世博会展馆内的空气微生物污染控制

文章研究了世博会展馆内空气微生物污染的控制问题。研究表明,参观人数为400人／小时的情况下,展馆内微生物气溶胶产生量达到44000cfu／h·m^3。空调过滤系统若采用中效过滤,展馆内空气微生物浓度可至4406cfu／m^3,仍超过《室内空气质量标准》2500cfu／m^3的浓度限值,需使用消毒技术净化展馆内空气。增加中效过滤器能够有效去除可吸入颗粒物,有助于降低室内空气微生物浓度。     

重庆市城区交通干道空气污染特征

于秋冬两季，利用法国生产的自动监测仪对重庆市城区7条交通主干道的近地面空气质量进行了监测。结果表明：在监测期间，各个监测点PM1o是首要污染物，并且秋季比冬季污染严重，7条道路的日平均浓度为0．419mg／m^3，最大浓度为0．687mg／m^3，最大超标率为3．58倍；而NO2和SO2在冬季比秋季污染严重，NO2最高浓度是0.126mg／m^3，平均浓度是0．089mg／m^3，S02最高浓度是0．333mg／m^3，平均浓度是0．216mg／m^3，表明交通干道空气污染严重。     

南充市空气中可吸入颗粒物污染水平分析

本文在连续1年又5个月同步采样的基础上，测得南充市市辖三城区5个采样监测点环境空气中PM10的浓度及其时空变化进行了分析。结果表明，PM10的日平均浓度范围为0．020～1．030mg／m^3，超标率达38．0％；周日均浓度在0.040～0．520mg／m^3之间，超标率达到了37．8％。空气污染最重为嘉陵城区，其次为高坪城区，再次为石油学院、炼油厂和市府二院。浓度季节变化特征表现为冬季最高，其次为秋季，再次为春季，最轻为夏季。     

济南市二氧化硫污染控制区综合防治规划的研究

济南市属典型的北方煤烟型空气污染城市。首要污染物二氧化硫超标严重。1991至1998年济南市区环境空气中二氧化硫年均浓度值范围在0．134－0．208mg／Nm3之间，超过国家H级质量标准1．23－2.47倍、在全国同类城市中属空气污染较重的城市之一。空气中二氧化硫浓度随季节变化明显，冬季最重，夏季较轻，1998年采暖期二氧化硫平均值达029lmg／Nm3，是非采暖期平均值0．063ig／Nm3的4.6倍。造成空气二氧化硫污染严重的原因比较复杂。除了不利的地形和气象条件以外，产业结构不合理，城市功能布局有待进一步优化调整，城市环境基础设施建设欠帐…     

福建省城市性质与空气污染

“九五”期间，福建省城市化水平不断提高，随着经济的高速发展和对资源、能源需求的增加，造成了城市空气环境的污染，其污染程度、特征与城市性质有密切的关系。本文将福建省的23个城市按不同性质划分为工业、综合、工商专业型工商和旅游5类城市．并以1999年空气环境监测分类统计数据为依据，论述了不同城市性质空气污染的特点及产生原因，为制订城市空气污染防治措施提供依据。一、泥包省工业空气污染源排放现状福建省能源结构以燃煤为主，煤炭消耗量占能源消耗总量的50‘5％，这是导致该省形成煤烟型空气污染特征的根本原因。1999年全省…     

气态氨对吊兰生长的毒理学影响

探讨气态氨染毒对吊兰生长的毒性作用,将生长状况相似的吊兰置于氨浓度为0.1mg/m^3、0.2mg/m^3、0.3mg/m^3、0.4mg/m^3的密闭容器中,以空气作为对照,测定叶片的叶绿素含量变化、叶绿素a/b比值变化、丙二醛含量变化、可溶性糖含量变化、脯氨酸含量变化以及叶片对有毒气体的形态学反应。结果表明,经处理的吊兰叶片外观损伤明显,叶绿素含量随气体浓度的增加而减小,叶绿素a/b比值减小,丙二醛和可溶性糖含量随气体浓度的升高而升高,脯氨酸含量随着气体浓度的增加而积累,气态氨对吊兰的毒理学影响明显。     

乌鲁木齐空气微生物含量的测定

用自然平皿沉降法对乌鲁木齐市13个室内外空气测点作了微生物含量的测定,结果表明平均室外空气的细菌、真菌、总菌含量及F/T%分别为28583 8、780 5、29364 3CFU·m-3及2 7,证实了该市空气处于中度微生物污染状态。少量测点显示其空气已受到严重污染,空气质量不佳。室内空气微生物污染也重。空气微生物污染以细菌为主。分析了室外空气微生物含量的时空分布特点差异,探讨了其成因,并与其他城市作了比较。文章指出增强环境忧患意识,采用切实而有效措施,减少环境污染的必要性。     

南充市城市空气质量变化及达标分析

为了掌握南充市近年来城市空气质量变化及其达标情况,对南充市城区2008～2012年SO2、NO2和PM10的质量浓度数据进行统计分析,并计算各个站点的空气污染指数和空气质量指数。结果表明,3种污染物浓度值都有明显的下降趋势,S02浓度在0．002～0．052mg／m^3之间变化;N02浓度值从0．042mg／m^3下降到0．029mg／m^3;PM10浓度在0．060～0．063mg／m^3之间波动。南充市空气质量冬季较差,夏季较好。在5个监测点中,炼油厂空气质量最差,优良率为92．9％（85．1％）;高坪空气质量最好,优良率为99．1％（98．3％）。相关性分析表明,南充市空气污染源主要是工业燃煤和机动车尾气。     

我国城市大气污染现状与特点

中国城市化和工业化的快速发展与能源消耗的迅速增加，给中国城市带来了很多空气污染问题。20世纪70年代期间，煤烟型污染排放成为中国工业城市的特点；80年代，许多南方城市遭受严重的酸雨危害；近年来，汽车尾气排放的NOx、CO及随后形成的光化学烟雾，使得许多大城市的空气质量恶化。城市空气污染影响着城市居民的健康和城市的发展。为控制空气污染和保护大气环境质量，我国政府已经实施了许多规划。本文概述了当前中国城市特别是重点城市的空气质量状况，描述一些主要城市空气污染物包括总悬浮颗粒、PM10、PM2．5、SO2、酸雨、NOx/NO2的特点。尽管采取了很多应对措施，但目前我国城市的空气质量依然不容乐观，文中还讨论了未来城市空气污染控制面临的问题。     

青海省水资源及其利用浅议

青海省水资源总量627．6亿m^3，每平方公里产水8．68万m^3，不足全国均值的1／3。由于地广人稀，耕地少，每公顷和人均水资源占有量较大，分别为全国均值的4．1倍和5．36倍。近年来，随着人口增加，经济建设的快速发展，淡水资源日趋紧缺，如何解决这一供需矛盾，已引起政府部门的高度关注。文章着重分析了青海水资源时空分布的特点和利用中存在的问题，提出了对水资源的开发和合理利用的对策和建议。     

Projected Changes in Discharge in an Agricultural Watershed in Iowa

Our improved capability to adapt to the future changes in discharge is linked to our capability to predict the magnitude or at least the direction of these changes. For the agricultural United States Midwest, too much or too little water has severe socioeconomic impacts. Here, we focus on the Raccoon River at Van Meter, Iowa, and use a statistical approach to examine projected changes in discharge. We build on statistical models using rainfall and harvested corn and soybean acreage to explain the observed discharge variability. We then use projections of these two predictors to examine the projected discharge response. Results are based on seven global climate models part of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 5 and two representative concentration pathways (RCPs 4.5 and 8.5). There is not a strong signal of change in the discharge projections under the RCP 4.5. However, the results for the RCP 8.5 point to a stronger changing signal related to larger projected increases in rainfall, resulting in increased trends, in particular, in the upper part of the discharge distribution (i.e., 60th percentile and above). Examination of two hypothetical agricultural scenarios indicates that these increasing trends could be alleviated by decreasing the extent of the agricultural production. We also discuss how the methodology presented in this study represents a viable approach to move forward with the concept of return period for engineering design and management in a nonstationary world.     

Pesticides in rain in four agricultural watersheds in the United States

Rainfall samples were collected during the 2003 and 2004 growing seasons at four agricultural locales across the USA in Maryland, Indiana, Nebraska, and California. The samples were analyzed for 21 insecticides, 18 herbicides, three fungicides, and 40 pesticide degradates. Data from all sites combined show that 7 of the 10 most frequently detected pesticides were herbicides, with atrazine (70%) and metolachlor (83%) detected at every site. Dacthal, acetochlor, simazine, alachlor, and pendimethalin were detected in more than 50% of the samples. Chlorpyrifos, carbaryl, and diazinon were the only insecticides among the 10 most frequently detected compounds. Of the remaining pesticide parent compounds, 18 were detected in fewer than 30% of the samples, and 13 were not detected. The most frequently detected degradates were deethylatrazine; the oxygen analogs (OAs) of the organophosphorus insecticides chlorpyrifos, diazinon, and malathion; and 1-napthol (degradate of carbaryl). Deethylatrazine was detected in nearly 70% of the samples collected in Maryland, Indiana, and Nebraska but was detected only once in California. The OAs of chlorpyrifos and diazinon were detected primarily in California. Degradates of the acetanilide herbicides were rarely detected in rain, indicating that they are not formed in the atmosphere or readily volatilized from soils. Herbicides accounted for 91 to 98% of the total pesticide mass deposited by rain except in California, where insecticides accounted for 61% in 2004. The mass of pesticides deposited by rainfall was estimated to be less than 2% of the total applied in these agricultural areas.     

Investment in human capital in Africa

Summary The author analyses the problems currently faced by the African continent, recognises six factors which he believes are important in influencing the analysis, and argues that the only secure, renewable asset any country or continent has, is its people. He maintains that people development, rather than the classical economic forms of encouraging development, offers Africa a viable way forward. He then identifies a number of specific issues within such a strategy of investment in human capital.Brian Walker is the President of the International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED), and this address was given at the inaugural meeting of the International Year of Shelter for the Homeless, in London, on 18th April, 1985. A second, earlier, associated address was published inThe Environmentalist 5(3) 167–170.     

Environmental assessment in countries in transition: evolution in a changing context

Over the last fifteen years, Environmental Assessment systems of transitional societies of Central and Eastern Europe and Central Asia have undergone dramatic change from appraisals integrated into centrally planned economies to formal procedures aimed to ensure interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts and linked to publicly accountable decision-making. In most Central European nations, EA systems have been radically reformed to approximate the procedures used in developed countries, particularly in the European Union. In contrast, EA in most of the former Soviet republics has been reformed more gradually and is still based on the so-called State Environmental Review procedure inherited from the USSR and substantially different from 'Western' EA. About one-third of the transitional countries (in the Balkans, the Caucasus and Central Asia) have, so far, failed to establish functioning EA systems. Throughout the region, there has been a gap between EA legislation and practice, especially concerning interdisciplinary analysis of environmental impacts, public participation, and utilisation of EA findings in decision-making. A key driving force in the reform of EA systems has been the change in their societal context, the so-called 'process of transition'. Three main policy agendas--environmental protection, reforms of decision-making, and conforming to international requirements--along with the institutional context of EA regulations and practice have influenced both the change of EA systems over time and the regional variations in the patterns of their evolution. This study suggests that an effective reform of an EA system should be context-sensitive, or be 'in gear' with the political and economic transition. Future EA research should consider their changing societal contexts and focused on practical effects of applying EA procedures.     

电催化氧化处理难降解废水技术研究进展

电催化氧化处理难降解废水技术已得到了广泛关注.本文从电极材料与应用,电极结构及反应器形状,以及与其它处理方法联用等综述了最新研究进展,并在此基础上总结出了电催化氧化技术今后的发展方向.     

Community-company relations in gold mining in Ghana

As a result of Structural Adjustment Programme from the 1980s, many developing countries have experienced an increase in resource extraction activities by international and transnational corporations. The work reported here examines the perceived impacts of gold mining at the community level in the Wassa West District of Ghana, Africa and discusses those perceived impacts in the context of globalization processes and growing multinational corporate interest in Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Interview data compared community members' perceptions with those of company representatives in three communities. The results indicate that communities held companies responsible for a series of economic, social, and environmental changes. While recognizing some of the benefits brought by the mines, communities felt that the companies did not live up to their responsibility to support local development. Companies responded by denying, dismissing concerns, or shifting blame. Findings from this work show that lack of engagement and action by government agencies at all levels resulted in companies acting in a surrogate governmental capacity. In such situations, managing expectations is key to community-company relations.     

Water management problems in economies in transition

Ambitious programmes of reform in Central and Eastern Europe (CEE) are threatened by a serious deterioration of the environment. Large-scale damage of the natural environment in many forms, including water pollution has created development barriers which adversely affect the living conditions of current and future generations. Despite similar patterns of environmental policy in the CEE countries compared with their Western counterparts, neither environmental legislation nor economic incentives have produced any significant improvement in water quality over the last 10–20 years. For that very reason in the transition period, it is necessary to identify existing deficiencies in the system and to build up a mixed system of new institutions of water management, more realistic legislation with a strong enforcement system, and market based incentives for water conservation and protection against pollution.     

Sustainability Appraisal in neighbourhood planning in England

The preparation of strategic environmental assessment (SEA) inclusive sustainability appraisals (SAs) for neighbourhood plans (NPs) in England may be required when significant environmental effects are expected to arise from an NP. In this paper, we report on the result of a Ph.D. project, conducted between 2012 and 2015, in which all 15 NP SEA inclusive SAs that had been completed at the time were evaluated. In this context, the quality of SA practice was found to differ substantially. SAs were prepared either ‘in-house’ (i.e. by neighbourhood planning steering groups) or by consultants. The quality of SAs was found to be associated with their overall perceived degree of influence on the underlying NPs. Whilst the focus of this paper is on practice in England, findings are expected to be of interest to a wider international audience, in particular to those experimenting with voluntary neighbourhood/local level plan SA/SEA.     

Private participation in isolated grids in Mozambique

This article presents a case study from Mozambique of the electrification of two selected towns under a World Bank financed project. Low-cost electricity services were extended to the two isolated areas after an enabling framework had been created for private sector participation. The World Bank project also demonstrates that the private sector can be attracted to participate in rural electrification schemes even in a poor country. The example shown in this article is one of the few of its kind in SubSaharan Africa.