稻壳灰中温热处理稳固化垃圾飞灰重金属

利用稻壳灰与某垃圾电厂产生的飞灰为原料,对飞灰和稻壳灰与飞灰的混合物进行中温热处理,探究热处理工艺参数对稻壳灰稳固化垃圾飞灰重金属的影响.在一定温度范围内,反应主要产物为CSSF（即Ca₁₀（SiO₄）₃（SO₄）₃F₂）、Ca₃SiO₅等硅酸盐结晶相,这些物质会包覆重金属,同时,飞灰重金属Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd中相对不稳定的酸溶态和可还原态向更稳定的可氧化态或残渣态转变,使Pb、Zn、Cu、Cd的浸出浓度显著降低;热处理时间延长,稻壳灰添加量增加,会使热处理样中硅酸盐种类增多,结晶度提高,导致重金属的浸出浓度逐渐降低;稻壳灰添加量在2%~4%范围内,经中温热处理样品的重金属浸出浓度较低,添加量过高时（超过6%时）,重金属浸出浓度逐渐升高.     

Vapor-phase elemental mercury adsorption by residual carbon separated from fly ash

Introduction The impact of mercury on the environment and thephysiological health of human is well documented(Laudal,2000; Poissant, 2002; Galbreath, 2000; Palusova, 1991).Mercury, especially methyl mercury, has high affinities forfatty tissue…     

酸-碘改性壳聚糖-膨润土脱除单质汞特性及机理分析

为探明烟气中酸性气体(SO2,NO,HCl)和H2O对酸-碘改性壳聚糖-膨润土吸附剂脱除单质汞(Hg0)的影响和脱除机理,在小型固定床试验台架上开展了Hg0脱除的实验研究.结果表明:由于SO2与Hg0在吸附剂表面活性位上存在竞争吸附,SO2抑制吸附剂对Hg0的脱除.H2O和较高浓度(1000μg/m3)的NO对脱汞具有明显地促进作用.由于低温下HCl与Hg0较高的反应能垒,HCl对脱汞没有影响.与单一烟气成分影响相比,在SO2、NO、HCl和H2O的联合作用下,吸附剂的长时间脱汞性能得到大幅提高.机理分析表明壳聚糖首先被酸中的H+质子化,之后再吸附酸与KI反应生成的I2,进而有效地吸附Hg0.量子化学计算表明壳聚糖在酸性条件下对I2具有良好的吸附特性,改性壳聚糖吸附剂对Hg0具有较好的吸附能力,其吸附能约为127kJ/mol.     

谷壳灰对稻田土壤镉、砷生物有效性及糙米镉、砷累积的影响

为研究富硅材料谷壳灰（HA）对稻田土壤Cd、As生物有效性及糙米中Cd、As累积的影响,以稻壳为原料制备中性HA（总硅量6.26×10⁵ mg·kg^-1）,开展水稻盆栽试验.HA按质量比设置4个添加水平（0、0.5%、1%、2%）,种植3种水稻（黄华占、湘晚籼13、隆优4945）.研究结果表明：①在土壤Cd总量为2.30 mg·kg^-1、As总量为90.45 mg·kg^-1的复合污染土壤中,HA施用后,与对照相比,土壤Cd的TCLP提取态、CaCl₂提取态及酸可提取态含量呈现不同程度的降低,分别降低了7.8%~18.7%、7.4%~18.7%、0.9%~16.7%;土壤As的交换态和TCLP提取态含量也有降低,分别降低了6.1%~47.1%、4.3%~26.7%.②HA施用可促进土壤中酸可提取态Cd向难溶态Cd的转变,水稻湘晚籼13、隆优4945根际土壤残渣态Cd含量分别增大9.8%~23.5%、5.9%~28.1%;土壤中As主要以残渣态存在,HA的施用对土壤专性吸附As含量有增大效应.③HA施用能够降低糙米中Cd和无机As含量,施用0.5%~2% HA能使水稻隆优4945和湘晚籼13糙米Cd含量降低到0.2 mg·kg^-1以下,施用2% HA能使黄华占糙米无机As含量降低到0.2 mg·kg^-1以下.施用HA能够有效降低土壤Cd、As生物有效性和糙米Cd、As含量,同时增大土壤有效Si含量,有利于提高土壤质量.     

稻壳生物炭对污染土壤中稀土元素生物有效性的影响

利用农业秸秆制备了污染土壤修复材料稻壳生物炭和稻壳灰,在模拟稀土（REE）污染的酸性土壤中,添加0、5%和10%的稻壳灰（RHA）稻壳生物炭（RHB）,通过栽培实验考察RHA和RHB对REEs的形态和生物有效性的影响.春秋两季的盆栽实验结果表明,RHA和RHB的添加有效的降低了稀土的弱酸可提取态,随着添加量的增加效果越明显,10% RHA和10% RHB土壤中REEs的弱酸（乙酸）提取态较对照组分别降低了31.65%、19.915%,弱酸可提取态转化为了可还原态,与对照组相比,RHA和RHB的土壤中稀土元素的可还原态分别增加了26.367%、10.321%.两种修复材料显著降低了胡萝卜和茼蒿对稀土元素的富集,10% RHA处理组胡萝卜和茼蒿REEs含量分别较对照组降低了98.08%、93.41%,10% RHB胡萝卜和茼蒿REEs含量分别较对照组降低了68.61%、66.75%.研究结果表明,稻壳生物炭和稻壳灰的施用,能够有效的改善污染土壤的理化性质,降低稀土元素生物可利用态的含量,从而遏制植物对稀土元素的富集.     

氧化改性竹炭脱除单质汞的特性与机理分析

将可再生的竹子作为活性炭的前驱体制备得到的竹炭,是一种廉价的多孔材料.在小型试验台架上研究了其脱汞性能,同时为强化竹炭对汞的吸附和氧化作用,采用化学浸渍法对原始竹炭进行了氧化改性,着重研究了改性竹炭的的汞吸附性能,并对改性前后的样品进行了元素分析、XPS表征、FT-IR分析、比表面积及孔径分布分析等以研究表面官能团在改性过程中的转化规律和脱汞机理.结果表明:氧化对竹炭的物理结构破坏严重,比表面积和孔容有明显的下降,但是氧化改性明显提高了竹炭的汞脱除性能.     

Effect of chemical and thermal activations on the properties of rice husk ash-based solidified wastes

Strength development,leachability and microstructure of heavy metals from the solidified waste using synthesis rice husk ash (sRHA) and lime blended at the weight ratio of 1:1 were used as binders.The heavy metal-containing sludge was used at the level of 0 wt.%,30 wt.%,and 50 wt.% dry weight,respectively.The sample specimens with and without 1.5 wt.% of sodium silicate (SiO 2 /Na 2 O=1.0) were cured under the ambient condition and elevated temperature curing at 50°C for 24 hr.Experimental results showed that the introduction of sodium silicate solution and elevated temperature curing to sRHA-based solidified waste containing 30 wt.% of heavy metal sludge gave one day strength of 20 kg/cm 2 compared to 0.9 kg/cm2 for the control sample.XRD patterns indicated that most metal-sulfides present in the sludge were appeared in the solidified waste and SEM coupled with EDX techniques reveal these metal-sulfide particles were trapped within the lime-sRHA matrices.In addition,cumulative leaching behavior by tank test (EA NEN 7375:2004) showed that solidified waste containing up to 30 wt.% of heavy metal sludge was suitable to dispose in a secured landfill.     

载溴活性炭去除烟气中的单质汞

为提高活性炭对烟气中单质汞的吸附作用,利用溴对活性炭进行处理.通过对吸附容量和吸附动力学的测试,研究了载溴活性炭对气体中的单质汞的去除行为.结果表明,载溴可使活性炭对单质汞的吸附量显著增加,并加快对单质汞的吸附速率.实验条件下,当载溴量为0.33%时,活性炭对汞的饱合吸附量可增加约80倍,吸附容量达0.2mg/g;相对吸附系数增加了约40倍.溴负载量越高,吸附强化作用越显著.温度升高,载溴活性炭的吸附能力略有下降,烟气中的二氧化硫对单质汞的吸附速率略有抑制作用.     

水稻甲基汞富集对大气气态单质汞浓度升高的响应研究

水稻具有很强的甲基汞(MeHg)富集能力,从而增加了汞污染地区居民甲基汞暴露的风险.本研究利用开顶气室熏蒸实验和土壤加汞培育实验探究水稻各组织中MeHg富集对大气中的气态单质汞(GEM)浓度升高的响应.结果表明:水稻根中甲基汞含量与土壤中甲基汞含量显著正相关(r=0.9462~0.9870,p0.05),与大气汞含量无线性关系(p0.05),表明水稻根中的MeHg主要来自土壤.水稻茎中甲基汞含量随土壤甲基汞含量的增加而线性增加(上部茎:r=0.8560,p0.05;下部茎:r=0.9178~0.9484,p0.05),与大气汞含量没有相关性(p0.05),但在气室熏蒸实验中上部茎中的甲基汞含量高于下部茎;而在土壤加汞培育实验中下部茎中的甲基汞含量高于上部茎,表明水稻茎主要受土壤汞的影响,且大气汞可能对水稻上部茎甲基汞的富集有一定的影响.水稻叶中甲基汞含量与土壤甲基汞含量显著正相关(r=0.9708,p0.01),与大气汞含量无线性关系,但在气室熏蒸实验中实验组叶中甲基汞的含量高于对照组,表明水稻叶中的甲基汞可能受土壤甲基汞和大气汞的共同影响.水稻籽粒中甲基汞的含量与土壤甲基汞含量呈显著正相关(r=0.9046~0.9865,p0.05),与大气汞含量无明显的线性关系(p0.05),表明水稻籽粒中的甲基汞主要来自土壤,但在水稻上部茎和叶中甲基汞含量受一定程度大气汞含量影响的情况下势必会对水稻籽粒甲基汞的富集产生影响,但究竟有多大程度影响或量化其贡献还需进一步实验研究.     

Mercury removal from coal combustion flue gas by modified fly ash

Fly ash is a potential alternative to activated carbon for mercury adsorption. The effects of physicochemical properties on the mercury adsorption performance of three fly ash samples were investigated. X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and other methods were used to characterize the samples. Results indicate that mercury adsorption on fly ash is primarily physisorption and chemisorption. High specific surface areas and small pore diameters are beneficial to efficient mercury removal. Incompletely burned carbon is also an important factor for the improvement of mercury removal efficiency, in particular. The C-M bond, which is formed by the reaction of C and Ti, Si and other elements, may improve mercury oxidation. The samples modified with CuBr2 , CuCl 2 and FeCl3 showed excellent performance for Hg removal, because the chlorine in metal chlorides acts as an oxidant that promotes the conversion of elemental mercury (Hg0) into its oxidized form (Hg2+). Cu2+ and Fe3+ can also promote Hg 0 oxidation as catalysts. HCl and O2 promote the adsorption of Hg by modified fly ash, whereas SO2 inhibits the Hg adsorption because of competitive adsorption for active sites. Fly ash samples modified with CuBr2 , CuCl2 and FeCl3 are therefore promising materials for controlling mercury emissions.     

Pyrolysis of rice husk and sawdust for liquid fuel

The paper is focused on studying how to convert rice husk and sawdust into liquid fuel. Rice husk, sawdust and their mixture were pyrolyzed at the temperature between 420℃ and 540℃, and the main product of liquid fuel was obtained. The experimental result showed that the yield of liquid fuel heavily depended on the kind of feedstock and pyrolysis temperature. In the experiments, the maximum liquid yields for rice husk, sawdust and their mixture were 56% at 465 ℃, 61% at 490℃ and 60% at 475℃ respectively. Analysis with GC-MS and other apparatus indicated that the liquid fuel is a complicated organic compound with low caloric value and can be directly used as fuel oil without any up-grading. As a crude oil, the liquid fuel can be refined to be vehicle oil.     

富含中、微孔稻壳活性炭的表征及液相吸附性能

对采用CO2-NaOH联合活化新工艺制备的稻壳活性炭的孔结构进行了表征,并用探针分子亚甲基蓝、苯酚考察了它对大、小分子的液相吸附性能.结果表明:所得活性炭同时富含中孔与微孔,中、微孔容积均达到0.32cm3/g,各占总孔容的50%;它对苯酚及亚甲基蓝均显示出优越的吸附性能,脱除效率分别达到94%和99%,超过或接近所用优质商业活性炭的相应值;对这2种污染物的吸附皆较好地符合Langmuir等温式.     

Pollutant emission characteristics of rice husk combustion in a vortexing fluidized bed incinerator

Rice husk with high volatile content was burned in a pilot scale vortexing fluidized bed incinerator. The fluidized bed incinerator was constructed of 6 mm stainless steel with 0.45 m in diameter and 5 m in height. The emission characteristics of CO, NO, and SO2 were studied. The effects of operating parameters, such as primary air flow rate, secondary air flow rate, and excess air ratio on the pollutant emissions were also investigated. The results show that a large proportion of combustion occurs at the bed surface and the freeboard zone. The SO2 concentration in the flue gas decreases with increasing excess air ratio, while the NOx concentration shows reverse trend. The flow rate of secondary air has a significant impact on the CO emission. For a fixed primary air flowrate, CO emission decreases with the secondary air flowrate. For a fixed excess air ratio, CO emission decreases with the ratio of secondary to primary air flow. The minimum CO emission of 72 ppm is attained at the operating condition of 40% excess air ratio and 0.6 partition air ratio. The NOx and SO2 concentrations in the flue gas at this condition are 159 and 36 ppm, which conform to the EPA regulation of Taiwan.     

污泥-稻壳协同焚烧对污泥磷资源回收效率的影响

污水处理厂污泥中含有丰富的营养元素磷,回收其中的磷在一定程度上能缓解磷资源的衰竭。利用焚烧法处理污泥,以稻壳作为添加物,采用Hedley逐级提取法和酸浸出法考察污泥-稻壳焚烧灰中磷的形态和浸出效果的变化,并探讨稻壳添加量对焚烧灰中磷形态的影响。结果表明：当稻壳添加量为总质量的50%时,磷的生物可利用性最高;响应曲面法优化结果表明,最佳试验条件是HCl浓度、浸出时间和液固比分别为0.33 mol/L,6.4 h和50 mL/g,该条件下,磷的浸出率达93%,与污泥焚烧灰相比提高了20%;比较污泥灰、稻壳灰及污泥-稻壳混烧灰的理化性质可知,污泥-稻壳协同焚烧并未改变污泥灰和稻壳灰的主要组分,但出现了新的物相,形貌也发生了一定变化。污泥-稻壳协同焚烧能提高焚烧灰中磷的浸出率,从而有利于从污泥中回收磷资源。

     

麻疯树籽壳生物质炭的制备及其吸附水中PAHs性能研究

麻疯树籽壳经磷酸处理,在300~700℃下炭化处理50min,制备了麻疯树籽壳生物质炭.以萘、蒽、菲、芘4种多环芳烃(PAHs)为目标物,考察了吸附剂投加量、反应时间、反应温度等因素对麻疯树籽壳生物质炭吸附性能的影响,探讨了麻疯树籽壳生物质炭对4种PAHs的吸附效果及机理.结果表明,随炭化温度升高,生物质炭的比表面积逐渐增大;在25℃、生物质炭投加量为0.15g、吸附时间为60min的条件下,萘、蒽、芘和菲的去除率分别为97.4%、94.6%、93.1%和92.1%.麻疯树籽壳生物质炭对4种PAHs的吸附机理服从准二级动力学方程,吸附等温线服从Langmuir方程,萘、蒽、芘和菲的饱和吸附量分别为8.849、8.547、8.097和7.633mg/g.     

盐渍化环境下秸秆还田对稻米汞及甲基汞累积的影响

通过盆栽试验探讨了盐渍化环境下秸秆还田对土壤中总汞（THg）、甲基汞（MeHg）含量和转化以及对水稻吸收汞的影响.试验用土采集自天津典型污灌地区,人为添加不同梯度的盐分（0、0.2%、0.5% NaCl）及外源汞（0、5mg/kg~Hg（NO₃）₂）,秸秆还田按照0.1%进行处理.结果显示：1.秸秆还田促进稻田系统中无机汞的甲基化.与未添加秸秆的处理相比,秸秆还田后土壤MeHg含量提高了56.8%~76.8%,水稻MeHg含量增加了127%~171.6%.2.在轻度盐渍化稻田开展秸秆还田,会进一步提高稻田土壤中汞的甲基化水平,进而增加水稻籽粒中甲基汞含量.与不添加盐分处理相比,轻度盐渍化环境中（0.2% NaCl）,秸秆还田处理导致土壤MeHg含量提高了92.2%~101.2%,水稻籽粒MeHg含量增长了52.8%~132.1%.更高的盐渍化水平会抑制土壤汞甲基化趋势,水稻籽粒中甲基汞含量降低.在中度盐渍化环境中（0.5% NaCl）,秸秆还田导致土壤MeHg含量降低了57.9%~88.6%,水稻籽粒MeHg含量降低了72.9%~86.8%.以上研究结果表明,在盐渍化且汞污染稻田开展秸秆还田可能大幅度增加该地区汞食物链暴露风险,因此在中轻度盐渍化的污灌区,对秸秆还田等农艺措施需要格外慎重.     

Effective removal of phosphorus from high phosphorus steel slag using carbonized rice husk

High phosphorus steel slag and carbonized rice husk are two common wastes characterized by high generation and low secondary use values.Through the reduction of high phosphorus steel slag by biomass,both wastes were fully utilized,thus reducing the negative impact on the environment.In this study,variables such as temperature,time,and amount of reactants were changed to determine the optimal conditions for the reaction of steel slag with carbonized rice husk at high temperatures.The actual amoun...     

Absorption characteristics of elemental mercury in mercury chloride solutions

Elemental mercury （Hg^0） in flue gases can be efficiently captured by mercury chloride （HgCl2） solution. However, the absorption behaviors and the influencing effects are still poorly understood. The mechanism of Hg^0 absorption by HgCl2 and the factors that control the removal were studied in this paper. It was found that when the mole ratio of Cl^- to HgCl2 is 10：1, the Hg^0 removal efficiency is the highest. Among the main mercury chloride species, HgCl3^- is the most efficient ion for Hg^0 removal in the HgCl2 absorption system when moderate concentrations of chloride ions exist. The Hg^0 absorption reactions in the aqueous phase were investigated computationaIIy using Moller-Plesset perturbation theory. The calculated Gibbs free energies and energy barriers are in excellent agreement with the results obtained from experiments. In the presence of SO3^2- and SO2, Hg^2＋ reduction occurred and Hg^0 removal efficiency decreased. The reduced Hg^0 removal can be controlled through increased chloride concentration to some degree. Low pH value in HgCla solution enhanced the Hg^0 removal efficiency, and the effect was more significant in dilute HgCl2 solutions. The presence of SO4^2- and NO3^- did not affect Hg^0 removal by HgCl2.     

铝改性粉煤灰漂珠吸附水溶液中砷的性能研究

采用湿法与干法相结合的方法合成铝改性粉煤灰漂珠环境材料,借助静态吸附实验研究吸附剂量、pH值、离子强度、共存离子、反应时间和温度对其吸附水溶液中砷性能的影响,并进行吸附等温线和动力学拟合.结果表明:铝改性粉煤灰漂珠吸附水中As(V)的最佳pH值范围为中性偏酸;混合离子和H2PO4-对As(V)的吸附影响较大,CO32-次之;离子强度对As(V)吸附的影响不明显;在温度298K、吸附剂量2.5g/L和反应时间24h的条件下,最大吸附容量约5000μg/g;吸附等温线符合Langmuir单层吸附模型;动力学过程符合准二级动力学模型.     

生活垃圾焚烧飞灰加速碳酸化深度除氯与水洗除氯对比研究

选取了国内两个典型垃圾焚烧厂飞灰,在对飞灰基本理化特性进行分析的基础上,对比了水洗、加气水洗（通CO₂）、加气水洗+加碳酸盐水洗3种预处理方法的脱氯效果.结果表明,2种飞灰中氯含量均较高,分别达16.95%和20.52%.水洗预处理后氯的最高去除率分别达87.54%和90.12%.升高水洗温度对氯的去除贡献不明显.加气水洗可显著提高氯的去除率,2种飞灰氯的去除率分别达93.69%和99.19%,脱氯效果明显高于水洗脱氯.加气水洗虽提高了氯盐的去除率,但液相中依然残留有高浓度钙离子.在加气水洗的基础上,向反应体系中加入碳酸盐,可有效降低溶解性钙离子含量.通过对预处理飞灰进行XRD矿物相分析,发现加气碳酸化水洗较纯水洗过程去除了更多的难溶性氯盐,且处理后飞灰组分以碳酸钙和硫酸钙为主.采用《水泥化学分析方法（GB/T176-2017）》对加气水洗后飞灰进行测定,其氯含量低于1%,满足《生活垃圾焚烧飞灰污染控制技术规范（HJ1134-2020）》中资源化利用标准.