反渗透海水淡化水的消毒

反渗透海水淡化是解决水资源危机的一项重要技术。反渗透海水淡化水在饮用水生产过程中需进行消毒以解决微生物污染问题。采用次氯酸钙、二氧化氯和紫外线3种消毒方法,考察了反渗透海水淡化水和自来水的消毒效果,比较了对主要水质指标如pH、硬度和碱度的影响及余氯和余ClO_2的衰减性。结果表明,二氧化氯消毒速率最快,次氯酸钙消毒对水质的影响最大,而紫外线的消毒效果最为稳定。可为反渗透海水淡化水的进一步利用提供依据。     

二氧化氯对THMFP、TOXFP和无机副产物形成的影响

进行原水和出厂水的研究(1)确定是否二氧化氯参数降低了三卤甲荒(THM)和总有机卤(TOX)的形成,(2)估算二氧化氯(ClO_2)消耗速率及亚氯酸盐形成的相应速率和程度,(3)研究亚氰酸盐在处理水中的稳定性及其它与氯之间的相互作用。这些实验结果表明:ClO_2能减少THM和TOX前驱物质的浓度;并且当加到原水中时,二氧化氯不能持续太长时间,以便维持通过絮凝沉淀池的氧化条件。为了使剩余ClO_2的总量不超过二氧化氯剂量1.2～1.4mg/1,供水单位应满足1.0mg/1的建议极限。     

电解食盐水制取二氧化氯的研究评述

二氧化氯(ClO_2)是一种强氧化剂,而非氯化剂,是纸浆和纤维的良好漂白剂。作为广谱杀菌剂,兼有氯气、氯胺和臭氧消毒的诸优点,它不与氨发生化学反应,与水中某些有机物发生氧化反应,不产生致癌的三氯甲烷,同时,杀菌效果不受pH变化影响,是一种理想的饮用水消毒剂,工业冷却水和某些工业废水的高效处理剂,以及食品保鲜剂。自从1937年,美国的Mathieson Alkali公司用SO_2还原NaClO_3实现工业化生产二氧化氯以来,氯酸钠一直是工业化生产二氧化氯的主林原料,按还原剂的不同,可分为氯化物法、二氧化硫法、甲醇法、非金属单质法、二氧化氮法、金属盐法、草酸法等、     

电解食盐水制取二氧化氯的研究评述

二氧化氯(ClO_2)是一种强氧化剂,而非氯化剂,是纸浆和纤维的良好漂白剂。作为广谱杀菌剂,兼有氯气、氯胺和臭氧消毒的诸优点,它不与氨发生化学反应,与水中某些有机物发生氧化反应,不产生致癌的三氯甲烷,同时,杀菌效果不受pH变化影响,是一种理想的饮用水消毒剂,工业冷却水和某些工业废水的高效处理剂,以及食品保鲜剂。自从1937年,美国的Mathieson Alkali公司用SO_2还原NaClO_3实现工业化生产二氧化氯以来,氯酸钠一直是工业化生产二氧化氯的主要原料,按还原剂的不同,可分为氯化物法、二氧化硫法、甲醇法、非金属单质法、二氧化氮法、金属盐法、草酸法等、皆属化学法,需消耗大量辅助化学药剂。     

二氧化氯对金鱼的毒性试验

本试验用标准的鱼类毒性试验方法,确定了二氧化氯(ClO_2)在水体中的安全浓度为0.519mgl~(-1),这与苏联确定的水体中 ClO_2的临界浓度为0.5mgl~(-1)基本相等。     

自来水二氧化氯消毒控制三氯甲烷研究

对自来水二氧化氯消毒控制三氯甲烷形成进行了试验研究 ,二氧化氯预消毒替代预氯化消毒可以降低水中的三氯甲烷 ,预消毒处理后形成三氯甲烷的反应受温度和反应时间的影响。使用二氧化氯与氯配制的混合消毒剂消毒时 ,随二氧化氯含量增加 ,水中的三氯甲烷将明显减少。     

二氧化氯处理中药废水的氧化特性研究

采用稳定性二氧化氯溶液氧化降解中药废水,运用正交设计方法考察了常温、常压(291～298 K,1.013×10~5Pa)下ClO_2起始浓度([ClO_2]:COD)、pH、氧化反应时间等因素对中药废水处理效果的影响。研究表明,(1)当[ClO_2]:COD在1.0～0.4范围时,COD的平均去除率42%;当[ClO_2]:COD大于1.0或小于0.4时,COD平均去除率仅为27%～35%;(2)pH=2～4时,COD去除率可以达到40%以上,且pH≥10时,COD去除率高达59%;(3)COD去除率随着反应时间的延长而升高,氧化反应30 min左右,COD去除率能达到40%以上,105 min后处理效率达到63%;(4)ClO_2处理中药废水的最佳工艺条件是[ClO_2]:COD为0.7:1,反应pH值6,反应时间75 min。     

自来水二氧化氯消毒控制三氯甲烷研究

对自来水二氧化氯消毒控制三氯甲烷形成进行了试验研究，二氧化氯预消毒替代预氯化消毒可以降低水中的三氯甲烷，预消毒处理后形成三氯甲烷的反应受温度和反应时间的影响。使用二氧化氯与氯配制的混合消毒剂消毒时，随二氧化氯含量增加，水中的三氯甲烷将明显减少。     

饮水消毒剂的TCMF与TCOF评价

用氯消毒饮水会导致三卤甲烷类致癌物的产生。因此,氯作为饮水消毒的标准方法目前正在重新评价。本文对几种常用的饮水消毒剂的三卤甲烷形成势(TCMF)和总有机卤形成势(TCOF)进行了比较,并分析了其反应机理,综合得出:TCMF及TCOF O_3≈ClO_2<氯胺ClO_3>Cl_2>氯胺;稳定性氯胺>ClO_2>Cl_2>O_3。     

ClO_2-CuO@蒙脱土催化氧化降解土壤中的蒽

采用尿素水解法制备了CuO-蒙脱土复合材料,XRD和IR表明制备的CuO-蒙脱土复合材料同时存在CuO和蒙脱土两种物质。TEM表明对CuO-蒙脱土复合材料中CuO纳米颗粒的直径为4~5 nm,均匀分散在蒙脱土片层上。使用CuO-蒙脱土作为二氧化氯(ClO_2)氧化的催化剂,研究了ClO_2-CuO@蒙脱土催化氧化降解土壤中蒽的效果。结果表明,土壤中蒽污染物浓度为89.8 mg·kg-1时,最佳条件为25℃、水土比为3、污染土壤初始pH 7、ClO_2用量为1.0 mol·kg-1、CuO-蒙脱土用量为1 g·kg-1、反应时间30 min,此时,土壤中蒽的降解率可达到90%以上。ClO_2-CuO@蒙脱土催化氧化降解土壤中蒽的反应动力学对ClO_2浓度符合一级反应动力学,反应过程中产生活性·OH,提高了蒽降解的效率。     

紫外线杀菌效能的研究

自来水的消毒目前普遍采用氯及含氯化合物药剂，消毒过程中产生三卤甲烷等致癌或致突变物质，从而造成水体的二次污染，许多国家已经禁止在消毒中使用含氯药剂。因此，具有安全可靠高效杀菌作用的紫外线消毒技术逐渐发展起来，并越来越受到人们的关注。但是紫外线的使用也有一定的限制，通过紫外线照射时间及进水浊度的变化，研究了具有一定照射强度的紫外灯的杀菌效能变化，并得出了紫外线具有最佳杀菌效果的进水极限浊度和照射时间。同时还研究了紫外线对具有不同抗性的细菌的系灭效率，为饮用水和污水的消毒处理提供了实验基础。     

折点加氯反应在次氯酸钠消毒中水中的应用

为研究中水消毒过程,对次氯酸钠消毒中水的折点加氯反应与消毒效果之间的关系进行研究。通过探讨加氯量位于折点曲线不同位置的消毒效果,分析接触时间和氨氮浓度的影响,得出了根据氨氮浓度确定的接触时间和加氯量公式。结果表明,氨氮浓度〈2 mg/L时,将加氯量控制在折点之后接触反应30 min,氨氮浓度〉2 mg/L时,将加氯量控制在峰点附近接触反应60 min均可实现中水消毒要求。     

Determination of bromate and chlorinated haloacetic acids in bottled drinking water with chromatographic methods

Disinfection by-products of interest such as bromate, chlorate and chlorinated haloacetic acids in 10 representative brands of bottled drinking water were investigated with ion chromatography. With the developed method, the detection limits of the disinfection by-products were in sub-microgl(-1) level. It was observed that bromate, chlorate and dichloroacetic acid could be detected in some water samples. In the bottled natural water, the concentrations for the three compounds were 0.1, 0.9 and 0.6 microgl(-1), respectively. The total concentration of disinfection by-products in the natural water sample was the highest among all the bottled drinking waters. The concentrations for the sum of disinfection by-products in the four types of bottled drinking water investigated were natural water > mineral water > spring water > purified water. The generation of disinfection by-products was much influenced by the original components and process procedure of the source water. The concentrations of bromate and chlorate in the bottled water samples hardly degraded with the increasing storage time. For dichloroacetic acid, with the prolonging of storage time, the concentration was much decreased.     

炼化企业中水紫外线消毒及其影响因素简

研究水质对254 nm紫外线透射率的影响,通过动态实验考察了照射时间、254 nm紫外线透射率以及紫外线剂量对炼化企业中水消毒效果的影响并同时考察异养菌、硫酸盐还原菌和铁细菌的光复活及暗修复现象。结果表明,有机物是影响炼化企业中水紫外线消毒的重要因素;紫外线对炼化企业中水中的异养菌具有良好的灭活作用;增加照射时间对消毒效果的提升作用受254 nm紫外线透射率的影响;紫外线透射率在较低的范围内时对消毒效果的影响相对较大,在较高的范围内时影响较小;紫外线剂量-响应曲线受254 nm紫外线透射率的影响;剂量的“成分”,即照射时间和透射率的不同组合,也会对消毒效果产生影响;在80 mJ/cm²的剂量下,20 h内异养菌出现了较强烈的光复活和暗修复现象,铁细菌仅出现了明显的光复活现象,硫酸盐还原菌没有表现出明显的复活。     

电化学法消毒处理医院污水的试验研究

采用电化学法消毒处理医院污水,通过选用不同阳极材料构建的电化学体系,探讨电化学法的消毒机理.试验表明,以涂有贵金属(钌、铂和铱)氧化物的钛板作阳极,不锈钢板作阴极,在电流密度为8 mA/cm2、水力停留时间为15 min、空气流量为40L/h、极水比为1.0的试验条件下,消毒后污水中总大肠菌群数＜500 cfu/L,达到国家一级排放标准(GB8978-1996).     

The organic precursors affecting the formation of disinfection by-products with chlorine dioxide

The object of this research was to study the formation of disinfection by-products by using chlorine dioxide (ClO2) as a disinfectant reacting with different properties of organic substance in natural aquatic environment. The adsorbent resin (XAD-4, XAD-7) was used to divide the organic matters in raw water into three groups. The influence of the function groups on structure, reaction tendency, and formation of disinfection by-products generated by the reaction of these organic substances with chlorine dioxide was explored. The experimental results show that the three different organic groups formed using adsorbent resin were hydrophobic substance, hydrophilic acid, and non-acid hydrophilics in proportions of 43%, 41%, and 16%, respectively. Within the raw water in our study, the hydrophilic substance had a higher distribution proportion than that described in general articles and journals, which indicates that this water was contaminated with pollution from human beings. The exploration of the reactivity of the three different organic substances with chlorine dioxide shows that the unit consumption of disinfection agent per unit organic matters (represented by ClO2/DOC) is in the following sequence hydrophobic substance > hydrophilic substance > non-acid hydrophilics. It indicated that larger molecular organic precursors had larger consumption of disinfectant. We also discovered that after the reaction of the three different organic substances with chlorine dioxide, the largest amount of disinfection by-products were generated by the non-acid hydrophilics.     

Evaluation of disinfection techniques in the treatment of advanced primary treated wastewater for Ciudad Juárez, México.

The purpose of this study was to develop and evaluate the effectiveness of alternative disinfection techniques at the bench-scale level using wastewater from Ciudad Juarez, Mexico, as model feed. This paper presents findings on the effectiveness of UV radiation, peracetic acid (PAA), chlorine dioxide (ClO2), and hypochlorous acid (HOCl) as disinfectants for advanced primary treatment (APT) plant effluent. Wastewater samples for bench-scale testing were collected from an agua negra ("black water") ditch that is part of the combined sewer system in Ciudad Juarez. Bench-scale simulations of the APT process used in Ciudad Juarez were run using a jar test apparatus and aluminum sulfate [Al2(SO4)3] as the coagulant. Jar test effluent from the bench system was used for disinfection testing. The Mexican discharge quality standard for total coliforms is 10 000/100 mL. Ultraviolet radiation met this standard at a dose of 47.5 mW-s/cm2. Ultraviolet disinfection proved reliable and effective despite the presence of suspended solids, and UV dose effectiveness expressed as a total coliforms survival ratio was best explained by a linear regression model. The ClO2 dose ranged from 10 to 20 mg/L and was only effective under ambient temperature conditions found during the winter months; PAA disinfection never met Mexican standards. Chlorine disinfection was effective at a dose range of 8 to 10 mg/L on samples collected at low temperature conditions. Since the completion of this research, Ciudad Juarez has discontinued the use of chlorine disinfection because of its high cost and ineffectiveness.     

The photocatalytic disinfection of urban waste waters

In this paper we present the results of the photocatalytic disinfection of urban waste water. Two microbial groups, total coliforms and Streptococcus faecalis, have been used as indexes to test disinfection efficiencies. Different experimental parameters have been checked, such as the effect of TiO2, solar or UV-lamp light and pH. Disinfection of water samples has been achieved employing both UV-lamp and solar light in agreement with data shown by other authors. The higher disinfection rates obtained employing an UV-lamp may be explained by the stronger incident light intensity. Nevertheless no consistent differences have been found between TiO2-photocatalysis and direct solar or UV-lamp light irradiation at natural sample pH (7.8). At pH 5 the presence of TiO2 increases the relative inactivation rate compared with the absence of the catalyst. After the photocatalytic bacterial inactivation, the later bacterial reappearance was checked for total coliforms at natural pH and pH 5, with and without TiO2. Two h after the photocatalytic treatment, CFU increment was almost nill. But 24 and 48 h later an important bacterial CFU increment was observed. This CFU increment is slower after irradiation with TiO2 at pH 5 in non-air-purged samples.     

管道分质供水消毒副产物及其安全性评价

消毒副产物是饮用水中应主要控制的毒害物。然而，管道分质供水中消毒副产物特征及污染水平很少研究。以某一管道分质供水工程为例，对其中消毒副产物进行了详细研究。研究结果表明，管道分质供水消毒副产物在量与质上与其源水自来水存在很大差别。在管道分质供水中消毒副产物量少，一般不到自来水的1／10，且主要是一些毒性较低、与供水管材有关的溶出物。据此计算出管道分质供水由消毒副产物引起的致癌风险性一般不到其源水的1／10，其安全性大大提高。     

控制释放技术与水的消毒保质

介绍了控制释放技术及其在水消毒保质方面的应用 ,指出了控制释放技术在水消毒保质方面的优越性、重要意义及应用前景