溶剂型聚氨酯涂料废物热解特性及动力学研究

采用TG研究溶剂型聚氨酯涂料废物在不同升温速率、N2气氛影响下的热解特性规律。升温速率取5,10,20,30℃/min;气氛取N2气氛(50 m L/min);实验温度范围为20~800℃。研究表明,随着升温速率的增大,涂料废物热解反应各阶段起始温度、终止温度、最大失重速率温度均向高温方向移动。在500℃时,涂料废物的热分解已基本完成。运用Kissinger法和Flynn-Wall-Ozawa法进行热解动力学分析,得到溶剂型聚氨酯涂料废物热解阶段的表观活化能为196.053 3 kJ/mol。     

液相络合吸收脱除燃煤烟气中NO的研究

本实验利用乙二胺合钴([Co(en)3]2+)能络合吸收一氧化氮气体(NO)和活化氧分子的特性,进而将烟气中难溶于水的NO气体进行络合吸收,从而达到烟气脱硝的目的。通过对[Co(en)3]2+脱除NO的反应条件、机理等方面进行初步探索,进而研究了pH值、反应温度和不同脱硫剂等条件对NO脱除效果的影响。研究结果表明:有氧条件下,[Co(en)3]2+络合吸收液对NO的脱除效率较高。当氧含量为5%,反应温度为50℃和溶液pH=13.0时,以0.025mol/L[Co(en)3]2+作为吸收液通过鼓泡反应装置对NO进行催化络合,脱硝率可达到99%以上,并可长时间维持对NO的络合吸收作用。     

生物流化床处理生活污水的动力学研究

本研究采用颗粒活性炭（Granule Activated Carbon,GAC）为填料,考察了生物流化床（Biological fluidized Bed,BFB）处理生活污水的动力学.研究结果表明,GAC-BFB内生物膜的表现产率YoA为2.3057gVSS/gCOD,微生物细胞衰减常数Kd为0.3056d-1;基质降解动力学中米氏常数Ks为0.2182mg/L,反应速率常数K为13.09 mg/（l·h）.GAC-BFB的微生物生长动力学拟合方程为1/θc=2.3057q-0.3056,R2=0.9549; GAC-BFB的基质降解动力学拟合方程为1/U =0.2182＊1/S ＋0.0764,R2 =0.9972,该微生物生长动力学拟合方程及基质降解动力学拟合方程能较好的反映GAC-BFB系统的出水水质状况,本研究所获得的动力学关系和动力学参数可作为GAC-BFB系统的设计依据.     

女贞秋季光合特性研究

采用Li-6400型便携式光合作用测定系统测定了女贞的光合特性。结果表明,女贞叶片净光合速率日变化呈双峰曲线,存在光合"午休"现象;最高峰出现在10∶00时左右,次高峰出现在13∶00时,日最大净光合速率为10.8umol/m2·s。植物的净光合速率(Pn)与气孔导度(Cond)及蒸腾速率(Tr)呈正相关,而与胞间CO2浓度(Ci)呈负相关。女贞的光补偿点为为8.806umo1/m2·s,光饱和点为1499μmol/m2·s,是具有一定耐荫能力的植物。     

阻抑光度法测定痕量乙醇的研究

文章研究了在稀硫酸介质中,乙醇阻抑高碘酸钾氧化中性红褪色反应的各种反应条件,建立了阻抑光度法测定痕量乙醇的新方法。讨论了体系酸度、试剂浓度、反应温度、反应时间、干扰离子等因素对反应体系的影响。选择530nm作为测定波长,确定了阻抑反应的最佳条件。在所选择的试验条件下,方法的线性范围为1.0~7.0μg/25mL,检测限为4×10~(-6)g/L。表观摩尔吸光系数ε=3.68×10~4L/mol·cm。对该方法进行了精密度测定,其相对标准偏差RSD5%。该方法用于水样中痕量乙醇含量的测定,并进行了加标回收试验,平均回收率为98.6%~98.7%。     

填料塔胺法脱硫实验研究

建立了填料塔胺法脱硫实验装置,以乙二胺/磷酸溶液为吸收剂,通过条件实验,考察了操作参数对SO_2吸收率的影响。结果表明:脱硫率随液气比、填料层高度的增加而增大,随空塔气速、气相入口SO_2浓度及吸收贫液中四价硫S(IV)浓度的增大而减小,其中,空塔气速和贫液S(IV)浓度对吸收率的影响显著;实验条件下,吸收液气比不宜低于1.73L/m3,贫液S(IV)浓度宜控制在0.1mol/L以下;增大吸收液流量或降低贫液S(IV)浓度均会降低液相传质阻力。     

Cr(Ⅵ)/亚硫酸钠体系快速氧化活性蓝4的动力学研究

亚硫酸钠还原法是目前处理含Cr(Ⅵ)废水的常用方法之一,在Cr(Ⅵ)/亚硫酸钠体系中加入染料活性蓝4时,Cr(Ⅵ)被还原去除的同时,活性蓝4也会被快速氧化。初始p H为4.0时,100μmol/L Cr(Ⅵ)与1 mmol/L亚硫酸钠可在3.5min内快速氧化20μmol/L活性蓝4,Cr(Ⅵ)的剩余浓度也低于其排放标准。提高亚硫酸钠浓度至3mmol/L时,活性蓝4在12s内被完全氧化。对活性蓝4的氧化动力学进行假一级拟合,其速率常数随p H降低而升高,p H由6.0降低至3.5时,速率常数由0.000 6 s-1升高至0.012 9 s-1。在较高的亚硫酸钠浓度和较酸性环境下,Cr(Ⅵ)和亚硫酸钠之间的反应加快,产生中间态活性氧化剂的速率提高,使得Cr(Ⅵ)/亚硫酸钠体系降解活性蓝4的效果更优。该体系通过Cr(Ⅵ)和亚硫酸钠之间的反应,首先产生了亚硫酸根自由基SO·-3,在氧气的作用下,SO·-3经过一系列反应产生了二级自由基,即高活性的硫酸根自由基SO·-4和羟基自由基·OH,这两种自由基作为体系中的中间态活性氧化剂,实现了对活性蓝4的氧化。     

活化过硫酸盐处置石油污染土壤技术研究

本文研究了受石油污染的土壤在热/Na_2S_2O_8体系以及Fe(Ⅱ)/Na_2S_2O_8体系中最佳活化条件。结果显示,石油含量为58.837g/kg土壤中,热/Na_2S_2O_8体系的最佳活化条件为:T=50℃,[Na_2S_2O_8]=1mol/L,最佳反应时间为5d,石油最高去除率为45.51%;Fe(Ⅱ)/Na_2S_2O_8体系的最佳活化条件为:[Na_2S_2O_8]=1mol/L,[Fe SO4]=1mol/L,最佳反应时间为5d,石油最高去除率为88.64%。实验表明:过硫酸钠可以快速有效降解去除土壤中石油类。     

无刺构骨秋季光合特性的初步研究

采用Li-6400光合测定系统对无刺构骨的秋季光合特性进行了初步研究.结果表明,无剌构骨净光合速率（Pn）日变化规律为双峰曲线形式,有“午睡”现象,最高峰值于11：00左右出现,次高峰出现在14：00,日最大净光合速率为8.33μmol/m2·s,净光合速率（Pn）与气孔导度（Cond）、蒸腾速率（Tr）呈正相关,与胞间CO2浓度（Ci）呈负相关.无刺枸骨光补偿点为12.146μmol/m2·s,光饱和点为1499μmoL/m2·s.     

活性炭纤维（ACF）脱硫动力学研究

本文在消除内外扩散的条件下对SO2－O2－N2－H2O（g）体系下,自制ACF脱除气相中二氧公硫的过程进行了动力学研究。认为在F＞400ml/min时可消除外扩散的影响。在空速为5000Nm3／tACF*h～24000Nm3／tACF*h,SO2浓度为0.1%～0.5%,氧浓度为1%～14%,反应温度为323K～403K,增湿温度在313K～363K之间探讨了温度、水、SO2及O2对ACF脱硫性能的影响,求出了反应动力学方程为rD＝0.006exp(-8852.8/RT)Cso20.4936Co20.7381CH2O0.7021。     

Optimal Absorbent Evaluation for the CO2 Separating Process by Absorption Loading,Desorption Efficiency,Cost, and Environmental Tolerance

The CO₂ absorption capacities of potassium glycinate, potassium sarcosinate (choline, proline), mono-ethanolamine (MEA), and tri-ethanolamine were evaluated to find the optimal absorbent for separating CO₂ from gaseous products by a CO₂ purification process. The absorption loading, desorption efficiency, cost, and environmental tolerance were assessed to select the optimal absorbent. MEA was found to be the optimum absorbent for separating the CO₂ and H₂ mixture in gaseous product. The maximum absorption loading rate was 0.77 mol CO₂ per mol MEA at temperature of 20°C and absorbent concentration of 2.5 mol/L, whereas desorption efficiency was 90% by heating for 3 h at 130°C. MEA was found to be an optimal absorbent for the purification process of CO₂ during gaseous production.     

黄磷尾气中PH3液相催化净化研究

以Mn（Ⅱ）与Pd（Ⅱ）为催化剂的吸收净化溶液对黄磷尾气中的PH3进行了液相催化氧化研究。考察了混合气中02浓度、温度、入口PH3浓度、气体流量和吸收液pH变化与磷化氢净化效率曲线的关系。实验结果表明：混合气中较佳的氧含量为5％;在20℃至75℃范围内,低温对催化净化有利,较适宜的反应温度为20℃;较低的PH3入口浓度和低气速均有利于对PH3的净化;吸收液较高的pH有利于吸收液中催化剂催化效能的发挥。吸收液对PH3的净化效率可达100％,但因吸收液中的金属离子易与PH3产生的PO4^3-形成沉淀,使金属离子脱离液相催化氧化系统,吸收液失效较快。     

车载巡回式UV／Fenton装置处理小城镇垃圾渗滤液

为了研究车载巡回处理装置对小城镇垃圾渗滤液的处理效果,采用自制的UV-Fenton试验装置研究了pH值、FeSO_4剂量、反应时间等因素对处理效果的影响,结果表明:最佳pH值为4.0,进水中COD为825 mg/L时,FeSO_4和H_2O_2的投加量分别为0.008 mol/L和0.08 mol/L,此时COD去除率72.22%,出水COD为216 mg/L;随着FeSO_4投加量缓慢增加到一定程度后转而下降,FeSO_4最佳投加量为0.008 mol/L;不同H_2O_2和Fe~(2+)配比对COD去除效果具有影响,(10:1)时为最佳配比。经过氨吹脱和混凝沉淀预处理的渗滤液采用UV/Fenton处理工艺,出水中COD可以达到《生活垃圾填埋场污染控制标准》(GB 16889-1997)中二级标准。     

Carbon monoxide from composting due to thermal oxidation of biomass

Emissions of carbon monoxide (CO) were observed from decomposing organic wastes and litter under laboratory, pilot composting plant, and natural conditions. Field studies included air from inside a compost heap of about 200 m3, emissions from composting of livestock wastes at a biologically operating farm, and leaf litter pile air samples. The concentration of CO was up to 120 micromol mol(-1) in the compost piles of green waste, and up to 10 micromol mol(-1) in flux chambers above livestock waste windrow composts. The mean CO flux rates were approximately 20 mg CO m(-2) h(-1) for compost heaps of green waste, and varied from 30 to 100 mg CO m(-2) h(-1) for fresh dung windrows. Laboratory studies using a temperature and ventilation-controlled substrate container were performed to elucidate the origin of CO, and included hay samples of fixed moisture content at temperatures between 5 and 65 degrees C, including nonsterilized as well as sterilized samples. The concentration of CO was up to 160 micromol mol(-1) in these experiments, and Arrhenius-type plot analyses resulted in activation energies of 65 kJ mol(-1) for thermochemically produced CO from the nonsterilized compost substrate. Sterilized samples showed dramatically reduced CO2 but virtually unchanged CO emissions, albeit at a slightly lower activation energy, likely a result of the high-temperature sterilization. Though globally and regionally these CO emissions are only a minor source, thermochemically produced CO emissions might affect local air quality in and near composting facilities.     

发酵床垫料中微生物16S rDNA PCR反应条件的建立与优化

为探讨发酵床垫料中微生物16S rDNA基因扩增实验中诸多因素对实验结果的影响,采用单因素法对16S rDNA基因扩增时PCR反应体系中的5个潜在因素（Mg^2＋、dNTP、引物、Taq酶、模板DNA）5水平上进行优化实验,并进一步优化了反应程序中的退火温度、循环次数。结果表明：25μL的最佳反应体系为：10×PCR buffer 2.5μL、MgCl22.0 mmol·L^-1、dNTP 0.2 mmol·L^-1、引物0.2μmol·L^-1、Taq DNA聚合酶0.5 U、模板DNA 50 ng;最佳反应程序为：在94℃下进行4 min预变性;随后循环扩增25个循环（包括94℃变性45 s,53.7℃退火30 s,72℃延伸90 s）;最后在72℃下延伸10 min。     

Chemical absorption of carbon dioxide with asymmetrically heated polytetrafluoroethylene membranes

In this study, the absorption of carbon dioxide using an absorbent composed of 2-amino-2-methyl-L-propanol (AMP) + monoethanolamine (MEA) + piperazine (PZ) in asymmetric and symmetric polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) membrane contactors was investigated. Experiments were conducted using various gas flow rates, liquid flow rates, and absorbent blends. CO(2) recovery increased with increasing liquid flow rates. The mean pore size of PTFE membrane reduced via heating treatment. An asymmetric membrane had a better CO(2) recovery than a symmetric membrane. For the asymmetric membrane, placing the smaller pore-size side of the membrane in contact with the liquid phase, reduced the level of wetting of the membrane. The membrane mass transfer coefficient and durability of the PTFE membrane were enhanced by asymmetrically heating.     

Experimental measurement and modeling of the rate of absorption of carbon dioxide by aqueous ammonia

In this work, the rate of absorption of carbon dioxide by aqueous ammonia solvent has been studied by applying a newly built wetted wall column. The absorption rate in aqueous ammonia was measured at temperatures from 279 to 304 K for 1 to 10 wt% aqueous ammonia with loadings varying from 0 to 0.8 mol CO₂/mol NH₃. The absorption rate in 30 wt% aqueous mono-ethanolamine (MEA) was measured at 294 and 314 K with loadings varying from 0 to 0.4 as comparison.It was found that at 304 K, the rate of absorption of carbon dioxide by 10 wt% NH₃ solvent was comparable to the rates for 30 wt% MEA at 294 and 314 K (a typical absorption temperature for this process). The absorption rate using ammonia was however significantly lower at temperatures of 294 K and lower as applied in the Chilled Ammonia Process. However, at these low temperatures, the rate of absorption in ammonia has only a small temperature dependency.The rate of absorption decreases strongly with decreasing ammonia concentrations and increasing CO₂ loadings.The rate of absorption of carbon dioxide by aqueous ammonia solvent was modeled using the measurements of the unloaded solutions and the zwitter-ion mechanism. The model could successfully predict the experimental measurements of the absorption rate of CO₂ in loaded ammonia solutions.     

河南省水泥生产过程中CO2排放量估算

水泥是重要的建筑材料,水泥工业的快速发展有力地支撑了我国经济的高速增长。但水泥生产过程中石灰石分解产生的CO2已成为重要的CO2排放源。根据2006年IPCC提供的水泥生产过程碳排放估算方法,采用全国吨水泥熟料比推算河南水泥熟料产量,对1990--2010年河南水泥生产过程CO2的排放量进行了估算,其结果可为河南省节能减排政策的制定提供科学依据。     

反应条件对活性炭负载铈催化剂NH3选择性催化还原NO影响的研究

通过程序升温反应考察活性炭负载铈(Ce/AC)催化剂选择性催化还原NO的性能。探讨反应温度、空速、NO初始浓度、O2浓度、NH3浓度以及SO2的存在对其催化性能的影响。实验结果表明,催化剂的催化活性随温度的上升而逐渐增加,在150℃后趋于平稳,NO转化率接近100%;NO进口浓度的增加,催化剂对NO的脱除效率有较小幅度下降;在没有氧气的存在时,NO的转化率只有20%左右,随着氧气的加入,转化率明显增加,当氧含量到1%以后,NO的转化率趋于平缓,稳定在90%以上;SO2对催化剂有很强的毒性,烟气中加入SO2后,催化剂对NO的去除率明显的下降。