除.电化学技术可以通过电氧化与电还原同步实现重金属络合物破络与阴极回收金属.本研究针对单阴极无法同步产H₂O₂与回收重金属的问题,构建了碳气凝胶(CA)和Ti组成的双阴极类芬顿体系,研究了阴极脉冲电压方式对典型重金属络合物Cu-EDTA破络合与定向回收Cu的影响机制.同时,分别比较了在CA阴极和Ti阴极上施加方波脉冲、三角脉冲和差分脉冲电压对双阴极体系原位电产H₂O₂、Cu-EDTA氧化破络合和Cu定向回收的影响.结果表明,在CA阴极施加方波脉冲电压效果最优,脉冲宽度为5 s时H₂O₂的产量在反应60 min达到22.5 mg·L^-1,相比恒定电位提升了80.57%,Cu-EDTA去除率在180 min达到88.63%,提升了16.83%.Ti阴极施加三角脉冲电压效果最佳,脉冲宽度为10 s时Ti和CA阴极回收Cu的...     

电液压脉冲方法洗涤羊毛及羽绒

本文介绍了利用电液压脉冲方法洗涤羊毛及动物毛的原理,根据苏联的工业应用证明,这种新工艺不仅能提高清洗羊毛及动物毛的速度而且能改善环境条件,文内列出了洗涤羊毛的试验数据及有关参数。     

静电除尘预荷电的研究

采用微小颗粒粒径和电荷同时测量装置以及高压方波电源和纳秒（ｎｓ）高压窄脉冲电源，对用于静电除尘预荷电的负电晕放电荷电器进行了实验研究和理论分析，探讨了其荷电性能和规律，并提出了适用于预荷电器的新的理论荷电计算方法。     

磁场协同交变脉冲电化学场处理垃圾渗滤液

以自行研制的交变脉冲电源为基础,在自制的磁场-电化学场一体化水处理反应器中,使用铝片为可溶性电极,并同时施加磁场和交变脉冲电解电流,对垃圾渗滤液进行处理.在磁感应强度为0.08 T,脉冲峰值电流密度为5 A/dm2,平均脉冲峰值电压为2.0 V,脉冲电流周期为3 s及处理时间为90 min的工艺条件下,相对于相同电化学条件的单一交变脉冲电絮凝处理,新鲜垃圾渗滤液的COD_Cr与NH₃-N的去除率分别提高了8.41%和6.56%;老龄垃圾渗滤液的COD_Cr与NH₃-N的去除率分别提高了16.01%和7.82%.表明磁场与电化学场的协同作用明显地提高了废水的处理效果.      

汽车排气尾流中微粒分布及其变化特性的研究

根据微粒核化、凝并及凝结模型对汽车排气尾流中微粒分布的变化特性进行了分析.结果表明,微粒的核化增加了排气尾流中超细微粒的数量;微粒的凝并和凝结将改变排气尾流中的微粒分布.在核化、凝并及凝结过程同时存在时,核化对微粒分布的影响相对较小,微粒分布的变化主要受凝并和凝结的作用.在排气管出口处,微粒的核化、凝并及凝结过程比较剧烈,微粒分布变化较大;随着距排气管出口距离的增加,微粒演变逐渐减弱.研究工作可以为汽车排放控制策略的确定以及汽车微粒对人体健康影响的研究提供依据.     

北京市交通路口大气颗粒物污染特征研究(Ⅱ)——大气颗粒物中非烃类化合物污染特征

研究了北京市交通路口大气颗粒物中非烃类化合物的污染特征.通过对2000年6月采集的大气颗粒物样品的分析,研究了北京市崇文门路口大气颗粒物中非烃类化合物的污染状况.结果表明:交通排放是大气颗粒物中非烃类化合物的重要来源之一;总体上非烃类化合物主要富集在粒径较小的粒子中,细粒子中的非烃类化合物应主要来源于机动车尾气排放;白天ρ(非烃类化合物)随机动车流量的增加而增加,夜晚机动车流量减小,但ρ(非烃类化合物)却高于白天,显示出大型柴油车的主要影响和贡献;非烃类化合物的污染主要表现为酞酸酯和苯酚类化合物的污染.并对交通路口大气颗粒物中酞酸酯的来源进行了探讨.      

Effects of humic acid coatings on phenanthrene sorption to black carbon

Black carbon (BC) can strongly adsorb hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs).The HOC sorption to coated BC could be attenuated in soil and sediment compared with that of the parent BC.To study the potential causes of the sorption attenuation,humic acid (HA) and BC were isolated.Phenanthrene (PHE) was selected as the representative of HOCs.BC was coated with the precipitated HA.The PHE sorption to the HA-coated BC was determined.The HA coatings on BC could result in the significant sorption attenuation of PHE to BC.The attenuation varied in different HA origin and was positively correlated to the aromaticity of HA.The attenuation could be explained by the direct competition between HA and PHE for the available sorption sites on BC and the reduction of the available sorption sites as a result of the pore blockage of BC caused by the HA coatings.Therefore,the HA coatings on BC was one potential cause of the attenuation of HOC sorption to BC in soil and sediment.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

柴油机排气微粒冷却演变特性的实验研究

对柴油机排气微粒在冷却条件下的演变特性进行了实验研究.结果表明,排气的冷却作用对微粒的质量浓度具有重要的影响.引起微粒质量浓度变化的主要原因是排气中气态碳氢的冷凝,从而增加了微粒的质量浓度.排气的冷却促使柴油机微粒增大,分布在0.01～1.0 μm粒径范围内的微粒数量有所减少,特别是小于0.1 μm以下的小微粒,微粒数量下降的幅度相对较大,并且冷却温度越低,变化越明显.排气冷却后,0.1-1.0 μm粒径范围内的微粒体积浓度呈减少的趋势.此外,流速对排气冷却条件下的微粒演变特性亦有一定的影响,随排气流速的降低,0.01～1.0 μm粒径范围内的微粒数量浓度和体积浓度减小.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

顺硝烯新烟碱杀虫剂环氧虫啶在水中的光降解

为了正确评估新型杀虫剂环氧虫啶(CYC)的环境风险,了解环氧虫啶在水环境中的光降解规律,探讨了CYC初始浓度、温度、初始pH值、过氧化氢浓度及硝酸根对CYC光降解的影响.结果表明,CYC的光降解符合一级动力学反应.直接光降解中,随浓度降低、温度升高,光解速率加快,环氧虫啶的反应活化能为21.27kJ/mol.通过测定CYC的pKa值为3.42以及模拟计算CYC不同粒子形式的光反应活性,可知pH值对CYC光解的影响较为复杂:酸性条件下,CYC的降解速率取决于其形态(阳离子和中性粒子)与单线态能量;碱性条件下,降解速率主要受羟基自由基数量的影响.间接光降解中,硝酸根和过氧化氢对CYC光解均表现为促进作用.在评估环氧虫啶的环境风险时,应综合考虑环境因素对其降解的影响.     

富营养化水体景观的微生物修复研究

把美国的基因工程菌应用于徐州市黄河故道富营养化水体，对水体中营养性指标进行了测定及分析，并对水体中生物生长变化情况进行观察，从而了解在富营养状态下水体水质变化的基本情况。在了解水体水质变化状况的基础上，利用消氮细菌及沉淀细菌对实验水体进行生物修复。     

Characterization of surface runoff from a subtropics urban catchment

Characteristics of surface runoff from a 0.14-km^2 urban catchment with separated sewer in Macau was investigated. Water quality measurements of surface runoff were carried out on five rainfall events during the period of August to November, 2005. Water quality parameters such as pH, turbidity, TSS, COD, TN, Zn, Pb, and Cu were analyzed. The results show that TN and COD are the major pollutants from surface runoff with mean concentration of 8.5 and 201.4 mg/L, both over 4-fold higher compared to the Class V surface water quality standard developed by China SEPA. Event mean concentration （EMC） for major pollutants showed considerable variations between rainfall events. The largest rainfall event with the longest length of antecedent dry weather period （ADWP） produced the highest EMC of TN, TSS and COD. From the pollutographs analysis, the peak concentration of TN precedes the peak runoff flow rate for all three rainfall events. The tendency of the concentration of TSS, turbidity and COD changing with runoff flow varies between rainfall events. The relationship between TSS and other parameters were analyzed to evaluate the efficiency of the physical treatment process to control the surface runoff in the urban catchment. Based on the correlation of parameters with TSS, high treatment efficiency of TSS, TN and COD was expected. The most significant event in term of first flush is the one with the strongest rainfall intensity and longest length of ADWP. TN always showed first flush phenomenon in all three rainfall events, which suggested that the surface runoff in the early stage of surface runoff should be dealt with for controlling TN losses during rainfall events.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.