同在地球上,共享大自然——上海市金山区朱泾第二小学保护野生动物系列活动侧记

正鸟类在维护生态平衡、保护植物方面起到了很大的作用。上海市金山区朱泾二小组织学生开展识鸟、观鸟、画鸟等生态文明教育系列实践活动,旨在引导学生树立生物多样性和生态文明观念,合理保护野鸟,维护生态环境,践行生态文明。活动一:如何识别及保护鸟类。2017年11月10日,上海市野生动植物保护     

林芝机场地面大风特征分析及其对飞行的影响

林芝机场地处西藏东南部,属典型的高原机场、山地机场及河谷机场。机场净空条件和天气条件极为复杂,尤其是机场进近、跑道区域的大风严重影响了飞行的正常与安全,同时也缩短了机场的可飞时限。利用林芝机场2006年、2007年的自动观测资料,分析了机场地面大风的特征,并其成因和对飞行的影响进行了探讨,以期为机场的航班调度与安全运行提供参考依据。     

机场噪声污染防治制约因素与对策浅析

随着我国航空运输业的迅速发展,机场噪声问题日益突出。飞机噪声控制标准不完善、机场选址不合理、降噪措施落实不到位等问题,不利于机场的建设和发展。环境影响评价作为控制机场建设项目环境风险重要的前置性的管理手段,对控制机场噪声的不良环境影响具有重要作用,也有利于实现机场选址和建设与当地有关的规划衔接,避免走“城市包围机场”的老路,有利于实现到机场和城市发展的协调。     

鸟类——宝贵的自然资源

人类早就与鸟类结下了不解之缘;因为鸟,这个空中飞行者,大多数是对人类有益的。鸟,不仅是自然生态系统的一个组成因素,而且也是一项在艺术、科学、文化、娱乐、经济等方面具有重要价值的宝贵自然资源。在无限丰富多采的自然界里,存在着各种不同类型的生态系统。各种生物在生态系     

阎明洁:“护鸟使者”夕阳正红

在山东临沭县第一中学的一个大展厅里,琳琅满目地摆放着金雕、白天鹅、猴面鹰等国家各类珍稀鸟类标本,无偿供人们参观学习。这些形态纷呈、栩栩如生的鸟标本制作者是一个叫阎明洁的退休老人,他不顾年老体衰,经常来这里义务为参观者讲解各种鸟类知识和鸟与     

拯救草原鸟铮铮东北硬汉的另类救赎

在吉林省白城市与内蒙古交界的科尔沁草原上,生活着几十种常人叫不上名字来的草原鸟。但近年来,随着草原大自然生态遭到人为破坏,草原鸟种类已越来越少,有的甚至濒临灭绝,颇为人关注。在白城市北郊,就有一位东北汉子,他凭借小时候了解到的关于草原鸟的一些基本常识,开始做起保护草原鸟类物种的工作。而他,不过是当地的一介普通农民。     

香山一带将实施红叶招鸟计划

国家科委将在风景秀丽的北京植物园组织实施“红叶”招鸟计划。这个计划包括增设七百个人工鸟巢、一百个喂食台、一百个喂水器和一个养鸟站。香山、卧佛寺、樱桃沟一带是树木繁茂、风景秀丽的游览区,但因鸟类减少,危害树木的虫害时有发生,甚至连西山红叶的主要树种黄栌也大量遭受到一些害虫的危害。“红叶”招鸟工程实施后,将有效地保护和招引鸟类,对于减轻这一带的虫害,保持优美环境起到积极作用。招鸟工程将于一九八六年底完成,今年国庆前夕,先设置二百个人工鸟巢、十个喂食台和十     

九峰山地区的生物资源及其保护

九峰山地区天然植被保存完整，支票物资源颇为丰富。该区有维管束植物８２科３０２属５９６种，陆栖脊椎动物１３４种，其中兽类２５种，鸟类１００种（另有２亚种）、两栖和爬行类７种、鱼类２种。蒙古扁桃和黄芪为国家三类保护植物，青羊和雪豹为国家二类保护兽类，金雕等１３处鸟为国家二类保护鸟类，另处还有其它用途的经济动、植物。     

爱鸟周活动

鸟是人类的朋友 ,也深为青少年喜爱。通过丰富多彩的爱鸟活动 ,不仅可以增加学生的鸟类知识 ,还可以培养学生热爱动物、保护环境的思想、陶冶情操。１．鸟类知识讲座 :请鸟类专家介绍本地的鸟类资源 ,增长学生鸟类知识。２．喂养野鸟 :在冬季野鸟觅食困难 ,可组织学生开展喂养野鸟活动。方法 :在树枝上挂一块木板 ,将饲料放在木板上 ,供野鸟啄食 ,饲料应选当地鸟类喜欢吃的品种。在缺水的地区 ,可以将废旧的罐头筒改为浅盆 ,装满清水供鸟类饮用。３．挂置人工鸟巢 :通过挂置人工鸟巢可以为鸟类提供适宜的繁殖居住条件 ,从而招引益鸟。人工鸟…     

放生利益链条

正由于放生人群的不断壮大,放生生物需求越来越大,放生产业利益链条逐步建立,有人放生,有人敛财。探访2016年6月,安徽省合肥市裕丰花鸟市场,记者佯装要购买放生鸟,走进了两家鸟行。在第一家鸟行内,一名中年妇女对记者说,店里主要经营用来放生的鸟类,便宜的有麻雀,其他鸟类都可以预定,半天就可以调出货源。一只麻雀     

Birds and air traffic safety on Zagreb airport (Croatia)

One of the objectives of the new State of Croatia, as a Mediterranean country oriented towards tourism, is safety of its air traffic. The frequency of use of Zagreb airport is currently 688 flights, or about 20000 passengers a week. In 1996, research was carried out at the airport concerning air traffic safety with respect to the presence of birds on the airfield. Biological methods, in which birds were chased away by means of trained birds of prey, were used. For the Zagreb airport experiment nine birds involving three different species: Falco peregrinus, Accipiter gentilis and Falco cherrug were utilised. The results showed that the air traffic safety on Zagreb airport with regard to possible bird-plane strikes improved.Other bird clearing methods, applied over the 1987–1996 period also reduced bird-plane interferences but were noted to be less effective. With the biological, bird of prey method, 100% temporary clearance was achieved. Habitat modification, which involved removal from the airport vicinity of all factors attractive to the birds, only removed 20–30% of the birds, but this was of a more permanent nature. Use of fire-arms achieved a 80–90% temporary bird clearance. A combination of all three methods would appear to be most effective and measures for further monitoring for safe air traffic movement at Zagreb airport are proposed.     

The interaction between some human obstacles and birds

Some of the literature pertinent to the interactions of birds of flight and man made obstacles, such as transmission lines is reviewed here. Some birds use these towers, poles, and buildings for nesting and perches. They also collide with them. Original observations presented here suggest that the environmental impacts of these types of obstacles on birds, and vice-versa, seem not due to the inability of the birds to perceive the obstacles, but rather that the birds are apparently distracted from a safe flight pattern by their own species, or by others. Editor's Note: Although this paper is quite specialized in comparison with many other articles published in Environmental Management, I feel it is a very useful overview of the problems and the literature related to bird collisions with manmade obstacles. It is hoped that the information presented by the Willards will be helpful to other workers who are perhaps engaged in preparing environmental impact statements concerning structures that could invite bird collisions.     

Characteristics of Urban Natural Areas Influencing Winter Bird Use in Southern Ontario,Canada

Characteristics of urban natural areas and surrounding landscapes were identified that best explain winter bird use for 28 urban natural areas in southern Ontario, Canada. The research confirms for winter birds the importance of area (size) and natural vegetation, rather than managed, horticultural parkland, within urban natural areas as well as percent urban land use and natural habitat in surrounding landscapes. Alien bird density and percent ground feeding species increased with percent surrounding urban land use. Higher percent forest cover was associated with higher percentages of forest, bark feeding, small (<20 g) and insectivorous species. Natural area size (ha) was related to higher species richness, lower evenness and higher percentages of insectivorous, forest interior, area-sensitive, upper canopy, bark feeding, and non-resident species. Higher number of habitat types within natural areas and percent natural habitat in surrounding landscapes were also associated with higher species richness. Common, resident bird species dominated small areas (<6.5 ha), while less common non-residents increased with area, indicative of a nested distribution. Areas at least 6.5 ha and more generally >20 ha start to support some area-sensitive species. Areas similar to rural forests had >25% insectivores, >25% forest interior species, >25% small species, and <5% alien species. Indicator species separated urban natural areas from rural habitats and ordination placed urban natural areas along a gradient between urban development and undisturbed, rural forests. More attention is needed on issues of winter bird conservation in urban landscapes.     

查干淖尔生态治理恢复期鸟类调查分析

鸟类是自然环境好坏的重要指示物种。为了解查干淖尔生态治理后的环境效果,2014年8月采用实地调查、文献调查、访谈调查等方法对查干淖尔生态治理效果及其鸟类分布等进行了调查。结果表明,2008年＂查干淖尔干湖盆治理项目＂启动后,鸟类数量逐年增加,查干淖尔生态环境逐步得以恢复。调查期间,共记录到鸟类112种,隶属于17目32科。     

Bird Use of Restoration and Reference Marshes Within the Barn Island Wildlife Management Area, Stonington, Connecticut, USA

/ Tidal marshes have been actively restored in Connecticut for nearly 20 years, but evaluations of these projects are typically based solely on observations of vegetation change. A formerly impounded valley marsh at the Barn Island Wildlife Management Area is a notable exception; previous research at this site has also included assessments of primary productivity, macroinvertebrates, and use by fishes. To determine the effects of marsh restoration on higher trophic levels, we monitored bird use at five sites within the Barn Island complex, including both restoration and reference marshes. Use by summer bird populations within fixed plots was monitored over two years at all sites. Our principal focus was Impoundment One, a previously impounded valley marsh reopened to full tidal exchange in 1982. This restoration site supported a greater abundance of wetland birds than our other sites, indicating that it is at least equivalent to reference marshes within the same system for this ecological function. Moreover, the species richness of birds and their frequency of occurrence at Impoundment One was greater than at 11 other estuarine marshes in southeastern Connecticut surveyed in a related investigation. A second marsh, under restoration for approximately ten years, appears to be developing in a similar fashion. These results complement previous studies on vegetation, macroinvertebrates, and fish use in this system to show that, over time, the reintroduction of tidal flooding can effectively restore important ecological functions to previously impounded tidal marshes.KEY WORDS: Estuarine; Tidal marsh; Wetland birds; Restoration     

Comparative Influence of Forest Management and Habitat Structural Factors on the Abundances of Hollow-Nesting Bird Species in Subtropical Australian Eucalypt Forest

We examined the impact of single-tree selective logging and fuel reduction burns on the abundance of hollow-nesting bird species at a regional scale in southeastern Queensland, Australia. Data were collected on species abundance and habitat structure of dry sclerophyll production forest at 36 sites with known logging and fire histories. Sixteen bird species were recorded with most being resident, territorial, obligate hollow nesters that used hollows that were either small (<10 cm diameter) or very large (>18 cm diameter). Species densities were typically low, but combinations of two forest management and three habitat structural variables influenced the abundances of eight bird species in different and sometimes conflicting ways. The results suggest that habitat tree management for biodiversity in production forests cannot depend upon habitat structural characteristics alone. Management histories appear to have independent influence (on some bird species) that are distinguishable from their impacts on habitat structure per se. Rather than managing to maximize species abundances to maintain biodiversity, we may be better off managing to avoid extinctions of populations by identifying thresholds of acceptable fluctuations in populations of not only hollow-nesting birds but other forest dependent wildlife relative to scientifically valid forest management and habitat structural surrogates.     

Managing Birds and Controlling Aircraft in the Kennedy Airport–Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge Complex: The Need for Hard Data and Soft Opinions

During the 1980s, the exponential growth of laughing gull (Larus atricilla) colonies, from 15 to about 7600 nests in 1990, in the Jamaica Bay Wildlife Refuge and a correlated increase in the bird-strike rate at nearby John F. Kennedy International Airport (New York City) led to a controversy between wildlife and airport managers over the elimination of the colonies. In this paper, we review data to evaluate if: (1) the colonies have increased the level of risk to the flying public; (2) on-colony population control would reduce the presence of gulls, and subsequently bird strikes, at the airport; and (3) all on-airport management alternatives have been adequately implemented. Since 1979, most (2987, 87%) of the 3444 bird strikes (number of aircraft struck) were actually bird carcasses found near runways (cause of death unknown but assumed to be bird strikes by definition). Of the 457 pilot-reported strikes (mean = 23 ± 6 aircraft/yr, N= 20 years), 78 (17%) involved laughing gulls. Since a gull-shooting program was initiated on airport property in 1991, over 50,000 adult laughing gulls have been killed and the number of reported bird strikes involving laughing gulls has declined from 6.9 ± 2.9 (1983–1990) to 2.6 ± 1.3 (1991–1998) aircraft/yr; nongull reported bird strikes, however, have more than doubled (6.4 ± 2.6, 1983–1990; 14.9 ± 5.1, 1991–1998). We found no evidence to indicate that on-colony management would yield a reduction of bird strikes at Kennedy Airport. Dietary and mark–recapture studies suggest that 60%–90% of the laughing gulls collected on-airport were either failed breeders and/or nonbreeding birds. We argue that the Jamaica Bay laughing gull colonies, the only ones in New York State, should not be managed at least until all on-airport management alternatives have been properly implemented and demonstrated to be ineffective at reducing bird strikes, including habitat alterations and increasing the capability of the bird control unit to eliminate bird flocks on-airport using nonlethal bird dispersal techniques. Because the gull-shooting program may be resulting in a nonsustainable regional population of laughing gulls (>30% decline), we also recommend that attempts be made to initiate an experimental colony elsewhere on Long Island to determine if colony relocation is a feasible management option.     

Field Validation of a Conservation Network on the Eastern Shore of Maryland,USA, Using Breeding Birds as Bio-Indicators

Maryland’s Green Infrastructure (GI) is a network of large, intact natural areas (hubs), interconnected by linear swaths of riparian or upland vegetation (corridors). The GI serves significant ecological functions and provides the bulk of the state’s natural support system. This study examined whether the GI as mapped does, in fact, identify Maryland’s most ecologically valuable forested lands, using forest interior dwelling birds (hereafter called “forest birds”) as bio-indicators. We conducted bird point counts within forest both inside and outside of hubs on Maryland’s Eastern Shore. We also collected a wide variety of habitat data. We found that both the condition of a forest and its surrounding landscape influenced the bird communities. On average, forest bird richness was significantly higher within hubs; furthermore, almost all sites with at least five forest bird species present were in hubs. Forest bird richness and abundance were highest in undisturbed, mature broadleaf forest with wetlands and streams nearby. We detected a significant relationship between forest bird richness and the ecological score of a finer-scale landscape assessment, focused on “cells” of about 0.1 ha in size. This field study also validated the Rapid Field Assessment (RFA) protocol developed in 2001 to assess, on the ground, the relative condition of individual sites or properties within the GI. Forest bird richness and abundance were positively correlated with the RFA community scores. Our results underscore the importance of maintaining regional biological diversity by retaining large blocks of forest, especially mature forest containing streams and wetlands.     

Use of Standardized Visual Assessments of Riparian and Stream Condition to Manage Riparian Bird Habitat in Eastern Oregon

The importance of riparian vegetation to support stream function and provide riparian bird habitat in semiarid landscapes suggests that standardized assessment tools that include vegetation criteria to evaluate stream health could also be used to assess habitat conditions for riparian-dependent birds. We first evaluated the ability of two visual assessments of woody vegetation in the riparian zone (corridor width and height) to describe variation in the obligate riparian bird ensemble along 19 streams in eastern Oregon. Overall species richness and the abundances of three species all correlated significantly with both, but width was more important than height. We then examined the utility of the riparian zone criteria in three standardized and commonly used rapid visual riparian assessment protocols—the USDI BLM Proper Functioning Condition (PFC) assessment, the USDA NRCS Stream Visual Assessment Protocol (SVAP), and the U.S. EPA Habitat Assessment Field Data Sheet (HAFDS)—to assess potential riparian bird habitat. Based on the degree of correlation of bird species richness with assessment ratings, we found that PFC does not assess obligate riparian bird habitat condition, SVAP provides a coarse estimate, and HAFDS provides the best assessment. We recommend quantitative measures of woody vegetation for all assessments and that all protocols incorporate woody vegetation height. Given that rapid assessments may be the only source of information for thousands of kilometers of streams in the western United States, incorporating simple vegetation measurements is a critical step in evaluating the status of riparian bird habitat and provides a tool for tracking changes in vegetation condition resulting from management decisions.     

Anthropogenic effects on the biodiversity of riparian wetlands of a northern temperate landscape

Land uses such as forestry and agriculture are presumed to degrade the biodiversity of riparian wetlands in the northern temperate regions of the United States. In order to improve land use decision making in this landscape, floral and faunal communities of 15 riparian wetlands associated with low-order streams were related to their surrounding land cover to establish which organismal groups are affected by anthropogenic disturbance and whether these impacts are scale-specific. Study sites were chosen to represent a gradient of disturbance. Vascular plants of wet meadow and shrub carr communities, aquatic macro-invertebrates, amphibians, fish and birds were surveyed, and total abundance, species richness and Shannon diversity were calculated. For each site, anthropogenic disturbances were evaluated at local and landscape scales (500, 1000, 2500 and 5000 m from the site and the site catchment) from field surveys and a geographic information system (GIS). Land use data were grouped into six general land use types: urban, cultivated, rangeland, forest, wetland and water. Shrub carr vegetation, bird and fish diversity and richness generally decrease with increasing cultivation in the landscape. Amphibian abundance decreases and fish abundance increases as the proportions of open water and rangeland increases; bird diversity and richness increase with forest and wetland extent in the landscape. Wet meadow vegetation, aquatic macro-invertebrates, amphibians and fish respond to local disturbances or environmental conditions. Shrub carr vegetation, amphibians and birds are influenced by land use at relatively small landscape scales (500 and 1000 m), and fish respond to land use at larger landscape scales (2500, 5000 m and the catchment). Effective conservation planning for these riparian wetlands requires assessment of multiple organismal groups, different types of disturbance and several spatial scales.1998 Academic Press