蒙脱土、高岭土和针铁矿对DNA吸附与解吸特征

采用平衡法研究了蒙脱土、高岭土和针铁矿在不同pH值和不同电解质溶液下的DNA吸附解吸特征.结果表明,在4种电解质体系中,尤其在溶液pH值>5.0时,3种矿物在吸附过DNA后,pH有不同程度上升,但CaCl2电解质体系中含针铁矿溶液的pH开始下降.针铁矿对DNA的吸附率大约为75%～91%,高岭土对DNA的吸附率从pH为3.5时的90%开始下降,至pH 6.0～7.0时的下降至大约18%～50%.在一价电解质体系,当溶液pH值为2.2～5.0时蒙脱土对DNA的吸附率大约为90%开始下降至25%～40%,但在二价电解质体系蒙脱土对DNA的吸附率大约为92%.Freundlich等温吸附方程能更好的拟合针铁矿、蒙脱土和高岭土对DNA的吸附.蒙脱土对DNA相对吸附容量在pH 3.5时大于针铁矿,而pH 5.0时小于针铁矿.以NaOAc为解吸剂,针铁矿、蒙脱土和高岭土上吸附DNA在不同pH时解吸率分别为0.1%～0.4%、63.7%～90.2%和29.7%～87.5%.以NaH2PO4为解吸剂时,这些矿物吸附DNA的解吸率分别为69.6%～78.7%、0.8%～7.0%和0.4%～2.2%.这表明针铁矿吸附DNA时键合作用较大,蒙脱土和高岭土静电引力较大,这是DNA在不同电荷类型矿物表面的吸附差异.     

羟基磷灰石-四氧化三铁-沸石复合材料制备及去除水中刚果红研究

采用可溶性磷酸盐、钙离子、二价铁离子、三价铁离子和天然沸石等材料制备了羟基磷灰石-四氧化三铁-沸石(HAPFe3O4-沸石)复合材料,对该复合材料进行了表征,并考察了该复合材料对水中刚果红的吸附作用.结果表明,HAP-Fe3O4-沸石复合材料对水中的刚果红具备良好的吸附能力.当pH由3增加到4或由7增加到11时,HAP-Fe3O4-沸石复合材料对水中刚果红的去除能力下降;当pH由4增加到7时,对刚果红的吸附能力基本保持不变.HAP-Fe3O4-沸石复合材料对水中刚果红的去除率随吸附剂投加量的增加而增加,而对水中刚果红的单位吸附量则随吸附剂投加量的增加而降低.HAP-Fe3O4-沸石复合材料对水中刚果红的吸附动力学过程可以较好地采用准二级动力学模型加以描述,对刚果红的吸附平衡数据可以采用Langmuir和Freundlich等温吸附模型加以描述.根据Langmuir模型确定的最大吸附容量为117 mg·g-1.(pH 7和303 K).HAP-Fe3O4-沸石复合材料对水中刚果红的吸附是自发吸热并伴随熵增加的过程.当pH为7时,HAP-Fe3O4-沸石复合材料吸附水中刚果红的主要机制包括表面配位作用、氢键作用以及路易斯酸碱反应.采用热再生的方法可以使吸附刚果红后的HAP-Fe3O4-沸石复合材料得到再生,热再生后的复合材料可以循环使用并且对水中刚果红的吸附性能良好.X射线衍射分析结果表明HAP-Fe3O4-沸石复合材料含Fe3O4,磁滞回线结果表明HAP-Fe3O4-沸石复合材料具备较高的磁饱和强度,复合材料吸附刚果红后可以很容易地通过外加磁场的作用快速地与水溶液分离.结果表明,HAP-Fe3O4-沸石复合材料适合作为一种吸附剂去除废水中的刚果红.     

NaClO2海水溶液强化烟气脱硝效果的实验研究

海水中富含多种盐类,具有一定碱性,是天然的缓冲剂,在脱硫脱硝方面具有良好的应用前景.利用不同浓度的NaClO_2溶液进行废气循环喷淋脱硝实验.结果表明,NaClO_2模拟海水溶液与NaClO_2淡水溶液都能将NO完全脱除,且当NO完全被脱除时,模拟海水溶液的持续时间比淡水溶液更长,模拟海水中所含有的少量HCO_3~-和OH~-是造成这种差异的主要原因.滴定实验结果显示0.066 mmol的HCl就可使NaClO_2淡水溶液的pH值降到7,而NaClO_2模拟海水溶液的pH值降到7需要0.114 mmol的HCl;在循环喷淋脱硝过程中NaClO_2模拟海水溶液的pH值基本维持在7以上.离子色谱检测结果显示脱硝后溶液中主要阴离子为Cl~-和NO_3~-.基于质量平衡计算结果,当NaClO_2浓度为20 mmol·L~(-1)时,在脱硝过程中淡水溶液中NaClO_2的利用率为56%,而模拟海水溶液中NaClO_2的利用率可达67.25%,提高幅度为20.1%.     

Simultaneous transfer across an air-water interface of gases that interact through acid-base reactions

Theory is developed to describe how the transfer of gas across an air-water interface may be influenced by the simultaneous transfer of a different gas with which it interacts through acid-base reactions. The theory is applied to the problem of NH₃ loss from lowland rice-field flood water as influenced by the simultaneous loss fo CO₂. It uses a two-thin-layer model of the interface and describes the diffusion and reaction of gases and dissolved species, and of acids and bases that move in response to the pH changes that result from gas diffusion and reaction. Reaction kinetics are allowed for. In the rice-field system, NH₃ loss tends to make the solution more acidic, whereas CO₂ loss makes it more alkaline. Over the range of conditions found in rice fields, NH₃ loss may be limited by diffusion in both air and solution; CO₂ loss is always limited by diffusion in solution. When the equilibration between CO₂ species is uncatalysed, acidification resulting from NH₃ loss dominates alkalinization resulting from CO₂ loss, and the pH at the air-water boundary may be as much as one unit lower than that in the bulk solution. But in the presence of carbonic anhydrase, the situation is reversed and the boundary pH may be considerably greater than that in the bulk, especially at high CO₂ pressures.     

Photo-catalytic decolourisation of toxic dye with N-doped titania: A case study with Acid Blue 25

Dyes are one of the hazardous water pollutants.Toxic Acid Blue 25,an anthraquinonic dye,has been decolourised by photo-catalysing it with nitrogen doped titania in aqueous medium.The photo catalyst was prepared from 15% TiCl 3 and 25% aqueous NH 3 solution as precursor.XRD and TEM revealed the formation of well crystalline anatase phase having particle size in the nano-range.BET surface area of the sample was higher than that of pure anatase TiO 2.DRS showed higher absorption of radiation in visible range compared to pure anatase TiO 2.XPS revealed the presence of nitrogen in N-Ti-O environment.The experimental parameters,namely,photocatalyst dose,initial dye concentration as well as solution pH influence the decolourisation process.At pH 3.0,the N-TiO 2 could decolourise almost 100% Acid Blue 25 within one hour.The influence of N-TiO 2 dose,initial concentration of Acid Blue 25 and solution pH on adsorption-desorption equilibrium is also studied.The adsorption process follows Lagergren first order kinetics while the modified Langmuir-Hinselwood model is suitably fitted for photocatalytic decolourisation of Acid Blue 25.     

Photoassisted Fenton degradation of phthalocyanine dyes from wastewater of printing industry using Fe(Ⅱ)/γ-Al2O3 catalyst in up-flow fluidized-bed

Fe(II)/γ-Al2O3 powders synthesized using the dipping method were produced from a mixed aqueous solution containing aluminium oxide(γ-Al2O3) and iron(II)-precursor(FeSO4), and used for photoFenton degradation of phthalocyanine dyes(PCS) under ultraviolet(UV) irradiation in an up-flow fluidized bed. The catalysts were characterized by XRD, ESCA, BET, EDS and SEM. The results showed that Fe2+ion was compounded on the γ-Al2O3 carrier. The effects of different reaction parameters such as catalyst activity, dosage and solution pH on the decolorization of PCS were assessed. Results indicated that maximum decolorization(more than 95%) of PCS occurred with20 wt% Fe(II)/γ-Al2O3 catalyst(dosage of 60 g/L) using a combination of UV irradiation and heterogeneous Fenton system. The degradation efficiency of PCSincreases as pH decreases, exhibiting a maximum efficiency at pH 3.5. The recycled catalyst was capable of repeating three runs without a significant decrease in treatment efficiency, and this demonstrated the stability and reusability of catalyst.     

Use of zeolitized coal fly ash in the simultaneous removal of ammonium and phosphate from aqueous solution

Discharge of wastewater containing nitrogen and phosphate can cause eutrophication. Therefore, the development of an efficient material for the immobilization of the nutrients is important. In this study, a low calcium fly ash and high calcium fly ash were converted into zeolite using the hydrothermal method. The removal of ammonium and phosphate that coexist in aqueous solution by the synthesized zeolites were studied. The results showed that zeolitized fly ash could efficiently eliminate ammonium and phosphate at the same time. Saturation of zeolite with Ca²⁺ rather than Na⁺ favored the removal of both ammonium and phosphate because the cation exchange reaction by the NH₄ ⁺ resulted in the release of Ca²⁺ into the solution and precipitation of Ca²⁺ with PO₄ ³⁻ followed. An increase in the temperature elevated the immobilization of phosphate whereas it abated the removal of ammonium. Nearly 60% removal efficiency for ammonium was achieved in the neutral pH range from 5.5 to 10.5, while the increase or decrease in pH out of the neutral range lowered the adsorption. In contrast, the removal of phosphate approached 100% at a pH lower than 5.0 or higher than 9.0, and less phosphate was immobilized at neutral pH. However, there was still a narrow pH range from 9.0 to 10.5 favoring the removal of both ammonium and phosphate. It was concluded that the removal of ammonium was caused by cation exchange; the contribution of NH₃ volatilization to immobilization at alkaline conditions (up to pH level of 11.4) was limited. With respect to phosphate immobilization, the mechanism was mainly the formation of precipitate as Ca₃(PO₄)₂ within the basic pH range or as FePO₄ and AlPO₄ within acidic pH range.     

水稻土团聚体Cu2+吸附过程中铝的溶出及土壤溶液pH变化

采用低能量超声波分散和冷冻机干燥法提取太湖地区水稻土(黄泥土)不同粒径团聚体颗粒,用平衡吸附法研究团聚体对重金属Cu2+吸附过程中铝的溶出及土壤溶液pH变化,以及不同pH的Cu2+溶液中铝的溶出量的变化.结果表明,团聚体对Cu2+的吸附过程,发生铝的溶出和土壤溶液pH下降,溶出量和pH下降幅度随Cu2+吸附量增加而增加,相同条件下铝溶出量和pH下降幅度大小顺序为:粗粉砂级>粉砂级>砂粒级>黏粒级,与氧化铁和有机质含量大小顺序相反.Cu2+溶液pH下降,铝的溶出量增加显著.氧化铁和有机质对Cu2+吸附过程铝的溶出和土壤溶液pH下降具有一定的抑制和缓冲作用.     

Optimization of Methods for Detecting Hepatitis A Virus in Food

Hepatitis A virus (HAV) is currently recognized as an important human food borne pathogen, and it is one of the most resistant enteric RNA viruses, is highly infectious, and may lead to widespread outbreaks. The aim of this study was to optimize the methods to detect HAV from artificially contaminated food. To this end, strawberry and lettuce were experimentally contaminated with HAV suspension containing 6 × 10⁶ copies/ml. After contamination, HAV persistence and washing procedure were evaluated at 0, 1, 3, 7, and 9 days of storage. Five elution buffers (PBS (pH 7.4)/0.1% Tween80; 50 mM glycine/3% (wt/vol) beef extract (pH 9.5); PBS (pH 7, 4); 25 mM glycine/0.1 Tween80; and 1 M sodium bicarbonate) were used to elute the virus, and qualitative and quantitative PCR were used for HAV detection. HAV was detected by qualitative and quantitative PCR using any of the five elution buffers, but PBS was the most effective. Even after washing, HAV was detected up to 9 days after contamination by quantitative PCR. Quantitative PCR was more sensitive than qualitative PCR since samples containing viral load lower than 1.4 × 10³ copies/ml could not be detected by qualitative PCR. Quantitative PCR can be used for rapid detection of food borne viruses and will help in the monitoring and control of food borne disease.     

DNAN的UV/H2O2氧化及影响因素研究

作为钝感炸药的重要成分,DNAN（2,4-二硝基茴香醚）可以在炸药合成中替代TNT。随着对含DNAN废水的关注增多,发展了几种处理含DNAN废水的方法。其中,UV/H²O²氧化被证明是一种很有效的处理废水中DNAN的方法。本研究开展了DNAN降解的一系列批处理实验,研究碳酸根、初始pH和H²O²剂量对DNAN降解过程的影响。分别采用DI水（去离子水）和自来水配置与含DNAN废水相同浓度的DNAN溶液进行处理,比较和分析DNAN的降解过程和影响因素。结果显示：DI水溶液中DNAN的降解速率要快于自来水溶液,表明碳酸根和初始pH会影响DNAN的降解过程。配置溶液中DNAN的降解速率快于含DNAN废水中DNAN的降解速率,因为废水其他有机物的存在会与DNAN形成竞争。DNAN废水中的氮都被UV/H²O²氧化为硝态氮,表明该方法是处理污水中DNAN的有效技术。另外,溶液中的碳酸根、初始pH、H²O²剂量和其他有机物成分都会影响DNAN的降解过程。研究结果为DNAN废水处理的最优降解条件确定提供理论支撑。     

纳米TiO2光催化降解对甲基苯磺酸的研究

采用TiO2/UV光催化降解法处理对甲基苯磺酸的水溶液,探讨了二氧化钛的投加量、溶液的初始浓度、溶液的pH、紫外光照射时间和强度、常见无机离子等因素对对甲基苯磺酸的降解效率的影响.结果表明,在浓度为0.030 g·L-1对甲基苯磺酸溶液中,光催化剂TiO2最佳投加量为0.10 g·L-1,控制空气分压为5.2kPa,紫外光照射2h,溶液为中性时,对甲基苯磺酸废水降解率达到67.4%.二氧化钛的用量、溶液的pH是影响纳米TiO2光催化降解对甲基苯磺酸的主要因素.在此基础上还考察了无机阳离子和无机阴离子对反应的影响,并取得了满意的效果.     

纳米磁性磷酸二氢钙对Cd的吸附、回收与再生

以Ca（H₂PO₄）₂、铁盐与亚铁盐为原料,采用共沉淀法制备成纳米磁性材料Ca（H₂PO₄）₂@Fe₃O₄（NMCDP）,研究其对Cd²⁺的吸附、回收与再生效果.透射电镜（TEM）、红外光谱（FTIR）、X射线衍射（XRD）显示,NMCDP粒径约60 nm,稳定性良好,饱和磁化强度为30.9 emu·g^-1.吸附动力学表明,NMCDP对Cd²⁺的吸附1 h之内即可达到平衡,符合准二级动力学模型.吸附热力学表明,NMCDP对Cd²⁺的吸附符合Langmuir与Freundlich等温吸附模型,最大吸附量为142.50 mg·g^-1.在pH值由2增加到3时,吸附量随溶液初始pH值的升高而增加,当pH值大于3后,逐渐保持稳定;溶液中共存离子Na⁺、Mg²⁺、Cu²⁺对材料吸附Cd²⁺均有一定的影响,影响程度Cu²⁺ > Mg²⁺ > Na⁺.采用0.01 mol·L^-1 HCl与EDTA-Na₂均可解吸出部分吸附的Cd²⁺,以EDTA-Na₂解吸率较高,达到68%,从而实现NMCDP的再生.     

小麦秸杆对水中Pb（2＋）和Cd（2＋）的吸附特性

以农业废弃物小麦秸杆为吸附材料,探讨了小麦秸杆对Pb2＋、Cd2＋的吸附特性,重点研究了吸附时间、离子浓度、溶液pH值等对小麦秸杆吸附Pb2＋、Cd2＋的影响.结果表明,溶液pH值对吸附的影响大,在pH 2.0～6.0范围内,吸附量随溶液初始pH值的升高而升高.小麦秸杆吸附Pb2＋、Cd2＋的速度快,吸附动力学过程可以...     

分离假单胞菌大质粒的简便方法

本文介绍了一种分离假单胞菌大质粒的简便方法。用这种方法提取的质粒DNA样品,可直接用于琼脂糖凝胶电泳检查和限制性内切酶分析。     

蛋白酶对水环境中病毒的灭活作用

以大肠杆菌噬菌体T₄作为模式病毒,研究了蛋白酶对病毒的灭活作用.试验结果表明:蛋白酶灭活病毒的效果明显. 适宜条件下,67.5u/mL的蛋白酶K处理1h对纯水中病毒(6.2×10⁵PFU/L)和生活污水中病毒(7.2×10⁵PFU/L)灭活率分别达到了99.4%和49.4%,处理3h的灭活率分别是>99.9%和81.1%;工业蛋白酶1398在75.0u/mL酶浓度下处理1h对纯水水中病毒(1.7×10⁵ PFU/L)灭活率达到74.4%.pH和温度对病毒灭活效果的影响不明显.     

核壳式磁性碳纳米吸附剂的制备及其对水环境中金霉素的吸附研究

采用水热法和热处理法制备了高比表面积的核壳式磁性碳纳米吸附剂(Fe3C/Fe@C).该吸附剂具有强磁性内核和石墨碳外壳.考察了Fe3C/Fe@C对水环境中金霉素(CTC)的去除能力.结果表明,Fe3C/Fe@C对CTC表现出极强的吸附性能,其吸附行为符合准二级动力学模型,24 h内吸附达到平衡.CTC的吸附能力随溶液pH(3.5～7.5)的增加而增加,但当pH在7.5～8.5时吸附能力下降.CTC的吸附随溶液温度的增加而降低,随离子强度的增加而增加.溶液中共存腐殖酸浓度为10～50mg.L-1时,CTC的吸附仅降低了10%～20%.在最佳条件下(pH=7.5,T=293 K),由Langmuir吸附模型拟合的CTC最大吸附容量为909 mg.g-1,该吸附容量远大于沉积物和矿物对CTC的吸附.吸附CTC后的Fe3C/Fe@C在磁场作用下可以快速从水样中收集,便于进一步处理,避免对环境的二次污染.这些结果表明,Fe3C/Fe@C可作为水环境中四环素类抗生素去除的一种潜在的高效、绿色吸附剂.     

日光辐照草酸铁盐体系降解水中低浓度混合药物及产物的生物毒性评价

在太阳光辐照下以三草酸合铁酸钾为催化剂,分解H2O2产生·OH,对水中的甲硝唑、双氯芬酸钠、磺胺甲基异唑和布洛芬4种常见的痕量药物污染物间歇降解与矿化,并且对降解前后水溶液的毒性进行了评价.以体系的总有机碳为指标,探讨了H2O2的初始浓度、三草酸合铁酸钾的投加量、体系的pH值等因素对水溶液中TOC去除率的影响,确定了最佳操作条件,根据4种药物的化学结构解释了它们在水中的降解速度.以药物水溶液对小球藻的EC50值为指标,对4种药物的联合毒性,以及降解中间产物的生物毒性做出了评价.结果表明,当4种药物的初始浓度都为20mg·L-1时,降解过程适宜条件是pH值为3,H2O2的初始浓度为300mg·L-1,三草酸合铁酸钾的投加量为75mg·L-1.4种药物的降解速度为:甲硝唑布洛芬磺胺甲基异唑双氯芬酸钠.随着中间产物的生成与降解,药物水溶液的生物毒性有先增大后迅速减小的趋势.最后给出了Solar/FeOx/H2O2体系降解水中低浓度药物的表达式.     

液相氧化-吸收脱除模拟烟气中NOx的研究

分别采用Na Cl O2和Na2SO3溶液作为氧化液和吸收液,在自行设计的鼓泡塔反应系统进行了液相氧化-吸收脱除模拟烟气NOx的研究,考察了气相SO2浓度、Na Cl O2和Na2SO3投加量以及p H值等因素对NO氧化和NOx脱除的影响.结果表明,SO2会优先于NO与氧化剂反应,从而增大氧化剂消耗量.偏酸性条件有利于NO氧化,但酸性太强会导致Na Cl O2分解为Cl O2逸出.碱性吸收液对NO几乎不具吸收脱除效果,但共存NO2能促进NO的吸收脱除.SO2对NO2吸收脱除具有促进作用.     

Synthesis of TiO2 visible light catalysts with controllable crystalline phase and morphology from Ti-bearing electric arc furnace molten slag

TiO₂ visible light catalysts with different crystalline phases and morphologies were synthesized from titanium-bearing electric arc furnace molten slag (Ti-bearing EAF slag) by using a simple acidolysis process. The effects of the pH of the HCl solution, liquid to solid ratio (R_L/S, HCl solution to the residue ratio, mL/g) and acidolysis time on the micro-morphology and crystalline phase of as-prepared TiO₂ photocatalysts were systematically investigated. The results indicated that with decreasing pH in the HCl solution and increasing R_L/S, the crystalline phase and micro-morphology of the obtained TiO₂ nanostructures tended to transform from anatase type TiO₂ with spherical nanoparticle structures to rutile type TiO₂ with needle-like nanorod structures. The acidolysis time had little influence on the crystalline phase but great impact on the size of the obtained TiO₂. The growth mechanism of TiO₂ from Ti-bearing EAF slag during the acidolysis process was also discussed. In addition, the influence of R_L/S on the photocatalytic properties of the synthesized nanostructured TiO₂ was studied. The results showed that the photodegradation efficiency for Rhodamine B solution could reach 91.00% in 120 min when the R_L/S was controlled at 50:1.