发展循环经济是煤炭企业环境保护的最佳手段

煤炭资源由于地质成因具有在区域范围内高度密集及不可再生的先天性特征,加之粗放的传统生产经营模式,以及近年来经济的快速发展,对煤炭需求的急剧增长,导致了区域范围内资源、环境和发展之间的尖锐冲突,运用循环经济的理念,通过延长产业链,发挥煤炭企业的“废物资源”优势,从根本上解决这一冲突,实现煤炭企业经济和保护环境的和谐发展。     

The Use of Artificial Neural Networks for Modeling Color and Chemical Oxygen Demand Removal from Olive Mill Wastewater Using Grape Molasses Soil

Environmental Modeling & Assessment - Olive mill wastewater (OMW) is classified as highly pollutant-containing wastewater that must be treated to an acceptable level before being discharged...     

A Routing and Scheduling System for Infectious Waste Collection

Most hospitals and clinics in Taiwan do not have on-site treatment facilities for their infectious waste and must rely on outside agencies for their collection and treatment. The problem of optimally routing and scheduling the collection of medical waste from a disperse group of facilities is recognized as a periodic vehicle routing problem. This study develops a computer system to solve the resulting optimization problem based on a two-phased approach proposed earlier. The first phase solves a standard vehicle routing problem to determine a set of individual routes for the collection vehicles. The second phase uses a mixed integer programming method to assign routes to particular days of the week. The computer system is user-friendly and consists of several Visual Basic programs while the geographical information system is incorporated to facilitate input and output interface and database management. An illustrative example for the infectious waste of 348 hospitals in the Tainan City area demonstrates the effectiveness of the system.     

Characterisation of Indicator Organisms and Pathogens in Domestic Greywater for Recycling

Greywater from baths, showers and washbasins was collected separately from all other domestic wastewater at a university block of flats with a dual reticulation system and analysed for a range of contaminants including indicator organisms and pathogens. Greywater flow and temperature were also monitored and a diurnal variation was observed. Physical and chemical water quality parameters were similar to previously published data, although measured COD and BOD levels appeared to be lower, possibly due to settlement or biodegradation in the storage tanks. Plate counts and indicator organism concentrations were consistently high suggesting a high level of human bacterial contamination necessitating biological treatment and disinfection if the water is to be used for recycling. However, these high levels of indicator organisms did not correlate to pathogen presence and should not be used as pathogen indicators in greywater. One positive count of Salmonella veltereden was observed as well as low levels of Giardia. Cryptosporidium, Escherichia coli O157:H7, enteroviruses and Legionella were not identified in any of the samples. The research also highlighted a number of problems with the complexity of this type of sampling programme, such as identifying the most likely time to isolate pathogens and analysing an ‘unusual’ water source.     

A Method for Designing Upgradient Groundwater Monitoring Networks

A graphical heuristic was devised for locating upgradient groundwater monitoring wells near landfills. Utilizing computer-simulated contaminant plumes, the heuristic considers the direction of groundwater flow relative to the shape of a landfill, the location of the downgradient migration boundary used for configuring detection wells, and uniformity of spatial coverage. The heuristic positions upgradient wells far enough from a landfill to avoid contamination, but close enough to measure ambient water quality near the landfill. It can be adapted to nonuniform flow fields, nonlinear migration boundaries, and irregularly shaped landfills. An application to a rectangular landfill, oriented at various angles to the direction of groundwater flow, demonstrates the utility of the approach.     

Determining Ecoregions for Environmental and GMO Monitoring Networks

A representative environmental monitoring network at the regional scale cannot use raster-based or random sampling designs, but requires a stratified sampling procedure integrating different information layers, and it has to occur in ecologically differing homogeneous regions (ecoregions). These we have determined using a set of spatial strata with ecological variables which we analysed with classification and regression trees (CART). We present a framework for environmental monitoring, that covers different scales, and we transfer the framework to a potential GMO (genetically modified organisms) monitoring network. We use ecoregion and other environmental strata together with existing environmental monitoring networks to determine GMO monitoring sites more precisely.     

轻稳定同位素环境检测样品的采集和前处理方法

稳定同位素技术已被广泛应用于环境领域的鉴定、溯源、CN循环、反应机理等研究,检测样品的采集和前处理方法会直接影响研究结论。综述了目前在环境样品自然丰度的轻稳定同位素研究中,已被认可的样品采集和前处理方法的应用与进展,包括气体及其颗粒物样品、植物样品、沉积物样品、土壤样品、水样、生物样品和地质样品,为进一步提高数据的准确性、可靠性和多样性提供技术支持。     

关于核燃料循环建设项目竣工环境保护验收监测的思考

针对核燃料循环建设项目竣工环境保护验收监测活动中存在的问题作探讨,明确了验收监测活动的起点,建议加强验收监测方案编制的培训。指出应重视流出物的持续监测和环保设施运行效率的验证,验收监测方案应参考环评文件中的环境监测计划,结合设施运行后的现状合理编制,并重视与污染源项有关的其他监测问题。提出了进一步完善核燃料循环标准体系、持续加强环保验收能力建设等建议。     

A Stream Network Model for Integrated Watershed Modeling

We describe a flexible, computationally efficient stream network model, which forms the core of a simulation framework that spatially integrates the contributions from point and nonpoint sources in a watershed. The model uses the map and stream topology information in the US Environmental Protection Agency’s Reach File 3 to generate a spatially explicit network of stream reaches. Water and materials are routed through the stream network to the watershed outlet, and the routing process accounts for transit times and for possible nutrient losses in streams. This model can be applied wherever Reach File maps or maps from the newer National Hydrography Dataset are available, and it can be combined with models of other watershed processes to create a complete watershed simulation system. We present an application of the stream network model to two watersheds of different sizes in the Patuxent River watershed of Maryland, USA. Simulated predictions of streamflow and nitrate concentrations are either very good or good according to standards developed for evaluating the widely used Hydrologic Simulation Program – Fortran (HSPF) watershed model.     

Modeling Waste Incineration for Life-Cycle Inventory Analysis in Switzerland

This paper proposes a mathematical model for life-cycle inventory analysis (LCI) of waste incineration in Switzerland. In order to model conventional and new incineration technologies adequately, fundamental aspects of the different technologies relevant for the LCI are discussed. The environmental impact of these technologies strongly depends on the assessment of the long-term emissions of the solid incineration residues and is therefore related to value based decisions about the time horizon considered. The article illustrates that the choice of the landfill model has a significant influence on the results of life-cycle assessment of waste incineration.     

经济开发区危险废物排放权交易模

简要介绍污染物排放权交易制度的理论基础,根据经济开发区自身特点,提出其在危险废物减量化管理中运用的新思路,并通过数学模型,以控制总量、分配决定因子等为制约条件,发展了一套针对经济开发区危险废弃物排放权交易系统的计算方法。     

模糊数学在丹江口水库富营养化评价中的应用

丹江口水库是南水北调中线工程水源地,其水质安全将直接影响调水工程的成败。基于2013年6月的水质监测结果,通过对水质指标的聚类,将丹江口水库划分子库区,并尝试使用模糊数学方法进行水质富营养化评价。结果表明,丹江口库区可分为6个子库区,各库区在透明度、溶解氧、浊度、高锰酸盐指数、总磷、硝酸盐氮和叶绿素a等理化指标均有显著差异;富营养化评价显示,库区总体营养状态级别为中营养。其中,坝前区域(库区Ⅰ)和丹库主体部分(库区Ⅵ)营养状态级别为贫营养,汉库原河道区(库区Ⅱ)为中营养,汉江入库口(库区Ⅲ)、汉库最大库湾(库区Ⅳ)、丹江入库口(库区Ⅴ)为轻度富营养。模糊综合评价法较好反映出水质的模糊性、连续性,使评价结果更加准确可靠。     

Mathematical Modeling and Numerical Algorithms for Simulation of Oil Pollution

This paper deals with the mathematical modeling and algorithms for the problem of oil pollution. For solving this task, we derive the adjoint problem for the advection–diffusion equation describing the propagation of oil slick after an accident, which we call the main problem. We prove a fundamental equality between the solutions of the main and the adjoint problems. Based on this equality, we propose a novel method for the identification of the pollution source location and the accident time of oil emission. This approach is illustrated on an example for an accident in the offshore of the central part of the Vietnamese coast. Numerical simulations demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed method. Besides, the method is verified for 1D model of substance propagation.     

Modeling Land-Use Change in a Decision-Support System for Coastal-Zone Management

RaMCo is a prototype version of a decision-support system for coastal-zone management. The model is based on the findings of a multidisiciplinary research program, conducted in Southwest Sulawesi, Indonesia. Different management strategies can be compared on the basis of the short- and long-term consequences. Land-use change has been included in RaMCo in view of the impacts of land-based human activities on the marine environment. The key aspect of the model is a combination of the temporal dynamics of land-use change on the regional (macro-level) scale and spatial dynamics on the local (micro-level) scale. Constrained cellular automata are used to integrate both scale levels. The state changes of the cells depend on the consistency with the macro-scale model, local geographical conditions, and interaction with neighboring cells. In this paper, we discuss the underlying theoretical assumptions of the macro-scale and micro-scale models, some characteristic results for land-use change in the study area, and the validation problem.     

Modeling trihalomethane formation for Jabal Amman water supply in Jordan

A mathematical model that expresses Total trihalomethane (TTHM) concentration in terms of initial chlorine concentration, total organic carbon, bromide ion concentration, contact time, and pH is developed for Zai water treatment plant which supplies water to Jabal Amman. The developed mathematical model is for constant temperature of 20°C. To adjust model calculated TTHM concentrations for temperatures other than 20°C, another mathematical model that expresses TTHM growth rate as function of temperature is also developed. To test the ability of the two developed models in predicting TTHM concentrations throughout water supplies, a sampling program that aimed at measuring TTHM concentrations in addition to the predictors in the two developed mathematical models namely; chlorine concentration, bromide ion concentration, total organic carbon, temperature and pH throughout Jabal Amman water supply was conducted. The two developed mathematical models and WaterCad, which was used to determine water age, were used to predict TTHM concentrations throughout Jabal Amman water supply. Predicted TTHM concentrations were compared to actual TTHM concentrations measured during the sampling program. Results showed that there is good agreement between measured and, calculated TTHM concentrations, which means that the method presented in this paper, can be used to obtain good estimates of TTHM concentrations throughout networks.     

On a Holistic Modeling Approach for Managing Carbon Emission Ecosystems

Effective use of historical volumes of heterogeneous and multidimensional data is a major challenge, especially projects associated with potential applications of carbon emission ecosystems. Data science in these applications becomes tedious when such varied data are accumulated and or distributed in multiple domains. Design, development, and implementation of sustainable geological storages are crucial for managing carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions and its modeling process. The purpose of the research is to address major challenges and how best a robust “ontology-based multidimensional data warehousing and mining” approach can resolve issues associated with carbon ecosystems. The conceptualized relationships deduced among multiple domains, integration of domain ontologies, data mining, visualization, and interpretation artefacts are highlights of the study. Several data, plot, and map views are extracted from metadata storage for interpreting new knowledge on carbon emissions. Statistical mining models describe data attributes’ correlations, patterns, and trends that can help in predicting future forecast of CO₂ emissions worldwide.     

Modeling contractors' ecological protection efforts determination for expressway construction projects

The negative impacts of expressway construction projects (ECPs) on ecosystems have raised serious concerns globally. While ECP contractors are selective in implementing sustainable construction, they have rarely been informed of making reasonable efforts to address the concerns. This study aims to map out a quantitative analysis approach to aid contractors in determining ecological protection efforts. Four latent variables are included: project features, project perceptions, ecological impact evaluation, and ecological protection decision-making. It is revealed that project perceptions serve as a foundation for effort determination. The determination is built on the relationship between ecological impacts and the intensity of construction activities. Furthermore, the main effort decision is resource consumption. This study addresses decision-making issues pertained to the uptake of sustainability principles in the ECP sector and contributes a three-step framework for anticipating ecological protection efforts in the area of environmental studies.     

Mapping Social Networks for Performance Evaluation of Irrigation Water Management in Dry Areas

Collaboration between actors is an important determinant of water governance, particularly in developing countries suffering from lack of institutional and organizational performances for water management. The objective of this paper is to use the social network (SN) concept in bringing depth to the understanding of local irrigation governance in three irrigated schemes located in dry regions of southern Tunisia. Local stakeholders in the considered schemes interact around different water-related issues. These include authorizations for access to water, extension services for irrigated crops, training on the use of irrigation technologies, and finance and subsidies of irrigation water saving equipment. We considered each of these types of interactions as different tie and we mapped social networks around each of them. For each network, actors’ densities, frequencies, and weight were reported. The results were revealing that better performances of water management are observed in areas with high SN density and high centrality of water users’ associations. The relative “weights” of actors in the three considered areas were significantly different, indicating that the application of a standard decentralization process of irrigation water may result in different local organizational arrangements, depending on patterns of social interactions.