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1.
The social environment of many species includes synchronous maturation of siblings in family groups, followed by limited dispersal
of adults from their natal site. Under these conditions, females may experience high encounter rates with same-age siblings
during mate searching, increasing their risk of inbreeding. If inbreeding depression occurs, mating with a sibling is often
considered maladaptive; however, in some contexts, the inclusive fitness benefits of inbreeding may outweigh the costs, favoring
females that tolerate some level of inbreeding depression. We evaluated mating patterns in the treehopper Umbonia crassicornis, a semelparous species in which females encounter same-age siblings during mate searching. A female U. crassicornis that mates with a brother suffers from inbreeding depression. We used a free-choice mating design that offered females simultaneous
mating opportunities with three groups of males: siblings, same-age nonsiblings, and older nonsiblings. These groups represent
the types of males typically encountered by females during mate searching. Our goal was to assess whether mating patterns
were influenced by inbreeding avoidance by evaluating two hypotheses: kin discrimination and age-based mating (older males
cannot be siblings in this species). There was no difference in the proportions of females mating with siblings vs nonsiblings,
suggesting an absence of kin discrimination. However, females mated with a greater proportion of older vs younger males. Given
that females do not avoid siblings as mates despite a cost to inbreeding, our results provide a possible example of inbreeding
tolerance. We also discuss some factors that may have contributed to the mating advantage of older males. 相似文献
2.
Female mating behaviors are known to be sensitive to a variety of individual factors both external and internal to a female;
however, mating decisions are likely due to a suite of interacting factors. By independently manipulating female and male
diet in the wolf spider Rabidosa rabida and testing females across age groups, we demonstrate that, in addition to its independent effect, female nutritional condition
interacts with female age to influence female mating behavior. Overall, high-quantity diet (HD) females were more likely to
mate than low-quantity diet (LD) females. Within the LD females, older individuals were more likely to mate than younger individuals,
while within HD females, mating probabilities were equal across females of different age classes. With respect to mate choice,
only female age influenced the likelihood of mating based on male diet. Young females were choosier as they were more likely
to mate with HD males than LD males; in contrast, older females were equally likely to copulate with males of each diet treatment.
In addition, the likelihood of pre-sexual cannibalism was dependent on both female and male diet. High-quantity diet females
were more likely to cannibalize than LD females, and attacks were directed towards LD males most often. We discuss our results
in terms of costs versus benefits of female mate choice. 相似文献
3.
Recent theoretical and empirical studies have shown that male dominance is often at odds with female mate preference and that
indirect (genetic) benefits of mate choice may not be related to male dominance. We tested whether female preference corresponded
to male dominance and whether mating with dominant males conveyed benefits to offspring fitness in a small freshwater fish,
the African annual killifish Nothobranchius korthausae (Cyprinodontiformes), a species without parental care. The experimental design used controlled for the effect of male age,
possibility of sperm and egg depletion, and accounted for a potential that females express their preference through maternal
effects by manipulation of egg mass during ovulation. By sequentially mating females with males of known dominance, we found
that female N. korthausae showed no mate preference in terms of egg numbers deposited with respect to male dominance or body size and no congruent
mate preference to specific males was detected. However, males sired offspring with consistently higher hatching success and
the effect was repeatable across individual females. Thus, some males provided females with indirect benefits related to additive
genetic quality (“good genes”) and expressed via increased hatching rate, but this benefit was not related to male dominance
status or body size. 相似文献
4.
Natasha Tigreros Monica A. Mowery Sara M. Lewis 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2014,68(9):1539-1547
While the phenomenon of male mate choice has attracted considerable attention in the last two decades, whether this sexual selection mechanism could drive the evolution of female ornaments remains poorly understood. Here, we used experimental manipulation of female wing coloration to investigate male mate choice in Pieris rapae, a gift-giving butterfly. Further, we tested whether males’ nutritional status influenced their mating preferences by subjecting larvae to short periods of starvation. We found that males showed significantly more mating approaches toward control females with more colorful wings (higher pteridine content), and that this preference was strongest in low-nutrition males. Additionally, a study of field-collected females revealed that pteridine-based wing coloration was positively correlated with female egg load, which suggests such ornaments may signal female quality. Pteridine-based ornaments are widespread in nature, however their potential as honest signals in male mate choice remains largely unexplored. This work furthers our understanding of how male mate choice and female ornamentation may evolve in species whose mating systems include nutritional nuptial gifts. 相似文献
5.
Sjouke A. Kingma István Szentirmai Tamás Székely Veronika Bókony Maarten Bleeker András Liker Jan Komdeur 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2008,62(8):1277-1288
Melanin-based ornaments are often involved in signaling aggression and dominance, and their role in sexual selection is increasingly
recognized. We investigated the functions of a melanin-based plumage ornament (facial ‘mask’) in male Eurasian penduline tits
Remiz pendulinus in the contexts of male–male aggression, mating success, and parental care. The penduline tit is a passerine bird with a
unique mating system in which both sexes may mate with several mates in a breeding season, and one (or both) parent deserts
the clutch. Our study revealed that mask size of males is more likely an honest signal used by females in their mate choice
decisions than a trait involved in male–male competition. First, mask size increased with both age and body condition, indicating
that the mask may signal male quality. Second, males with larger masks paired more quickly and had more mates over the breeding
season than males with smaller masks. Third, we found no evidence that male mask size signals male–male aggression or dominance
during competitive encounters. The increased mating success of large-masked males, however, did not translate into higher
reproductive success, as nestling survival decreased with mask size. Therefore, we conclude that there is either no directional
selection on male mask size or males with larger masks receive indirect, long-term benefits. 相似文献
6.
We studied mate attraction by females of the praying mantid, Tenodera aridifolia sinensis, testing honest signaling of mate availability versus deceptive signaling to attract males for sexual cannibalism. We experimentally
varied female diet and mating history and measured the rate of attraction of a wild population of males to caged females.
Honest signaling theory predicts that virgin females will attract males at the greatest rate whereas deceptive signaling predicts
that hungry females (which are more likely to cannibalize males) will attract more males, particularly among non-virgin females.
Our results show that hungry females did not attract more males than well-fed females. Indeed, the opposite was true: hungry
females attracted significantly fewer males. Moreover, hungry females were no more likely than well-fed females to attract
males subsequent to mating, and mated females attracted males at a lower rate than did virgin females. We also observed female
T. aridifolia sinensis and male Mantis religiosa arriving at the caged females and we discuss the significance of these observations. The results refute the hypothesis of
deceptive signaling and show that mate attraction signals of female T. aridifolia sinensis are honest indicators of female mate availability and a lower risk of sexual cannibalism. 相似文献
7.
D. S. Pope 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2000,47(6):432-437
Many territorial advertisement signals are thought to be dual-function signals, directed to both rival male and receptive
female conspecifics. However, few studies have tested this assumption by examining whether in fact both sexes are likely to
elicit signaling behavior from territorial males. In this study, I experimentally manipulated the social context of male sand
fiddler crabs (Uca pugilator) to investigate the effect of different audiences on the performance of the claw-waving display, a territorial signal that
is often presumed to be directed to both males and females. To test whether males perform this signal to both audiences, I
measured the frequency of waving behavior by focal males when housed in field enclosures alone, with only males, with only
females, or with both males and females. Focal males waved at a low frequency when alone, and the presence of males had no
effect on their level of waving. However, in the presence of females, focal males showed a significantly higher level of waving,
whether or not males were also present. In addition, there was no association between fighting and waving behavior. This experiment
provides evidence that from the perspective of the signaling male, the claw-waving display of U. pugilator is not a dual-function signal but rather is primarily directed to receptive females.
Received: 16 December 1999 / Received in revised form: 1 February 2000 / Accepted: 19 February 2000 相似文献
8.
Female mate choice based on visual traits appears to be rare in lizards. Field observations suggest that females of the lizard Lacerta monticola preferred to mate with larger/older males. Although older males are usually green and larger, and younger males brown and smaller, there is some overlap in size and coloration between age classes. Thus, visual cues may not always be reliable indicators of a male's age. We hypothesized that female mate-choice preferences may be based on males' pheromones, which might transmit information about characteristics such as age. In a laboratory experiment, we analyzed the effect of age of males on attractiveness of their scents to females. When we offered scents of two males of different age, females associated preferentially with scents of older males. This suggested that females were able to assess the age of males by chemical signals alone, and that females preferred to be in areas scent-marked by older males. Thus, females may increase their opportunities to mate with males of high quality, or may avoid harassment by sneaking young males. This result agreed with field observations on females mating with old males, and rejection of advances by young males. Our results also suggested that female preference for older males may depend on their own body size. Large females showed a strong preference for older males, whereas smaller females were not so selective. This, together with males' preference for large females, might lead to size-assortative matings. We suggest that the quality and/or quantity of male pheromones could communicate to the female heritable male genetic quality (i.e. age) and thereby serve as the basis of adaptive female choice in lizards.Communicated by W.E. Cooper 相似文献
9.
Kathrin P. Lampert Ximena E. Bernal A. Stanley Rand Ulrich G. Mueller Michael J. Ryan 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2006,59(6):796-804
In most sexually reproducing animals, the behavior of one or both sexes during courtship critically influences the success
at mating of the opposite sex. This behavior is often interpreted as “mate choice,” and there is great interest in why such
choices are exercised. The explanation for the evolution of mate choice that has received the most attention and generated
the most controversy is based on assumed genetic effects. In this study, we investigated whether female túngara frogs, which
choose mates based on acoustic cues, have a preference for genetically less related males. Specifically, we determine if there
is disassortive mating based on microsatellite markers, if there is information in the advertisement call that could be used
to assess genetic similarity, and if females exhibit acoustic-based mating preferences that would promote choice for genetic
diversity. Using seven microsatellite markers, we found no correlation of male call similarity and male genetic relatedness.
Female choice experiments showed no female preference for calls of less related males, and there was no evidence for inbreeding
avoidance in the field. Our results do not support the hypothesis of mate choice based on information about genetic relatedness
conveyed by acoustic signals in túngara frogs. 相似文献
10.
Sex-specific interests over the maximization of reproductive success lead to an inter-sexual conflict over the optimal mating system in a species. Traditionally, the outcome of this inter-sexual conflict has been studied from the male perspective but it also depends on female mating strategies, such as manipulating the temporal distribution of sexual activity, advertisement, and mate choice. We used a small nocturnal primate, the gray mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus) to determine the relative importance of female mating strategies on the outcome of this conflict in a species where females are solitary during their activity period. We studied their mating behavior over three consecutive annual mating seasons and determined the genetic relationships among more than 300 study animals to quantify individual reproductive success. We found that most females were receptive asynchronously. Females did not exhibit any obvious direct mate choice, probably due to a highly male-biased operational sex ratio and the corresponding costs of choosiness. However, females exercised indirect choice for multiple matings. They mated with 1–7 males up to 11 times during their single night of receptivity. As a result, mixed paternity was common but heavier males sired more offspring, meaning that indirect female choice for superior males cannot be excluded. Females exhibited a mixed mating strategy, avoiding costly direct mate choice but still counteracting male efforts to monopolize mating, successfully increasing genetic variability among offspring. Thus, females had a major influence on the outcome of the inter-sexual conflict despite male monopolization attempts.Communicated by J. Setchell 相似文献
11.
Emile van Lieshout 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2011,65(2):149-156
Phenotypic variation in male genitalia may affect copulation behaviour, which can have important fitness consequences for
males. Male genitalia commonly possess traits that increase male control over copulation, but in species where females control
mating, a poor functional understanding often prevents insight into the processes responsible for such effects. Here, I investigate
the effect of male genital length on copulation behaviour in the earwig Euborellia brunneri, where both sexes exhibit extremely elongated genitalia that correspond in shape. This model system is particularly suitable
because pairs mate repeatedly and females can limit both the number and duration of copulations. I used both virgin and mated
males and females in a double-mating design because longer male genitalia confer benefits in sperm competition. Consistent
with a greater predicted male mating effort in mated females, the duration of individual copulations increased, but this traded
off against mating frequency as cumulative mating duration remained unchanged. In contrast, male genital length increased
both individual and cumulative mating duration, regardless of mating status. This difference suggests that, while males may
modify copulation duration in response to mating status, females facultatively adjust mating frequency to prevent mating excessively
or express preferences for increased male genital length. Notably, this study demonstrates that male genital phenotypes that
are successful in sperm competition also enjoy female-mediated mating benefits. 相似文献
12.
Kevin J. Delaney J. Andrew Roberts George W. Uetz 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2007,62(1):67-75
Male signaling behaviors are often studied in a single context but may serve multiple functions (e.g., in male–male competition
and female mate choice). We examined the issue of dual function male signals in a wolf spider species Schizocosa ocreata (Hentz) that displays the same species-specific signaling behaviors in both male–male and male–female contexts. These signaling
behaviors have been described as either aggression or courtship according to the context observed. We tested the possibility
of dual functions by comparing the relationship between behaviors and outcome of male–male contests (winner/loser) and male–female
mating encounters (mating success). Frequency, rate, and mean duration of signaling behaviors did not vary with outcome of
male–male contests, which appears instead to be based upon relative size and body mass. Winners of contests had significantly
greater body mass than losers, and greater mass relative to opponents was significantly associated with probability of winning.
Overall, signaling rates were much higher in male–female interactions than in male–male contests and were higher for males
that successfully mated than for those that did not mate. Mean duration of some male displays was also greater for males that
successfully mated. However, male size was not associated with probability of mating. Taken together, results suggest an intersexual
selection context for the current function of male signals in these wolf spiders and that increased display vigor is associated
with male mating success. 相似文献
13.
To father offspring, a male must succeed at two processes of sexual selection: (1) mate with a female and (2) fertilize her eggs. We investigated the relationships between pre- and post-copulatory male traits and female mating responses in wild-captured and laboratory-reared spring field crickets, Gryllus veletis. The phenotype-linked fertility hypothesis suggests that females may receive a direct benefit, enhanced fertilization efficiency, by mating with males that signal attractively. We measured fine-scale components of male acoustic mate attraction signals as well as how much time males spent signalling, measured female preference for males in mating trials and then quantified sperm number and viability. We found no relationship between male signalling traits and male fertility or female preference, providing no evidence for the phenotype-linked fertility hypothesis. We also found no difference in sperm metrics between wild-captured and laboratory-reared males. While female crickets may receive benefits by choosing males based on acoustic signal characteristics, whether the benefits are a result of genetic quality, seminal fluid contents or some other male trait remains unknown. 相似文献
14.
Javier delBarco-Trillo M. E. McPhee Robert E. Johnston 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2010,64(8):1247-1253
When females mate with a heterospecific male, they do not usually produce viable offspring. Thus, there is a selective pressure
for females to avoid interspecific mating. In many species, females innately avoid heterospecific males; females can also
imprint on their parents to avoid later sexual interactions with heterospecific males. However, it was previously unknown
whether adult females can learn to discriminate against heterospecific males. We tested the hypothesis that adult females
previously unable to avoid interspecific mating learn to avoid such mating after being exposed to heterospecific males. Syrian
hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) females not previously exposed to Turkish hamster (Mesocricetus brandti) males can discriminate between odors of conspecific and heterospecific males, but they mate with either type of male. However,
when we exposed adult females to both a conspecific male and a heterospecific male through wire-mesh barriers for 8 days,
and then paired them sequentially with the two males, females were more receptive to conspecific males and more aggressive
to heterospecific males. When females were paired with the heterospecific male first and the conspecific male second, no female
was receptive and all were aggressive to heterospecific males. When females were paired with the conspecific male first, only
43% of females were then aggressive toward the heterospecific male. That is, interactions with conspecific males may decrease
a female’s ability to properly avoid heterospecific males. Our study clearly shows for the first time that females can learn
during adulthood to avoid interspecific mating just by being exposed to stimuli from heterospecific males. 相似文献
15.
Many species base their choice of mates on multiple signals which provide them with different kinds of information. Choosers
may assess the signals together to evaluate the overall quality of potential mates, but individuals often pay attention to
different signals in different contexts. In Rhinogobius brunneus, a fish displaying exclusive male parental care, females generally prefer males showing larger first dorsal fins (FDF) and
more active courtship displays as mates. Females choosing a mate usually initially assess the FDF and later utilize courtship
for the final decision. In our experiments, females with different hunger states used different signals when selecting mates.
Females in both hunger states preferred males with larger FDF in the first stage. In the second stage, well-fed females showed
highly repeatable choice, whereas poorly fed females responded only to variation in the courtship activity of males. The males
preferred by poorly fed females exhibited significantly higher offspring survival than nonpreferred males. Under conditions
of food shortage, males allocate more energy to future reproduction at the expense of the present brood, and females may prioritize
signals predictive of offspring survivorship over signals reflecting other aspects in male quality to minimize the losses
in direct benefits. We conclude that R. brunneus females may employ information from both signals but dynamically adjust their prioritization of each signal to current conditions
to ensure the choice that is currently most adaptive. 相似文献
16.
Nathan W. Bailey 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2011,65(12):2269-2278
Social experience can elicit phenotypically plastic changes in mate choice, but little is known about the degree to which
social information from one modality can influence mating decisions based on information from a different modality. I used
the field cricket Teleogryllus oceanicus to test whether experience of chemical cues mimicking a high density of sexually mature males causes changes in mate choice
based on acoustic signals. T. oceanicus males produce long-range calling songs to attract females for mating, but they also produce waxy, non-volatile hydrocarbons
on their cuticle (CHCs) which, when deposited on a substrate, can be detected by females and may provide demographic information.
I manipulated female experience of substrate-bound male CHCs and then performed acoustic mate choice trials. When CHCs were
present on the substrate during trials, females showed greater motivation to respond to male calling song. This effect diminished
with repeated exposure to male songs, demonstrating that the importance of olfactory cues in altering acoustic mate choice
decreased with increasing exposure to acoustic signals. However, the temporal nature of CHC experience mattered: previous
experience of CHCs did not alter subsequent female choice for male calling song traits. Exposure to male song increased the
threshold of mate acceptance over time, and individuals varied considerably in overall levels of responsiveness. Taken together,
the results demonstrate that mate choice is dependent on social context mediated by multiple modalities in T. oceanicus, but they do not support the idea that prior experience of social cues in one modality necessarily influences later mating
decisions based on other signalling modalities. 相似文献
17.
Why do female pied flycatchers mate with already mated males: deception or restricted mate sampling? 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
The polygyny threshold model suggests that females make an optimal choice between mated and unmated males. However; in birds in which males provide parental care, the fitness of secondary females is often lower than expected from this model. This has been explained by the deception hypothesis, which states that males hide their mating status and deceive females into polygyny. Yet there is no direct evidence that secondary females are unaware of male mating status when they settle. Alternatively, females settle with mated males as a result of mate competition and costs of searching. We used videofilming at nestboxes defended by males to study mate sampling of female pied flycatchers Ficedula hypoleuca. The females visited on average only 2.74 males (range 1–8, n = 43). Most (16 of 19) of the polygynous matings occurred because females had only visited mated males, or the unmated males visited became occupied by competitors during the sampling period. Among females that could choose between both mated and unmated males, the majority (13 of 16) settled with unmated males. These results lend little support to the deception hypothesis but are consistent with the view that females are able to detect male mating status but sometimes settle with mated males because of cost of searching. Prospecting females seemed willing and able to suffer the cost of fighting with aggressive primary females in the males' secondary territory if no alternative mating options were available. In addition to male mating status, females took male quality (plumage colour, age) into account in mate choice but the former appeared to be the more important.
Correspondence to: T. Slagsvold 相似文献
18.
Female choice and male–male aggression are two modes of sexual selection that can lead to elaboration of male morphological
and behavioral traits. In lek-mating species, male mating success is often strongly skewed, and it is puzzling why variation
in male traits is still observed given directional female choice. If male traits correlated with reproductive success are
honest signals of male quality, there may be survival costs associated with the expression of those traits. In this study,
we examined whether morphological, behavioral, and territorial traits are correlated with male mating success and survival
in the lek-mating greater prairie-chicken (Tympanuchus cupido). We introduce a novel application of multinomial discrete choice models for analysis of female mate choice behavior. We
found that behavioral and territorial attributes showed 6.5 times more variability among males than morphological traits.
Both display and aggressive behaviors were strong predictors of male mating success, suggesting that both female choice and
male–male aggression were important in determining mating success among male greater prairie-chickens. Moreover, annual survival
of male prairie-chickens was independent of mating success and male traits. Females appear to be choosing males based on behavioral
traits where large variation exists between males (coefficient of variation >30%). Behavioral traits were the most important
factor in determining mating success of male prairie-chickens, but the mechanism underlying this relationship is unknown.
In the future, experimental manipulations of male hormones or parasite loads could bridge the proximate mechanisms and ultimate
consequences of factors mediating male mating success in lek-mating grouse. 相似文献
19.
Male competition for mates and female mate choice are key mechanisms involved in sexual selection. Surprisingly, these mechanisms
have often been investigated separately although they appear to interact in many species. Male–male competition for territories
located at the best places or to establish dominance relationships often explain mating patterns. Such male behaviours may
affect and sometimes even hinder female mate choice, as in the case of sexual coercion. While in many species females are
able to exert cryptic control over paternity (i.e. a process allowing females to bias offspring production toward certain
males after intromission), in other species external fertilisation prevents females from doing so. This is the case in the
waterfrog hybridisation complex where the hybrid Pelophylax esculentus can only produce viable offspring by pairing with the parental species Pelophylax lessonae (hybridogenetic reproduction). We examined two potential processes that could enhance such mating combinations. Firstly,
by monitoring male spatial distribution within six choruses, we showed that the proportion of P. lessonae males located at the edge (in the best position to grasp females arriving at the chorus) cannot explain the frequency of
mating combinations observed. Secondly, an experimental approach emphasised a new way for anuran females to favour paternity
of a particular male in a sexual coercion context. When females are forcefully paired with an incompatible male, they cannot
remove the male grasped on their back by themselves. Nevertheless, by controlling the movement of the pair within the chorus,
these females often change mates by enhancing male competition instead of laying eggs. In many species with externally fertilised
eggs, it may be thus necessary to take into account this new possibility for females to control offspring paternity. 相似文献
20.
Vikram K. Iyengar 《Behavioral ecology and sociobiology》2009,63(6):847-855
Determining the factors that affect male mating success is essential to understanding how sexual selection operates, including
explanations of the adaptive value of female preferences and how variation in male traits is maintained in a population. Although
females may appear to choose males based on a single parameter, female mate choice is often a complex series of assessments
of male quality that can only be revealed through manipulation of multiple male traits. In the moth Utetheisa ornatrix (Lepidoptera: Arctiidae), females have been shown to judge males primarily on their production of a courtship pheromone,
hydroxydanaidal, derived from defensive chemicals acquired as larvae. Recent work, however, suggested that other factors,
including prior mating experience by males, may also influence the outcome of precopulatory interactions with females. I ran
mating trials with one female and two males to determine whether there were any differences in male mating success based on
their prior exposure to females, mating experience, and time between matings. Previously mated males were favored over virgins
when both males lacked the pheromone, but courting experience and mating interval did not explain these differences in male
mating success. Furthermore, multiply mated males lacking the pheromone were favored over virgin males that produced the pheromone,
thus reversing the commonly observed trend of female precopulatory bias towards males with higher levels of the pheromone.
These results demonstrate that males with mating experience can secure copulations despite deficiencies in the pheromone,
and I provide possible mechanisms and discuss their implications regarding sexual selection. 相似文献