湖库污染底泥环保疏浚工程环评要点探讨

以滇池草海污染底泥疏挖及处置工程为例,分析了湖库底泥疏挖项目环境影响评价因素识别与评价重点,探讨了施工期对水域水质及周围景观影响、施工期恶臭、噪声等的环境影响评价要点,底泥堆放对地下水与土壤环境影响、堆放恶臭对环境影响的评价要点,及疏挖工程的环境效益与运营期对周围生态环境影响分析的要点。针对该类工程在疏挖、余水处理和污染底泥堆存过程中的二次污染问题,提出了切实可行的二次污染防治对策。     

环境磁学在重金属污染研究中的应用

20世纪60年代以来,环境磁学以快速、灵敏、经济、无破坏性和信息量大等特点被广泛应用到环境污染研究中。笔者介绍了环境磁学应用于重金属污染监测的基本原理和优势,系统综述了其在大气,水体(湖泊、河流和海岸等)和土壤等环境重金属污染监测中的主要成果和最新进展,包括磁学参数可作为重金属污染物质代用指标,以及环境磁学在重金属污染分布特点和污染程度鉴定、重金属污染历史重建、重金属污染物运移追踪等方面的应用。提出了重金属污染磁性诊断研究还需要解决的问题,包括磁学参数多解性,其他环境过程(动力分选、吸附解吸和早期成岩等)的干扰和影响,磁性矿物与重金属物质赋存关系及多学科交叉研究等。     

环境污染物的处理技术

综述了环境污染的治理方法,侧重介绍了生物技术在三废治理、土壤及地下水污染治理中的应用,并介绍了一些污染治理技术的典型应用。     

Environmental quality control and environmental games

Conclusion  In this paper we have considered a specific environmental game emphasizing both control-prevention efforts and the propensity to pollute by a firm which adopts a given pollution abatement technology. A random payoff game was constructed and solved under a risk neutral assumption and quadratic utilities for both the firm and the environmental controller. The game thus defined, provides a wide range of interpretations and potential approaches for selecting a control-inspection policies to prevent environmental risks. There are of course many facets to this problem, which could be considered and have not been considered in sufficient depth. For example, more complex control mechanisms and liabilities, the effects of insurance and risk sharing, the application of cooperative efforts and subvention of pollution abatement investments (through tax incentives and their like), etc. have not been considered [5,7]. These are topics for further research. The basic presumption of this paper is that it is very difficult to fully enforce pollution prevention by firms, as a result, some controls are needed to ensure that firms be controlled so that appropriate efforts are carried.     

构建覆盖国家环境监测网的质量控制体系

"十二五"期间,中国将全面完成国家环境监测网的布局与建设,环境管理将开始由以环境污染控制为目标导向,向以环境质量改善为目标导向转变,以全面考核空气、水环境和土壤等环境质量的新环境管理时代即将来临。从现有环境监测质控体系所发挥的作用、存在的问题以及环境管理的需求出发,提出构建覆盖国家环境监测网的质量控制体系,论述各级环境监测站的质控职责,尤其是省级监测站作为地区质量控制中心,应该和国家站一起加大自身质控能力建设,为提高环境监测数据的可信度做好质控工作。     

基于综合环境风险的砷污染场地优控筛选方法

污染场地的优控筛选是国家和地区污染场地管理的关键环节,有利于提高污染场地修复的高效性和经济性。研究以污染源强、污染途径脆弱性和受体敏感性作为筛选的主要因素,构建了基于综合环境风险的优控重金属污染场地筛选方法。通过调查某市15个砷渣污染场地,利用综合环境风险指数法分析区域不同污染场地的危害程度,据此推算不同污染场地危害 程度大小次序,并设置不同情景进行敏感性分析,从而筛选出某市优控砷渣污染场地名单。结果表明:污染场地H15和H12在不同权重情景下均处于高危害程度水平,为优控污染场地;H2在多数情景下危害程度较高,确定为备选优控污染场地。     

滇池流域城市型河流盘龙江总磷水环境容量测算研究

为了水体污染物容量总量控制,将盘龙江水环境容量划分为4个控制单元,采用两点示踪法确定盘龙江总磷(TP)综合降解系数,并采用一维水质模型对其进行了验证,在此基础上利用模型计算了盘龙江各控制单元的TP水环境容量.结果表明,盘龙江TP综合降解系数的区间值为0.016 d-1 ±0.002 d-1,盘龙江4个控制单元(Ⅰ段、Ⅱ...     

山东省生态环境监测网络建设发展建议

介绍了山东省生态环境监测网络建设状况,“十三五”期间全省基本实现大气、水、土壤、噪声、生态、污染源等全覆盖,“十四五”初期优化调整了地表水、地下水、海洋、土壤等环境质量监测点位,加大了自动监测力度。通过分析当前全省监测网络建设中存在的覆盖不全面、技术不完善、服务不深入等问题,提出了环境质量监测、生态质量监测、污染源监测、应急监测等各要素的发展建议。     

福建沿海地区不同区域稻田土壤重金属元素富集特征与环境质量评价

通过调查福建沿海地区不同区域的水稻田土壤重金属元素Hg、Cd、Pb污染富集现状,采集样品195件,采用单因子指数、地质累积指数以及内梅罗综合污染指数对土壤环境质量进行评价。结果表明,福建沿海各区域水稻田土壤均有不同程度的重金属富集污染。单项污染指数评价结果显示,Hg分4级,分别是安全等级、警戒线级、轻污染级和中度污染级;Pb全部为安全等级;Cd分2级,分别是安全级和警戒线级。Hg的地质累积指数分3级,分别是轻污染级、中度污染级和中强度污染级;Pb全部为轻污染级;Cd分2级,轻污染级和中度污染级。内梅罗综合污染指数评价结果为安全级有5个地区,警戒线级有3个地区,轻污染等级2个地区。地质累积指数评价结果与单因子污染指数评价结果有明显差异。调查区域土壤环境质量评价为Cd、Pb平均值未超出国家《土壤环境质量标准》(GB 15618—1995)Ⅱ级标准,Hg有40%地区超标。福建沿海地区土壤重金属污染具有中等到高的生态风险。     

中国1998年度环境质量状况

对我国１９９８年度的环境空气质量,酸雨,主要流域水质,近岸域海水水质,地下水水位与水质,城市声环境、射环境质量,典型区域生态环境的状况进行了综述了与分析,指出了我国的环境污染问题主要是城市空气污染,地面水体污染和城市噪声污染。     

Water Environmental Degradation of the Heihe River Basin in Arid Northwestern China

Water environmental degradation is a major issue in the Heihe River Basin belonging to the inland river basin of temperate arid zone in northwestern China. Mankind’s activities, such as dense population and heavy dependence on irrigated agriculture, place immense pressure on available and limited water resources during the last century, especially the recent five decades. An investigation on the water environmental degradation in the Heihe River Basin and analysis of its causation were conducted. The results indicated that water environmental changes in the whole basin were tremendous mostly in the middle reaches, which reflected in surface water runoff change, decline of groundwater table and degeneration of surface water and groundwater quality. Some new forms of management based on traditional and scientific knowledge must be introduced to solve problems of water environmental degradation in the Heihe River Basin.     

中国土壤环境调查、评价与监测

介绍了近半个多世纪以来中国土壤环境调查情况,对20世纪50年代、80年代全国土壤调查情况进行了描述,阐述了2006年以来全国土壤污染状况调查情况。结合土壤环境现状、土壤监测与评价存在的问题,对未来中国土壤监测规划进行了展望。提出了确定土壤环境监测国控点,构建国家土壤环境监测网,落实土壤环境例行监测的监测思路,以进一步推进土壤环境监测和保护。     

Environmental monitoring and assessment of the water bodies of a pre-construction urban wetland

It is planned that the Dayanghan Wetland in China will be transformed into a national park but little is known about its current water quality and pollution status. Thus, we monitored the physical and chemical characteristics of the Dayanghan Wetland, which showed that the water quality was generally good. However, the chemical oxygen demand was more than double the reference value, which may be attributable to previous tillage for vegetable crops and other farmlands. In addition, nickel and chromium caused low-level pollution in the water bodies of the Dayanghan Wetland. The mean trophic level index and nutrient quality index were 39.1 and 2.69, respectively. Both indices suggest that the water bodies of the Dayanghan Wetland are in a mesotrophic state and that no eutrophication has occurred. The study would provide a precise report on the status of environmental quality of the water bodies of a typical pre-construction wetland for the administration and decision of the local government and the planning agent.     

水源地污染源无人机遥感监测

无人机遥感是近年新兴的航空遥感技术,随着无人机平台与载荷的不断进步,其研究应用愈加深入,已广泛应用于各行业领域,并作为卫星遥感技术的补充,愈加发挥着重要作用。为拓展无人机遥感技术应用潜力,分析无人机在环保领域应用效果,以扬州市南水北调工程东线输水水域的水源地为研究区域,基于其污染源特征及周边生态环境状况,研究无人机平台与载荷搭配(可见光与热红外)技术,监测研究区污染源,分析其对水质的潜在影响。结果表明,研究区存在多处污染源,主要为点源污染(工业点源、水产养殖、生活污水),面源污染(河道码头、水土流失、农业)和内源污染(航运船舶、桥梁交通运输、渔民生活)等,同时,发现某助剂厂隐藏在水面下的4个排污口。该项技术的实验研究,发挥了无人机平台与载荷搭配应用效果,获取了污染源的类型、数量、空间分布及其扩散形态,为水源地无人机遥感技术应用奠定了工作基础。     

涪陵页岩气田一期工程环境影响调查

采用现场调研与实地监测相结合的方法对涪陵页岩气田一期工程污染源和区域环境质量现状进行深入调查研究,剖析涪陵页岩气开发对环境产生的影响。结果表明,涪陵页岩气田开发过程中废水实行循环利用,钻屑固体废物固化填埋,企业环保措施基本落实,短期内页岩气开发未对区域环境产生明显不良影响。指出修建井场、池体、道路等设施对生态环境具有一定影响,且随着时间推移,钻屑固化填埋对周围土壤及水环境也具有潜在影响。     

某基岩区工业固体废物填埋场地递进式场地环境调查实例

针对某基岩区简易封场后的固体废物填埋场,采用多层次、递进式调查策略,配合使用地球物理探测、直压式土壤快速取样、现场快速检测等技术,分3个阶段开展填埋场及其周边环境调查。第1阶段,调查地质环境特征,开展地球物理探测;第2阶段,调查填埋物、渗滤液主要组分及对周边积水、农田土壤、民用井水的污染情况;第3阶段,划定重点污染区域,开展土壤和地下水污染调查。调查结果显示,填埋区已发生明显渗漏,对邻近区域土壤、地下水及地表积水造成了一定污染,但未对周边农用地土壤、民用井水质等产生不利影响,总体处于可控范围。提出,通过削减污染源,切断污染物迁移、暴露途径,消除已有污染影响,长期跟踪监测等多项管控治理措施进行综合整治。     

城市生态环境安全评价研究

城市作为一种典型的复合生态系统。其生态环境具有相当的脆弱性,因此如何改善生态质量和维护生态安全已成为城市发展要解决的主要问题之一。本文从生态环境状况和生态安全2个方面对张家港市生态环境安全进行评价和研究,计算了生物丰度指数、植被覆盖指数、水网密度指数、土地退化指数、污染负荷指数等5个指标,计权确定该市生态环境质量指数为48．7,评价等级为一般;同时选择了资源安全评价、环境安全评价、生物安全评价和灾害安全评价等4个要素,确定该市生态系统安全指数为0．44。     

How does environmental pollution erode political trust in China? A multilevel analysis

The impacts of environmental pollution extend beyond the issue of health. Using Chinese survey and administrative data, this study sheds new light on the political costs of environmental pollution. We show that citizens' trust in government officials declines significantly with higher levels of measured pollution, perceptions of increased pollution, and a greater degree of willingness to support environmental protection. Political trust is particularly low when measured as well as perceived pollution are severe. However, the effect of greater willingness to support environmental protection on the erosion of political trust is independent of measured pollution. Our findings suggest that there is a tipping point at which legitimacy acquired primarily through economic achievements could be undermined by environmental degradation, which is a byproduct of economic achievements. It is imperative for the Chinese government to achieve a balance between fast-paced growth and environmental sustainability, to pay attention to the potential political consequences of environmental issues, and to permit more public dialogues and deliberations on the topic of environmental governance.     

Environmental quality and hog production

This paper has been presented at a meeting of the National Research Council in February 1995, in Perugia, Italy. This is a preview of that which is to be the final product of the study: a manual for evaluating the environmental impact of pig-breeding farms. The most important issues in the environment-hog production relationship are discussed. After that, some elements for a sustainable swine production are focused. To solve the pig-breeding/environment conflict is not an easy task. The challenge is to find the right compromises, adopting all possible technologies for minimizing the impact on the environment. Since the first problem is the risk of water pollution due to manure, it is important to study the best solutions from the viewpoint of the watershed, taking into account the interactions and synergies occurring in the drainage system, and especially for the communities at the lower part of the basin. Therefore it becomes more and more of an absolute necessity to plan and manage resources using the watershed as a reference.Prof. Paolo Abbozzo is the Scientific Head of the CNR-RAISA Monodisciplinary Group of the Institute of Estimo Rurale e Contabilità at the University of Perugia; Dr. Antonio Boggia is a teaching/research assistant and Dr. Mauro Brunetti is CNR scholarship holder at the same Institute.