密闭微波消解电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-AES)法同时测定大气颗粒物PM10中的18种无机元素

建立了测定大气颗粒物PM10中18种无机元素的密闭微波消解电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法。考察了微波消解体系和消解条件,选取了适宜的仪器工作条件和最佳的分析谱线,合理地进行了背景扣除,并对共存元素的干扰情况进行了研究。样品采用硝酸-盐酸-过氧化氢-氢氟酸体系进行消解并经饱和硼酸溶液络合后上机测定,测定值与参考样品标准值相符,主量元素的方法精密度(RSD%)小于3%,次量、微量元素的方法精密度小于10%。各元素的检出限在0.0001~0.0141mg/L之间,回收率在90%~110%之间,应用建立的方法对北京市的颗粒物膜样品进行了分析。     

不同酸消解体系测定大气颗粒物中的镉

采用微波消解-石墨炉原子吸收分光光度法测定北方某市环境空气PM10及PM2.5样品中的镉,并比较了硝酸-盐酸体系与硝酸-过氧化氢体系的消解效果。结果表明,硝酸-盐酸体系与硝酸-过氧化氢体系的方法检出限分别为0.006、0.008μg/L,相对偏差分别为5.4%、7.9%,加标回收率为85%~110%,其检出限、精密度与加标回收率均满足要求。2种消解体系均能较好地提取颗粒物中的镉,测定结果无显著差异(P0.05),但硝酸-过氧化氢体系更适合作为多种分析仪器测试通用的前处理体系。     

2019—2021年徐州市大气细颗粒物化学组成特征及来源解析

徐州市地处四省交界,大气污染物来源复杂,颗粒物污染在气象条件不利时较为显著。通过地面观测数据、颗粒物组分连续观测、源解析及轨迹溯源等方法,对徐州市2019—2021年颗粒物变化特征进行了全面分析,以定量解析各类污染源的贡献,识别对颗粒物贡献显著的化学成分。结果表明：PM_2.5各组分质量占比中二次无机盐和有机碳相对较高,其中二次无机盐SNA(SO■、NO^-₃、NH⁺₄)占比达到59.1%～62.7%;水溶性离子总浓度逐年降低,但Mg²⁺和Ca²⁺浓度2021年分别同比增加2%和12.5%,说明扬尘污染存在反弹。秋冬季水溶性离子明显较高,Cl^-浓度明显高于其他季节,表明徐州市秋冬季受移动源、燃煤源和二次有机气溶胶共同影响。PM_2.5中OC与EC质量浓度比为4.88～8.40,说明徐州市颗粒物受多源影响,柴油、汽油机动车尾气排放以及燃煤排放对颗粒物贡献较大。后向轨迹分析表明,污染严重的1月污染物主...     

废气颗粒物中常见金属元素测定方式的优化

建立微波消解ICP-MS(电感耦合等离子体质谱法)测定废气颗粒物中常见的金属元素。将国产玻璃纤维滤筒与进口石英滤筒对比,最终选用国产玻璃纤维滤筒。样品采集后,选用HNO_3+HF+H_2O_2的消解体系,并在选定的消解参数条件下,得出这10种金属元素在0-50μg/L范围内线性良好,实际样品平行测定精密度RSD为1.8%～4.8%。此法可用于第三方检测公司批量测定废气颗粒物中的金属元素。     

原子荧光法测定土壤中砷前处理方法影响因素的研究

针对方法(GB/T 22105.2—2008)中土壤样品前处理过程中影响砷测定结果的因素进行了各类批次实验,得出各种因素对结果的影响程度及其消解的最佳条件。土壤样品的最佳称量范围为0.2～0.6g,消解液加入量的最佳范围为10～15ml,最佳消解时间为2h,硫脲溶液和抗坏血酸溶液的加入量必须满足20～30ml的条件,样品中加入还原剂后,静置时间不得低于20min,通常为30min。     

逆王水电热板方法消解水和废水中的银

以感光行业废水、电镀工业废水为实验对象,优化了逆王水电热板消解银的回流时间和逆王水用量,建立了逆王水消解水质银的电热板消解方法。并对地下水、生活污水、电镀工业废水、感光行业废水开展加标回收实验。结果表明：采用逆王水消解,当消解液温度控制在80～95℃,回流时间为2 h,逆王水用量为3 mL HNO₃+1 mL HCl时,消解电镀工业废水、感光行业废水、生活污水及地下水中银的加标回收率为85.0%～115%,相对标准偏差为2.9%～6.4%。将该方法与《水质银的测定火焰原子吸收分光光度法》(GB 11907—1989)前处理方法开展比对,2种方法消解结果无显著差异。表明逆王水电热板消解方法可以用于水和废水中银火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定的前处理。     

道路绿化带影响大气颗粒物分布实测研究

以福州市西三环快速路某路段为实验靶区,利用微型环境检测仪采集路边细颗粒物(PM_2.5)、亚微米颗粒物(PM_1.0)和黑碳(BC)的空间分布样本,解析其在道路绿化带前后(绿化带前是指干道和辅道外边缘线位置,其他位置均视为绿化带后)的变化特征及原因。结果表明：(1)颗粒物浓度随着采样点远离干道而整体趋于递减,呈现BC>PM_2.5>PM_1.0的衰减率变化特征,且植被稠密的路边环境对应更大的颗粒物浓度降幅。(2)夏季绿化带后的颗粒物浓度降幅高于冬季,冬季绿化带后部分采样点的PM_1.0和PM_2.5浓度甚至有所抬升。在植被茂密的路边环境下,风自干道吹向绿化带情景的路边空气质量介于风自绿化带吹向干道情景和风平行于干道情景之间。(3)BC对交通变化的敏感性高于PM_2.5和PM_1.0,植被茂密的绿化带后的颗粒物浓度降幅会因交通强度的上升而增大。风自干道吹向绿化带时,绿化带对颗粒物的调节作用会随交通源强和季节的变化而不同...     

恒温恒湿称量系统温度和湿度对颗粒物质量与浓度的影响分析

为了解恒温恒湿自动称量系统在不同的温度、湿度下对颗粒物质量的影响,分别在5个不同温湿度条件下对同一批样品进行称重。结果显示：同湿度(50%RH)不同温度下称量的样品颗粒物质量影响大于同温度(20℃)不同湿度下称量的样品颗粒物质量;同一样品标准偏差随着颗粒物质量浓度的升高而增大且超过1 mg/m³;颗粒物质量浓度在10～50 mg/m³、温度20℃、湿度45%RH～50%RH时进行称量,其称量结果最佳。颗粒物质量增加的主要原因由于对水分具有吸附性较强的细小粉尘、浆液滴、水溶性离子Ca²⁺、NH₄⁺、SO₄^2-、NO₃^-等影响,受空气中水分影响较为明显。按称量数据准确性排序为：20℃(50%RH)>20℃(45%RH)>25℃(50%RH)>20℃(55%RH)>15℃(50%RH)。     

广州市城区站点冬季PM2.5时间变化及碳氮同位素组成特征

于2018年冬季在广州城区磨碟沙站点开展细颗粒物(PM_2.5)样品采集,并获得PM_2.5中水溶性离子、含碳组分、稳定碳氮同位素的组成及时间变化特征,重点讨论了PM_2.5浓度升高时段的化学组成特征变化,进而利用稳定碳氮同位素变化特征探究了主要污染来源。结果表明：采样期间,研究站点PM_2.5平均质量浓度为22.1μg/m³,共出现两个PM_2.5浓度水平升高时段,所对应的平均质量浓度分别达46.0μg/m³和63.0μg/m³。风速降低、温度升高等不利气象条件是导致上述时段PM_2.5浓度上升的重要原因。在上述时段,伴随着PM_2.5浓度的升高,NO^-₃和NH⁺₄浓度均出现显著升高,NO^-₃与SO^2-₄的摩...     

荒漠草原无林地PM2.5、PM10时间变化特征及与气象因素的关系

选取荒漠草原无林地的PM_2.5、PM₁₀浓度以及气象因子数据,对颗粒物浓度的时间变化特征及其与气象因子的关系进行分析。结果表明:(1)1月的PM_2.5、PM₁₀月平均浓度最高,7月的PM_2.5与PM₁₀达到最低。季节尺度上PM_2.5、PM₁₀浓度变化为由大到小顺序依次为冬季>秋季>春季>夏季。(2)风速≤4.0 m/s时,随着风速增加,PM_2.5、PM₁₀浓度不断降低;当风速>4.0 m/s时,PM_2.5、PM₁₀浓度随风速增加而增加。PM_2.5、PM₁₀浓度与温度负相关。相对湿度≤50%时,随着相对湿度增加,PM_2.5、PM₁₀浓度呈增加趋势;相对湿度>50%时,随着空气湿度增加,PM_2.5     

城市垃圾填埋场渗滤液中污染物检测与分析

垃圾渗滤液水质复杂,危害性大,对其无害化处理尚未得到很好解决。溶解性有机物(DOM)是导致渗滤液处理难以达标的主导性污染物。采用GC-MS技术可将渗滤液中DOM标识划分为亲水性和疏水性两类物质,为DOM的针对性处理提供了新的思路。采用ICP-AES从渗滤液中检测出美国环境保护局颁布的13种优先污染重金属中的11种,其含量大幅超标。废弃的电子材料、颜料涂料、电池以及药物等物质的不分类收集是导致渗滤液中重金属浓度超标、毒性增强的主要原因。在垃圾渗滤液处理领域,认为BOD5/COD小于0.3就不可以采用生物法处理的传统观点已经不符合实验与工程现实。通过检测与分析,掌握了垃圾渗滤液的水质特性与污染源头,能够为制定切实可行的处理方案提供借鉴。     

Characterization of the Leachate in an Urban Landfill by Physicochemical Analysis and Solid Phase Microextraction-GC/MS

The aim of this study is to evaluate extensively the characterization and identification of major pollutant parameters by paying attention to the organic chemical pollution for unregulated dumping site leachate in Eskişehir/Turkey. The study that is first and only one research has been very important data related with before new sanitary landfill site in Eskişehir city. For this purpose, in this study leachate samples were collected in-situ at monthly interval for a period of 8 months. Firstly, thirty three physicochemical parameters were monitored. Secondly, SPME technique was used for identification of organic pollutants. Meteorological data were also recorded for the same sampling period to correlate meteorological data and physicochemical parameters. Mean values are used in the correlation analysis. Correlation is shown only for the relationship between air temperature and NO₃ ⁻. No correlation has been found between rain and leachate quality parameters since the amount of rain was very low during the sampling period. However, analysis results were generally decreased in winter season when each parameter and each sampling point are examined separately. According to correlation between every parameter, especially solid content and dissolved oxygen concentration of leachate is affecting to other parameters. Also, sodium and potassium are changing proportionally with same parameters (suspended solids, fixed solids, dissolved oxygen) and high correlation between chloride and heavy metal concentration is showing. The results were statistically evaluated by use of SPSS 10.0 program. Second part of the study, the leachate was extracted by Solid Phase Microextraction (SPME) technique and then analyzed. Of the methodologies tested in this study, the best one selected was based on 100 μ m polydimethylsiloxane coated fiber (PDMS), headspace with heating (Δ HS) sampling mode and an extraction time of 15 min. at a temperature of 50 ^o C. Thirty three organic compounds in leachate were identified by GC/MS.     

多波长法用于减小浊度对水源水中甲醛测定结果的影响

比较了减小水样浊度对样品结果影响的各种方法,包括过滤法、双波长法、三波长法,3种方法均基于乙酰丙酮分光光度法,测定波长均为414 nm。结果表明,以480 nm为参比波长的双波长法所得方法检出限为0.027 mg/L,采用470 nm与360 nm、460 nm与370 nm、450 nm与380 nm 3对参比波长的三波长法测得方法检出限为0.025~0.028 mg/L,这些方法用于检测0.100 mg/L标准点样品时,检测结果 RSD介于8.0%~8.6%。双波长法适合低浊度样品的直接分析,而浊度较高或双波长法测得结果大于方法检出限时,应采用三波长法进行定量分析,他们的使用有助于提高方法的准确度及减少工作量。用于地表水样品分析时,0.200、0.400 mg/L加标样品的回收率介于90.3%~101%,对应RSD介于0.0%~4.2%。     

北京市废弃物处理温室气体排放特征

基于《2006年IPCC国家温室气体清单指南》推荐的方法,结合《省级温室气体清单编制指南（试行）》和《城市温室气体核算工具指南》的部分数据与核算范围,针对固体废弃物填埋、焚烧和废水处理等过程,核算了北京市2005-2014年废弃物处理过程中温室气体总排放量。结果表明：2005-2014年北京市废弃物处理过程温室气体总排放量呈逐渐上升趋势,2014年温室气体总排放量比2005年增长98%。10年间,固体废弃物填埋过程一直是最主要的温室气体排放源,到2014年排放量达到最大,为416.3×10⁴t二氧化碳当量（CO₂e）。废弃物填埋、废水处理和废弃物焚烧过程占总排放量的比例分别为78.5%（CO₂e质量分数,下同）、13.5%和8%。结合已有研究,系统优化国内7个典型城市废弃物处理温室气体排放因子,核算7个城市排放情况,并对比分析了北京市排放情况。     

Toxicity Testing of Leachate from Waste Landfills Using Medaka (Oryzias Latipes) for Monitoring Environmental Safety

To investigate the environmental safety of waste disposal landfill sites and of land reclaimed from such sites, we evaluated the toxicity of leachate from these sites by a combination of bioassays in the Japanese killifish medaka Oryzias latipes. We tested for lethal toxicity in adult and larval medaka and for hatching inhibition of embryos from eggs. As biochemical evidence of the effects of leachate exposure, CYP1A (EROD activity) and vitellogenin (Vtg) were induced. We also bioassayed water-treated leachate and downstream river water. Leachate solution was lethal to larval and adult medaka. Embryo hatchability was inhibited, and abnormal hatching, spinal deformity and anisophthalmia occurred in embryos exposed to leachate solution. CYP1A was induced by exposure to leachate solution diluted to 1.0%, and EROD activity was significantly higher than in control. Vtg and unknown proteins were induced in the sera of male medaka exposed to the diluted leachate solution. Conventional water treatments worked effectively to remove toxic compounds but did not work well to remove element ions, including heavy metals. Treated leachate produced neither lethal toxicity nor hatching abnormalities during the exposure period. Fish toxicity tests for leachate would be useful for monitoring the environmental safety of landfill sites.     

Indexing method for assessment of pollution potential of leachate from non-engineered landfill sites and its effect on ground water quality

Dumping of solid waste in a non-engineered landfill site often leads to contamination of ground water due to leachate percolation into ground water. The present paper assesses the pollution potential of leachate generated from three non-engineered landfill sites located in the Tricity region (one each in cities of Chandigarh, Mohali and Panchkula) of Northern India and its possible effects of contamination of groundwater. Analysis of physico-chemical properties of leachate from all the three landfill sites and the surrounding groundwater samples from five different downwind distances from each of the landfill sites were collected and tested to determine the leachate pollution index (LPI) and the water quality index (WQI). The Leachate Pollution Index values of 26.1, 27 and 27.8 respectively for landfill sites of Chandigarh (CHD), Mohali (MOH) and Panchkula (PKL) cities showed that the leachate generated are contaminated. The average pH values of the leachate samples over the sampling period (9.2 for CHD, 8.97 for MOH and 8.9 for PKL) show an alkaline nature indicating that all the three landfill sites could be classified as mature to old stage. The WQI calculated over the different downwind distances from the contamination sites showed that the quality of the groundwater improved with an increase in the downwind distance. Principal component analysis (PCA) carried out established major components mainly from natural and anthropogenic sources with cumulative variance of 88% for Chandigarh, 87.1% for Mohali and 87.8% for Panchkula. Hierarchical cluster analysis (HCA) identifies three distinct cluster types for the groundwater samples. These clusters corresponds to a relatively low pollution, moderate pollution and high pollution regions. It is suggested that all the three non-engineered landfill sites be converted to engineered landfill sites to prevent groundwater contamination and also new sites be considered for construction of these engineered landfill sites as the present dumpsites are nearing the end of their lifespan capacity.     

多元线性回归pH滴定同时测定垃圾渗滤液中重金属浓度

垃圾渗滤液中的高浓度重金属离子严重抑止了废水生化处理过程中微生物的生长与代谢。通过建立多元线性回归模型,结合pH络合滴定方法,实现了同时测定垃圾渗滤液中络合稳定常数极为接近的多种重金属离子浓度。该方法操作简便,准确可靠,适用于大批量相同组成试样的分析。     

A bench-scale rock-plant filter investigation

Three bench-scale rock filters containing 0.6 m of gravel were used in this investigation. Two of the filters were planted withSagittaria Iancifolia andScirpus validus, while the third filter was an unvegetated control filter. The wastewater directed through these systems was a synthetic mixture containing nutrient broth as the carbon source. An 80-day experiment was run on the filters using eight combinations of two flow rates and four influent biochemical oxygen demand (BOD₅) concentrations, each combination remaining constant for ten days. These combinations resulted in BOD₅ surface loadings from 4.63–30.96 g/day/m². From other studies of batch and continuous flow rock-plant filter systems, the first-order BOD₅ reaction rate constant was found to decrease exponentially with detention time. In this study, however, little correlation was found between BOD₅ loading rate and removal percentages, which averaged 69%, 57%, and 47% for theScirpus, Sagittaria, and control systems, respectively. This is probably due to the relatively small change in detention times studied and the short time period of each loading rate. Oxidation/reduction potential (ORP) and dissolved oxygen (DO) measurements within these systems indicated that no free oxygen was available at any depth. Total Kjeldahl nitrogen (TKN) removal was higher in the plant systems relative to the control, with theScirpus system achieving a higher overall removal than theSagittaria system.     

高效液相色谱-串联质谱法测定废水中5种喹诺酮类抗生素

建立高浓度有机废水中5种喹诺酮类抗生素的高效液相色谱-串联质谱测定方法。水样经HLB固相萃取小柱富集净化,12 ml甲醇洗脱、浓缩并加入内标溶液后,定容至1 mL待测。以C18柱为分离柱,含0.01%甲酸的甲醇-含0.01%甲酸的水溶液为流动相,目标物质在10 min内分离。在0.25~1 250 ng/mL范围内,目标物质线性关系良好(R20.99)。基质加标试验结果表明,纯水中的回收率为61.40%~91.92%,废水中的回收率为54.92%~101.87%,检出限为0.25~2.5 ng/L,方法定量限为0.36~3.99 ng/L。应用该方法对21家猪场的64份废水样品进行分析,5种喹诺酮类抗生素的检出频率为47%~95%,平均检出浓度为980~5 734 ng/L。该方法快速、准确,适用于高浓度有机废水中喹诺酮类抗生素的同时测定。     

Indices of Benthic Community Tolerance in Contaminated Great Lakes Sediments: Relations with Sediment Contaminant Concentrations, Sediment Toxicity, and the Sediment Quality Triad

We evaluated the toxic-units model developed by Wildhaber and Schmitt (1996) as a predictor of indices of mean tolerance to pollution (i.e., Lenat, 1993; Hilsenhoff, 1987) and other benthic community indices from Great Lakes sediments containing complex mixtures of environmental contaminants (e.g., polychlorinated biphenyls – PCBs, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons – PAHs, pesticides, chlorinated dioxins, and metals). Sediment toxic units were defined as the ratio of the estimated pore-water concentration of a contaminant to its chronic toxicity as estimated by U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Ambient Water Quality Criteria (AWQC) or other applicable standard. The total hazard of a sediment to aquatic life was assessed by summing toxic units for all contaminants quantified. Among the benthic community metrics evaluated, total toxic units were most closely correlated with Lenat's (1993) and Hilsenhoff's (1987) indices of community tolerance (T _L and T _H , respectively); toxic units accounted for 42% T _L and 53% T _H of variability in community tolerance as measured by Ponar grabs. In contrast, taxonomic richness and Shannon-Wiener diversity were not correlated (P > 0.05) with toxic units. Substitution of order- or family-level identifications for lowest possible (mostly genus- or species-) level identifications in the calculation of T _L and T _H indices weakened the relationships with toxic units. Tolerance values based on order- and family-level identifications of benthos for artificial substrate samples were more strongly correlated with toxic units than tolerance values for benthos from Ponar grabs. The ability of the toxic-units model to predict the other two components (i.e., laboratory-measured sediment toxicity and benthic community composition) of the Sediment Quality Triad (SQT) may obviate the need for the SQT in some situations.