Occurrence and distribution of phosphate solubilizing bacteria and phosphatase in marine sediments at Porto Novo

The occurrence and distribution of a special group of bacteria, capable of dissolving insoluble phosphates, were studied in marine environments, especially in sediments. The phosphatase activity was also investigated. Clayey sediments contained more phosphate solubilizing bacteria and phosphatase than sandy sediments. There was a positive correlation between the total phosphate content and the phosphatase activity. The phosphatase activity was recorded in all samples, irrespective of salinity variations. The role of various factors of the sediments in maintaining the phosphate availability in the overlying water is discussed.Contribution No. 102, Marine Biological Station, Annamalai University, Porto Novo, Tamil Nadu, South India.     

磷细菌筛选及其对苗期玉米生长的影响

从潮土、水稻土、砂姜黑土、石灰土上植物根际土壤和根中分离了86株磷细菌,通过NBRIP液体摇瓶培养3 d,培养液水溶磷质量浓度为4.2～387.3 mg.L^-1,水溶磷质量浓度与培养液pH呈显著负相关（r^2=0.621 6）。筛选出3株磷细菌进行玉米盆栽试验,结果表明,1株磷细菌处理的玉米干物质量和吸磷量与对照（处理4）相比无显著差异,2株磷细菌处理的玉米干物质量和吸磷量与对照相比有明显增加,干物质量增加了19.6%～37.5%,吸磷量增加了22.7%～40.2%,其中编号为HCW115解磷菌株的效果相当于施用无机磷（P）10 mg.kg^-1处理。     

Carbon substrate usage by zooplankton-associated bacteria,phytoplankton-associated bacteria,and free-living bacteria under aerobic and anaerobic conditions

Mesozooplankton provide oxic and anoxic microhabitats for associated bacteria, whose carbon substrate usage activities complement those of the ambient bacteria. The metabolic profiles of bacterial communities associated with the calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa under aerobic and anaerobic conditions were examined in comparison with phytoplankton-associated bacteria. Carbon substrate usage by phytoplankton-associated bacteria was significantly different than that of copepod-associated bacteria in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Substrate utilization by copepod-associated bacteria was more dependent upon oxygen condition than whether the bacteria were located on the copepod exoskeleton or within the gut. Results suggest that gut bacteria were responsible for a large portion of anaerobic substrate usage by copepod-associated bacteria. The metabolic profiles of bacteria associated with six common zooplankton groups and free-living bacteria collected in July 2012 from the York River estuary, Virginia, (37°14′50.36″N, 76°29′58.03W) were also compared, and there were significant differences in their substrate utilization patterns between aerobic and anaerobic incubations, and among the different zooplankton groups. Through trophic interactions, phytoplankton-associated or free-living bacteria may be introduced to the anoxic zooplankton gut and its associated bacterial community. Inclusion of these anaerobic microenvironments and their microbial inhabitants increased the total number of substrates used by 57 % over what was used by aerobic phytoplankton-associated bacteria alone, and by 50 % over what was used by aerobic free-living bacteria in the York River. Therefore, the presence of zooplankton-associated microhabitats and their bacteria expanded the functionality of aquatic microbial communities and led to a more comprehensive substrate usage.     

磷酸盐添加对快速好氧堆肥过程pH及腐熟效果的影响

随着我国环保政策的日趋严格,具有堆肥周期短、产品质量好、二次污染小等优点的反应器快速好氧堆肥工艺受到人们的广泛关注.然而,由于堆肥原料的有机物含量高,导致快速堆肥初期的有机酸累积,堆体pH偏低,影响堆肥效果.本研究拟通过添加磷酸盐,解决剩余污泥反应器快速堆肥过程出现的pH偏低问题.结果表明,添加磷酸盐可有效控制堆体pH,堆肥初期,HPO_4~-通过与有机酸解离产生的H~+反应生成H_2PO~-_4,提高堆体pH,堆肥后期,蛋白质降解产生较多NH~+_4,导致pH升高,堆体中的H_2PO~-_4通过与OH~-结合生成HPO_4~-,降低堆体pH.当HPO_4~-与H_2PO~-_4的摩尔比为2∶5时,堆体pH值可维持在6.0—8.5之间,有机物降解率最高,堆体的NH~+_4-N含量最大,达3.99 mg·g~(-1),堆肥过程的保氮效果较好,且所得堆肥产品的种子发芽指数也较高,腐熟程度良好.     

邻氯苯酚抑制光合细菌1D生长的毒性效应

以农药厂排污口下游底泥分离筛选得到的红假单胞菌Rhodopseudomonas sp.1D为研究对象,考察了不同质量浓度邻氯苯酚对1D生长和脱氢酶活性的影响.实验结果表明,随着培养液中邻氯苯酚质量浓度的增加,1D的生长明显受到抑制,当培养液中邻氯苯酚质量浓度为800 mg·L-1时,1D的生长几乎被完全抑制.菌株1D的脱氢酶活性随着邻氯苯酚质量浓度增加而明显降低,当邻氯苯酚质量浓度为570 mg·L-1时,1D的脱氢酶活性下降程度为100%.在此基础上进一步运用化学品对水生生物急性毒性试验的标准方法研究了邻氯苯酚对1D的毒性效应.结果表明,邻氯苯酚对1D生长的安全质量浓度为9.375mg·L-1.通过与湖水中微生物的半致死质量浓度96LC50进行比较可知,1D对毒物邻氯苯酚的耐受性高于自然水体中混合微生物对邻氯苯酚的耐受性.     

厌氧条件总磷还原为磷化氢种泥筛选及功能菌株鉴定

厌氧除磷是一种高效、节能、低耗的方法。获取经济、方便、高效的种泥是实现该方法的前提,种泥中产生磷化氢功能菌株的组成及特性是提高处理效能和开发新工艺的基础,目前此研究未见有关报道。本研究依据厌氧除磷理论,利用厌氧培养反应瓶、筛选培养基和微生物筛选、分离、鉴定的方法。以A2/O厌氧池、污泥浓缩池污泥、养殖场新鲜猪粪、鸡粪、牛粪及鸭粪为研究种泥,通过跟踪厌氧培养过程培养液中总磷的去除率和吸收液中磷化氢的生成量筛选出最佳种泥,并对最佳种泥的菌株进行筛选、分离和鉴定。结果表明,6种泥中鸡粪的厌氧除磷能力最强,鸭粪能力最弱,浓缩池中的污泥和猪粪次之,牛粪及厌氧池污泥有一定的作用。本试验条件下鸡粪是厌氧除磷的最佳种泥。经过3个周期的厌氧培养,6种泥培养液总磷的去除率和吸收液中磷化氢的含量随培养时间增长都有不同程度增加。鸡粪的最佳培养时间为5d。鸡粪培养液经21d培养后分离到1株芽孢杆菌属、1株假单胞菌属及2株肠杆菌科,明确了2株肠杆菌科中1株为埃希氏菌属另1株为柠檬酸杆菌属。     

Nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria in aerobic granules formed in sequencing batch airlift reactors

The purpose of this study was to investigate nitrifying bacteria and denitrifying bacteria isolated from aerobic granules. Aerobic granules were formed in an internal-circulate sequencing batch airlift reactor (SBAR) and biodegradation of NH₃ ^?-N was analyzed in the reactor. Bacteria were isolated and determined from aerobic granules using selected media. The growth properties and morphology of bacteria colonies were observed by controlling aerobic or anaerobic conditions in the culture medium. It was found that bacteria in aerobic granules were diverse and some of them were facultative aerobes. The diversity of bacteria in aerobic granules was a premise of simultaneous nitrification and denitrification.     

镉胁迫对两品种水稻生长及抗氧化酶系统的影响

水稻Oryza sativa L.被认为是Cd吸收最强的大宗谷类作物,本研究采用网室盆栽实验研究2个籽粒镉积累水平不同的水稻品种（中浙优1号、高Cd品种和J196、低Cd品种）,研究不同浓度Cd处理对水稻幼苗生长和抗氧化酶系统的影响。结果表明：高Cd水稻品种的Cd耐性高于低Cd水稻品种,表现为前者体内的MDA含量低于后者,而SOD、CAT、POD活性高于低Cd品种;在Cd胁迫下,高Cd品种的SOD 活性、CAT活性随Cd处理浓度增加先增后降,在10 mg·kg-1时达到峰值,POD活性则为先降后增,在Cd浓度为5 mg·kg-1时达到峰值;而低Cd品种随着外源Cd浓度增长,3种酶活性在25 mg·kg-1达到峰值,除SOD比对照降低外,CAT和POD分较对照升高38.07%和62.10%,表明在本试验处理下,Cd胁迫下,两品种中3种抗氧化酶保护作用不同,高Cd品种CAT的保护性最强,低Cd品种POD的保护作用最强。但本研究对两品种生长性状的研究却发现,高Cd品种的根系耐受指数及根系鲜质量显著低于低Cd品种,这可能和水稻对Cd的耐受原因多元化,且本实验条件下的Cd处理未产生植株生长抑制,Cd敏感品种自身的保护机制有关。     

Influence of phosphate depletion on the growth and colony formation of Phaeocystis pouchetii

The haptophycean alga Phaeocystis pouchetii (Hariot) Lagerheim, a bloom-forming species in the North Sea, formed massive colonies in batch cultures only when the phosphate concentration in the medium was below 1 mol l^-1. In general, colony cells and single cells showed a similar response to phosphate depletion: decreased cellular phosphate (up to a factor of 32), decreased chlorophyll-a concentration (up to a factor of 4.2) and high activities of alkaline phosphatase (APA). However, the growth rate of colony cells was reduced at low phosphate concentrations (<1 mol l^-1) in contrast to that of single cells. Colony cells tended to have a slightly higher phosphate concentration than single cells, while the increase in APA was delayed. The differences between single cells and colonies in phosphate utilization, cellular phosphate content, and growth rate cause, at low phosphate levels, a shift towards the formation of colonies. Similar changes seem to occur in nature during transition of nutrient-sufficient to nutrientlimited conditions.This investigation was supported by the Foundation for Fundamental Biological Research (BION), which is subsidized by the Dutch Organization for the Advancement of Pure Research (ZWO). Publication No. 8 of the project Ecological Research of the North Sea (EON)     

共存钙离子对镧铝改性稻壳生物炭除磷性能的影响

本研究利用稻壳制备高介孔率生物炭,然后用共沉淀法负载金属La、Al,制得镧铝改性稻壳基生物炭吸附剂.通过控制反应时间、磷浓度、共存阴离子、初始pH等条件,研究共存钙离子时对吸附剂除磷性能的影响.结果表明,La、Al在稻壳基生物炭上负载后呈无定型态;吸附剂的除磷过程符合伪二阶动力学模型和Langmuir模型,且Ca~(2+)的加入有利于提高磷的去除率,含Ca~(2+)体系的最终除磷效果是无Ca~(2+)时的2.6倍;含竞争阴离子时,Ca~(2+)的加入会使F~-对磷吸附的抑制作用减弱,使HCO_3~-对磷吸附的抑制作用略微增强;在pH值为2.0—8.0时,Ca~(2+)能提高改性生物炭的吸附容量,而pH8.0时主要是钙离子与磷酸盐的沉淀作用使体系中磷大量被去除.     

Genetic diversity of aerobic anoxygenic photosynthetic bacteria in open ocean surface waters and upper twilight zones

Aerobic anoxygenic phototrophic bacteria (AAPB) represent a widespread mixotrophic bacterial group in marine ecosystems. Here we investigated AAPB genetic diversity in the surface waters and upper twilight zones of the central Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian oceans by amplifying an AAPB marker gene (pufM, encoding photosynthetic reaction center small subunit) directly from bacterioplankton community DNA. Phylogenetic and statistical analysis of 267 pufM partial sequences in six clone libraries revealed a high diversity pattern in open ocean AAPB communities. Various AAPB subgroups belonging to Alpha- and Gamma-proteobacteria were found in both surface and upper twilight zone waters. In most samples, subgroups in which no pure culture was isolated as yet were predominant. By sampling a wide size range of bacterioplankton (0.22–200 μm) and introducing nested PCR to amplification, we retrieved abundant pufM fragments (136 sequences in 37 OTUs) directly from upper twilight zone samples. AAPB populations in upper twilight zones covered major subgroups found in surface waters and had a slightly lower diversity, higher dominance, and lower GC and GC₃ contents in pufM genes than those in surface AAPB populations. These diversity data combined with previous BChl.a data in upper twilight zones support the hypothesis that AAPB may be present below euphotic zones based on the speculation that AAPB can utilize the dim light in twilight zones as a supplement to energy supply in their heterotrophic lives.     

Effect of natural preservatives on the growth of histamine producing bacteria

Present study deals with the hampering of the growth of histamine producing bacteria (HPB), by using NaCl and spices which are easily available and cheaper cost wise. For this experiment, four strains of HPB viz. Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Bacillus cereus, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Proteus mirabilis were tested against 1 to 10% concentrations of NaCl and 1 to 5% concentrations of natural preservatives (turmeric, ginger and garlic) in a basal medium. HPB showed different growth rates at different concentrations of NaCl and natural preservatives. V. parahaemolyticus, B. cereus and Ps. aeruginosa showed no growth at 10% concentration. When the HPB growth was tested with garlic, turmeric and ginger extracts, growth of all the bacteria was inhibited by garlic and turmeric extracts at 5% concentration. In ginger, V. parahaemolyticus, B. cereus and P. mirabilis were totally inhibited at 5% concentration. But Ps. aeruginosa showed very less growth at this concentration.     

镉污染对水稻不同生育期生长和品质的影响

通过盆栽试验,研究了在CK、5、10和20 mg·kg-1 4个不同镉处理浓度下,水稻生长发育农艺指标和部分品质指标的变化,同时分析了不同生育期水稻根系活力和伤流液中镉含量的变化规律.结果表明,淹水条件下,镉对水稻产生生育障碍的浓度比较高.土镉20.84 mg-kg-1时,水稻的经济产量减产超过10%,同时,糙米中直链淀粉的含量也显著增加.当土壤镉含量为4.48 mg·kg-1时,糙米中镉含量显著增加而蛋白质含量显著减少.在水稻不同的生长发育期,根系活力与伤流液中镉的含量表现出相同的变化趋势.伤流液中镉在营养生长阶段吸收最大,且与土壤中的镉呈线性关系.     

Influence of bacteria on growth and hemolysin production by the marine dinoflagellate Amphidinium carterae

The effect of various bacteria on the growth of and hemolysin production by Amphidinium carterae was studied. The algal culture had an indigenous bacterial flora of Moraxella and Pseudomonas and these could not be eliminated by treatment with bactericidal antibiotics like gentamicin. Various bacteria like Micrococcus, Aeromonas, Vibrio, and Moraxella-like bacteria were added to A. carterae cultures to study their effect on growth and hemolysin production. Micrococcus and Aeromonas were found to improve the growth marginally. Hemolysin titres were considerably higher in A. carterae cultures supplemented with bacteria. Received: 27 May 1997 / Accepted: 22 July 1997     

镨对镉胁迫下水稻幼苗根系生长和根系形态的影响

为了解稀土镨对镉胁迫下水稻（OryzasativaL．）根系毒害的缓解效应,以水稻幼苗为实验材料,采用溶液培养方法,研究了50μmol·L-1镉胁迫下不同浓度镨对水稻幼苗根系鲜质量、形态和根系活力的影响。结果表明,50μmol·L-1镉胁迫下,水稻根系生长受到明显的抑制,根系鲜质量、根长、根表面积、根体积和根系活力明显降低,且随镉处理时间的延长,抑制程度加重。但镉对根系平均直径无明显影响。23—184μmol·L-1的镨对水稻镉毒害有一定的缓解效果,可不同程度的减轻镉对幼苗的伤害,促进了镉胁迫下根系鲜质量、根系长度、根系表面积和根系体积的增加,提高了根系活力,且随着处理时间的延长,缓解效应愈加明显,与单镉毒害相比,镨处理5天后根系鲜质量、根长、根表面积、根体积和根系活力分别提高了0．92％～14．8％、1．61％～16．3％、2．57％～20．3％、1．52％-17．2％和3．71％～32．8％,处理10d后根系鲜质量、根长、根表面积、根体积和根系活力分别提高了2．55％-31．2％、1．44％～21．4％、1．78％～27．2％、2．16％～23．4％和8．14％～52．9％;此外,23．184μmol·L-1的镨处理对直径≤1．0mm的根长和根表面积、直径0．5mm〈D≤1．0mm的根体积影响较大,其分别提高了0．9％～24．3％、1．9％。32．6％、0．4％～33．2％,其中以92μmol·L-1镨缓解效果最好。但随着镨浓度的进一步加大,当镨浓度达到230μmol·L-1时,反而会使水稻根系受到更严重的毒害。     

镧对镉胁迫下水稻幼苗生长及生理特性的影响

选择10mg·L-1La(N03)3作为生物调控因子,通过营养液培养实验,研究了水稻(Oryza sativa L.)幼苗在遭受镉胁迫(50mg·L-1和100mg·L-1两种CdCl2处理)后,稀土元素镧对抗氧化酶(SOD和CAT)活性、脂质过氧化产物MDA含量、质膜透性、叶绿素质量分数、根系活力、幼苗生长及镉质量分数等生理生长指标的影响,以探讨稀土在重金属胁迫下对作物的防护效应。研究结果表明:水稻幼苗遭受镉胁迫的初期,镧对提高SOD和CAT的活性,降低MDA含量和质膜透性,提高叶绿素质量分数和根系活力有明显的正效应,但是随着镉胁迫程度的加重和胁迫时间的延长,这种作用开始下降,最后甚至与镉发生协同作用,不仅不能缓解镉对水稻幼苗的毒害,反而更加剧了镉对水稻幼苗的毒害,这说明适量的稀土元素对重金属胁迫下植物生长有一定的防护效应,但是这种效应与重金属胁迫的浓度大小、胁迫的时间长短有着密切的关系。此外,镉在水稻幼苗体内的富集规律是:根系>地上部,镉的富集与各处理组镉浓度之间有比较明显的剂量效应关系,但是,镧处理并未降低水稻幼苗地上部分及根系中镉的质量分数。     

改性天然磷灰石促进Pb/Zn复合污染土壤的稳定化修复

采用草酸和柠檬酸分别与天然磷灰石共培养以对其改性,并将改性磷灰石用于Pb/Zn复合污染土壤的稳定化修复,借助XRD、FTIR等仪器方法表征改性磷灰石的物相组成及其P结合形态的转变,采用TCLP方法评价改性天然磷灰石对土壤重金属的修复效果.研究表明,草酸改性磷灰石诱导了草酸钙生成,并且32.4%的P由稳定形态转化为水溶态,而柠檬酸改性未能使磷灰石主要成分发生显著变化,仅有0.28%的P转化为水溶态P.与天然磷灰石相比,改性磷灰石提高了对Pb和Zn的稳定性.草酸改性磷灰石可同时有效地稳定土壤中的Pb和Zn,稳定化效率分别为68%—100%和64%—73%,其固定机制主要是形成难溶的磷酸盐沉淀;柠檬酸改性磷灰石对Pb和Zn的稳定化效率分别为20%和62%—69%,对Pb和Zn的稳定性主要是通过吸附作用.总之,草酸改性磷灰石对Pb和Zn的稳定化优于柠檬酸改性磷灰石,是一种高效经济的土壤重金属稳定化修复材料.     

镨对镉胁迫下水稻幼苗根系生长和根系形态的影响

为了解稀土镨对镉胁迫下水稻(Oryza sativa L.)根系毒害的缓解效应,以水稻幼苗为实验材料,采用溶液培养方法,研究了50μmol·L-1镉胁迫下不同浓度镨对水稻幼苗根系鲜质量、形态和根系活力的影响。结果表明,50μmol·L-1镉胁迫下,水稻根系生长受到明显的抑制,根系鲜质量、根长、根表面积、根体积和根系活力明显降低,且随镉处理时间的延长,抑制程度加重。但镉对根系平均直径无明显影响。23～184μmol·L-1的镨对水稻镉毒害有一定的缓解效果,可不同程度的减轻镉对幼苗的伤害,促进了镉胁迫下根系鲜质量、根系长度、根系表面积和根系体积的增加,提高了根系活力,且随着处理时间的延长,缓解效应愈加明显,与单镉毒害相比,镨处理5天后根系鲜质量、根长、根表面积、根体积和根系活力分别提高了0.92%～14.8%、1.61%～16.3%、2.57%～20.3%、1.52%～17.2%和3.71%～32.8%,处理10d后根系鲜质量、根长、根表面积、根体积和根系活力分别提高了2.55%～31.2%、1.44%～21.4%、1.78%～27.2%、2.16%～23.4%和8.14%～52.9%;此外,23～184μmol·L-1的镨处理对直径≤1.0mm的根长和根表面积、直径0.5mmD≤1.0mm的根体积影响较大,其分别提高了0.9%～24.3%、1.9%～32.6%、0.4%～33.2%,其中以92μmol·L-1镨缓解效果最好。但随着镨浓度的进一步加大,当镨浓度达到230μmol·L-1时,反而会使水稻根系受到更严重的毒害。     

Role of bacteria in larval settlement and metamorphosis of the polychaete Hydroides elegans

The serpulid polychaete Hydroides elegans Haswell, 1883 is an early colonist of new substrata in Pearl Harbor, Oahu, Hawaii. When metamorphically competent, larvae of H. elegans will settle rapidly upon an acceptably biofilmed surface, but not on a clean surface. In this study we found the ability of larvae to respond selectively to inductive surfaces to be retained for at least 3 wk. Of a series of bacterial strains isolated from Hawaiian marine biofilms, 13 induced larval settlement, 11 gave moderate or mixed results, and 10 others did not stimulate the settlement of H. elegans. The amount of settlement induced by monospecific strains was rarely as great as with natural, multispecies films. Most of the isolated bacteria were motile Gram-negative rods, but Gram-positive strains were also present, and diverse metabolic types were represented in the study. Biofilms killed by treatment with heat, ultraviolet radiation or chemical fixatives were no longer inductive. Soluble, dialyzable, heat-stable bacterial products induced settlement and metamorphosis more slowly. The range of bacteria producing an inductive signal suggests either that there are multiple cues, or that the cue is common to many bacteria. Chemical signals characteristic of early microbial biofilms may indicate freshly available substrata with optimal potential for the growth and survival of H. elegans. Received: 30 January 1998 / Accepted: 12 September 1998     

稻草型生物有机肥对萝卜的作用效果

为推广应用稻草型生物有机肥,采用田间小区试验研究了稻草型生物有机肥对萝卜(Raphanus sativus)功能叶叶绿素含量、碳氮代谢关键酶活性、萝卜产量和品质的影响.结果表明:稻草型生物有机肥处理Ⅰ与等NPK养分施用量的纯化肥处理Ⅱ和菜枯肥处理Ⅲ相比,可提高萝卜功能叶叶绿素含量、防止功能叶早衰;提高硝酸还原酶、蔗糖合成酶、蔗糖磷酸合成酶三种碳氮代谢关键酶活性.处理Ⅰ使萝卜的产量分别比处理Ⅱ和处理Ⅲ提高4.48%、6.01%,维生素C分别提高22.48%、28.24%,可溶性糖含量分别提高10.39%、19.91%,萝卜硝酸盐含量分别下降8.78%和16.67%,且以上4个指标处理Ⅰ与处理Ⅱ和处理Ⅲ的差异均达极显著水平,此外亚硝酸盐含量也明显降低.