东海大气湿沉降中营养盐的研究

2008年1月～2009年12月在舟山嵊泗群岛收集了92个雨水样品,测定了pH值、采用分光光度法测定溶解态NH 4＋、NO 3-＋NO 2-、PO34-和SiO32-的含量,探讨了大气湿沉降对东海低营养级生态系统的影响.结果表明,大气湿沉降中85%的样品pH〈5.0,对环境酸化有明显的影响.雨水中NH 4＋和NO 3-...     

降水对颗粒物的冲刷作用及其对雨水化学的影响

为研究湿沉降冲刷过程中大气颗粒物对雨水化学组成和酸度的影响,2008年6月至2009年6月,在中国酸雨污染最严重地区之一的杭州市进行了降水前、中、后的大气颗粒物样品采集,同时采集了降水样品,分析了颗粒物样品和雨水样品中的主要水溶性离子组分,使用统计学方法探讨了大气颗粒物的浓度及化学特征在雨水冲刷过程中的变化规律,并使用主成分分析方法分析了雨水中主要离子成分的来源.结果表明:杭州市TSP和PM10的酸缓冲能力分别为1.95和1.02,具有一定的酸缓冲能力;从颗粒物浓度、酸缓冲能力A值以及颗粒物化学组成在降水前、中、后过程中的变化看,雨水对颗粒物中的碱性组分具有显著冲刷作用;结合雨水主成分分析,颗粒物对雨水中Ca2+、Na+的贡献较为显著,对Mg2+、K+的贡献有待进一步验证,对NH4+、SO42-和NO3-的贡献较小,而F-和部分Cl-则可能主要来自云内雨除过程或者对气态化合物的云下冲刷作用.     

西安地区大气降水化学组成特征与物源分析

于2007年1月至2008年1月间,系统采集西安市区及咸阳郊区大气降水样品70个,对其主成分进行了分析,以期获得大气降水组成特征及其物质来源信息。研究结果显示,Ca2+是最主要的阳离子,分别占西安和咸阳降水中阳离子总量的77.4%和79.6%,其次是Na+。SO42-是最主要的阴离子,分别占西安和咸阳降水中阴离子总量的83.2%和81.4%,NO3-次之。两地降水中各组分含量年内变化趋势具同步性,均显示冬季远高于夏季的特征,且西安降水中各组分含量均高于咸阳。说明两地降水化学组成具同源性,咸阳大气污染物主要来自西安大气污染物的扩散。海相贡献比例计算结果显示,两地降水中SO42-和Ca2+海相输入比例很小,SO42-主要来自工业生产释放的SO2,而雨水中高浓度的Ca2+和Mg2+则是由于酸性物质对大气颗粒物的强化溶解造成。西安和咸阳雨水SO42-/NO3-值分别为12.89和11.11,属于燃煤型大气污染。     

云下洗脱-Eulerian模式

在Eulerian模式中,在大气氨浓度大于硝酸的条件下,简要讨论了各种污染物对雨水组成的影响.结果表明,在本文考虑的情况下,氨对SO_2气体洗脱和SO~(2-)形成的影响最大,且能抑制雨水的酸化;过氧化氢的作用略小于氨.气溶胶对雨水SO_4~(2-)浓度的贡献小于气体.云下H_2O_2和O_3氧化能力的大小取决于雨水的pH、降落距离和各自的浓度.在雨水pH高,降落距离短和各自浓度小时,O_3的氧化能力大于H_2O_2,反之则H_2O_2大于O_3.对韶关降水酸化的模拟表明,考虑气体污染物补充机制的Eulerian模式可以较好地模拟现场降水酸化过程.     

工业废气--SO2的大气污染与树木叶片中叶绿素含量的关系

用分光光度法,对在工业废气SO2环境中生长的北方常见树木叶片中叶绿素含量的变化进行了测试.结果表明SO2的大气污染对树木有伤害作用,受污染的树木叶片叶绿素含量都明显下降,在SO2大气污染物污染的3种树木中其下降的幅度由小到大依次为旱垂柳、中东杨和白榆.这说明各种树木对SO2的大气污染伤害的反应不同,其抗性是白榆<中东杨<旱垂柳.     

兰州市大气降雨中重金属元素地球化学特征研究

通过采集兰州市2014年典型月份8-9月份的10场大气降雨样品,测量了大气降雨中的p H值,用日立AA1700原子吸收光谱仪测定了样品中所含的10种溶解态重金属元素(Cu、Hg、Cd、Mn、Al、Pb、Zn、Fe、Ni、Cr)的含量,并运用相关和因子统计分析,对比分析了兰州市区和郊区大气污染情况,以及导致其重金属含量不同的原因,探讨了兰州市大气降雨中重金属离子的变化规律及环境影响,揭示了大气降雨中重金属元素的可能来源和污染物质的传输路径。结果表明,兰州市大气降雨中10种重金属元素含量兰州市区明显高于郊区,且Zn元素高出量最多,高达211.89%,雨水中重金属含量由多到少依次是ZnCuHgZnCrPbNiMnCdFe。此外p H对重金属含量的影响非常明显,低p H时雨水的重金属含量明显较高;而高p H时其含量相对较低。其含量的主要来源是石油、化工和冶金等工业作业中重金属的排放,而且还受人为因素影响,为评价兰州市区大气中的重金属污染和环境修复提供了有力的理论依据和指导意义。     

湖南宏厦桥花岗岩体风化壳地下化学特征及其成因分析

对湖南宏厦桥花岗岩体的风化壳（简称本区）水文地球化学特征进行了分析,并用主成分分析法定量分析探讨了地下水中溶质的来源。研究发现：就本区而言,地下水中的溶质以Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋、Na^＋ ＋ K^＋、HCO3^-为主,属超淡、极软、弱-中性的重碳酸型水,但不同地下水类型、不同水文地质条件,溶质的组成特征不同,因此又存在差异性和水平分带性;与邻区相比,表现出花岗岩风化壳地下水化学组成的典型性;与花岗岩对照组比较,表现出很强的地域性;与河流对照组比较,表现出形成环境和物质来源的差异性。主成分分析结果表明：本区地下水的溶质来源于岩石风化析出、大气降水输入和生物作用输入,贡献率分别为62．4％、21．6％和9．1％;岩石中含量越高的矿物,贡献率越大,溶解度越高的矿物,贡献率越大;金属阳离子和可溶性SiO2,都来自岩石的风化析出（Na^＋有11．7％来自海水蒸发进入大气后随大气降水输入）;阴离子和游离CO2都来自大气降水和生物作用输入;大气降水输入的C1^-、SO4^2-、NO3^-、F^-,部分来源于海水蒸发,部分来自大气污染,C1^-、NO3^-还有少部分来自生物作用。大气污染物输入地下水的绝对量虽小,但酸性强,对水文地球化学环境的作用不小。     

降水中 SO_2含量与大气中 SO_2表面浓度的相关性

作为美国多洲电力生产大气污染研究(简称MAP3S)的一部分,作者从1978年10月以来对大气中SO_2浓度进行了连续监测。同时,用Battelle和Aero-chem两种不同的采样器采集降水样品分析。为确定雨水中所含SO_2和大气中SO_2浓度的相关程度,以及所溶SO_2对降水酸度的贡献,作者对两种采样器所提供的数据、温度、SO_2的数据等进行了分析。研究结果扼要如下: (1)用Battelle采样器所采集的雨样中S_1v的含量接近于相对应的大气SO_2表面浓度的平衡值。Aerochem采样器所采样品结果偏低。作者认为降雨中气—液相间的平衡建立的相当迅速。若样品收集、保存得当,平衡值可维持不变。 (2)冬度时S_1v对总游离酸度的贡献高达13％,而在夏季则降到零。 (3)雨水中SO_4~(2-)的含量与大气中 SO_2表面浓度呈负相关。     

黄海千里岩岛大气湿沉降营养盐的研究

于2009~2010年对黄海千里岩岛的雨水进行了收集,测定了其pH值、NH4+、NO3- + NO2-、SiO32-和PO43-的含量,讨论了黄海西部湿沉降的酸雨状况、营养盐各组分浓度的变化特征、沉降通量以及对黄海初级生产力的贡献.结果表明,大气湿沉降中58%的样品5.6相似文献   

成都市雨水中的重金属特征

本文收集了成都市2008年全年雨水样品,采用ICP-MS方法测定雨水溶解态的Fe、Al、Mn、Pb、Zn、Cu等重金属离子,通过分析重金属的来源及变化规律,阐述了成都市雨水的重金属含量特征。发现成都市雨水中Fe、Mn、Pb、Cu等重金属含量高于地表水,雨水中重金属的含量受人为因素影响明显,汽车尾气、燃煤是其主要来源。研究工作为成都市大气中重金属污染评价及污染治理等提供了理论依据。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.