长江三角洲南部地面沉降与地裂缝

过量开采地下水导致长江三角洲南部产生严重的地面沉降和地裂缝,造成巨大的经济损失。地面沉降和地裂缝的发生和发展在时空上与地下水开采具有密切联系,在地下水开采高峰期,地面沉降速率明显增加,在地下水位稳定期和回升期,地面沉降速率显著减小,甚至出现少量回弹。平面上,地面沉降分布形态与主采层地下水位分布形态具有很强的关联性;垂向上,地面沉降分布形态与沉降层、主采层及土层的厚度、压缩性等有关,弱透水层和含水层都可能成为主要沉降层。开采地下水条件下土层的变形与其经历的地下水位变化过程有关,不仅弱透水层存在塑性和粘塑性变形,在一定水位变化条件下含水砂层也存在塑性和粘塑性变形。地面沉降是地表下所有受影响土层的变形之和,为了控制地面沉降和地裂缝的发展,应限制地下水的开采量,尤其是避免出现地下水位低于土层历史上曾经达到的最低水位。     

江西景德镇城区岩溶塌陷地质特征及防治建议

通过1∶5万区域水文地质和环境地质调查,利用物探、钻探等手段研究江西景德镇城区岩溶塌陷地质特征及其发育规律。景德镇城区覆盖型碳酸盐岩基岩面起伏大,浅部岩溶发育,土洞较多,第四系岩性结构复杂,覆盖层厚度一般<20m,地下水埋藏浅。通过分析该区岩溶塌陷分布特征、形成条件和诱发控制因素,确定抽排地下水是该区岩溶塌陷的主要诱发因素。在预测岩溶塌陷发展趋势的基础上,对可能发生岩溶塌陷的区域进行初步预测,并针对性提出相应的保护和防治措施,为城市工程建设和环境保护提供参考。     

柳州三都地区岩溶塌陷易发性评价

柳州三都镇近年持续发生岩溶塌陷,现已形成1处塌陷群和4处塌陷坑,制约了三都镇的城镇发展。在获取三都地区地质背景条件资料的基础上,对该地区岩溶塌陷易发性影响因素进行了分析,并据此选择基岩、覆盖层、自然条件下地下水活动、人类工程活动、岩溶塌陷现状作为评价因素类,在这5类评价因素类下选定岩溶发育程度、土层厚度、土洞密度、地下水水位年变幅、地下水渗流强度、抽水强度、地面附加荷载、塌陷坑密度8项子因素作为评价因子,采用模糊综合评价方法对该地区岩溶塌陷易发性进行了评价与分区,其中利用AHP方法进行因子权重计算,利用GIS空间分析平台进行空间叠加分析和评价结果输出。评价结果表明:研究区可分为岩溶塌陷高易发区、中等易发区和不易发区,面积分别为1.18km~2、2.56km~2、0.26km~2,各区分布与实际情况基本相符,具有较高的可信度。     

基岩山区地下水系统图编制思路与方法初步研究

如何编制一张地下水系统图件现已逐步成为水文地质工作者关心的热点。基岩山区的地下水系统图件编制尚未有明确的参考规范,利用香溪河岩溶流域1∶5万水文地质调查成果,对基岩山区地下水系统编图进行研究,初步提出地下水系统图件编制的一些思路与方法,并尝试用地下水系统图件来更好地展现图幅区水文地质条件,对水文地质工作者具有重要的参考价值。     

焦作地区岩溶地下水铬(Ⅵ)污染过程研究

岩溶地下水是焦作市主要饮用水水源,受人类活动影响,局部地下水中铬(Ⅵ)浓度逐渐升高。利用氢氧稳定同位素在辨析不同水体水力联系方面的原理,结合不同水体的水化学组成,判定岩溶地下水中铬(Ⅵ)污染来源。结果表明,研究区岩溶地下水铬(Ⅵ)含量升高与粉煤灰有关,主要污染过程为含铬粉煤灰的灰水渗滤液借助凤凰山断层破碎带进入岩溶地下水G6,同时进入下游岩溶地下水G1,泉水、大气降水、河水以及土壤等不会引起岩溶地下水铬(Ⅵ)含量升高。     

岩溶关键带微量元素运移的时空变化:以豫西鸡冠洞为例

为探索岩溶关键带元素运移时空变化特征及过程,自2009年10月至2015年5月对我国北方典型岩溶关键带——河南西部鸡冠洞相互作用带中各组分(大气降水、土壤、基岩、洞穴滴水、洞穴现代沉积物)进行了连续定点监测及取样分析,共获得650个实验数据.对比了Ca、Mg、Ba、Sr、δ~(13)C及元素比值在不同组分中的变化情况及运移规律.结果表明:(1)土壤与基岩是滴水的主要物质来源,Mg、Ba、Sr符合"土壤-基岩"二元物源模型,但各自所占比例并不相同.(2)在空间上,洞穴系统相互作用带中各元素迁移相互联系.滴水继承了土壤及基岩的信号,现代沉积物又能延续滴水各元素的信息.元素在土壤纵剖面中表现出了明显的淋溶和淀积作用,最下层土壤较好地继承了基岩中微量元素的信息.(3)在时间上,洞穴系统相互作用带中各元素迁移复杂多变.土壤及滴水受降水淋滤作用影响皆表现明显的季节差异,然在岩溶水运移路径、PCP作用、极端干旱和年降水雨型的影响下,滴水元素浓度旱、雨季差异明显较土壤小.而PCP作用及元素选择性淋滤等因素又改变了沉积物中元素对滴水元素的延续特性.     

萍-乐坳陷带之岩溶发育规律及岩溶水富集特征

萍-乐坳陷带为江西省最主要的隐伏岩溶发育区带之一,岩溶地层发育,地表水、地下水循环交替强烈,地质构造复杂,为岩溶的发育、岩溶地下水的富集提供了良好的条件.查明岩溶发育规律及岩溶水的富集特征,可为地下水资源合理开发与地质环境保护提供科学依据.     

鹤壁市岩溶地下水发育特征研究

鹤壁市岩溶属于中国北方型。西部碳酸盐岩裸露,东部为埋藏型碳酸盐岩。含水层岩性以奥陶系中统灰岩、白云质灰岩为主。区内岩溶地层发育,地质构造复杂,地下水循环交替强烈,为岩溶的发育、岩溶地下水的富集提供了良好的条件。在大量勘查研究成果的基础上,查明岩溶发育特征及分布规律,可为地下水资源合理开发与地质环境保护提供科学依据。     

咸阳地裂缝成因分析

咸阳地裂缝出现于1992年,以近东西向为主,局部发育为近南北向,水平拉张位移最明显,垂直位移次之,水平扭动位移最小,为拉张兼具左旋地裂缝。咸阳地裂缝的出现位置与区域构造线吻合,说明与区域地质构造环境密切相关,构造带的存在与活动为地裂缝的发育提供了空间条件和力学薄弱界面,而承压水头的急剧下降,最终使地裂缝的出现成为可能。     

关于高矿化度矿井水对生态环境的影响及防治对策

1 矿区概况 永夏矿区属华北晚古生界聚煤区,含煤地层主要为石炭二迭系。 区内地下水发育,按其岩性、地质年代及富水性,可分为第四系孔隙潜水、第三系孔隙承压力、上二迭裂隙承压水、上石炭系岩溶高承压水及奥陶系岩溶高承压水等五个含水层。第四系浅层地下水分布广泛,沉积稳定,富水性较强,渗透性能好。水位埋     

青春 责任 梦想 行动 2015年千名青年环境友好使者夏令营侧记

<正>"我们处在世界正在发生重大变革的时代,中国也正在实现着民族伟大复兴的关键时刻。青年人要承担什么责任?""我们应该团结更多的青年人,向全社会积极宣传环保理念,保护我们共同生存的家园。"一名青年使者刚刚回答完贾峰主任的问题,全场响起的是掌声——雷鸣般的掌声!8月17日,2015年"千名青年环境友好使者夏令营"在成都市温江区正式开营。环境保护部宣传教育中心主任贾峰亲临现场,并为青年学子们讲授了热情     

Asbeste Arten,Entstehung, Bedeutung,Problematik

Types of asbestos are distinguished not only by structure, chemical compositon, shape of aggregates, and length and quality of fibers, but also by its formation. Though consisting of quite common elements, deposits are formed only under very special conditions. Its unique combination of properties has created over 3000 fields of application (about 70% in asbestos cement). Great efforts have been made to substitute all types of asbestos by harmless, similarly cheap and versatile synthetic fibers, owing to the unquestioned carcinogenic properties of all asbestos dusts. However, development of such fibers has not made any remarkable progress until recently. Consequently risk to workers in mining and manufactoring, consumers, outsiders, and the environment should be kept as low as possible by intensifying precautions and diminishing emissions.     

Effect of CaO on retention of S, Cl, Br, As, Mn, V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, W and Pb in bottom ashes from fluidized-bed coal combustion power station

This work was conducted to evaluate whether Ca-bearing additives used during coal combustion can also help with the retention of some other elements. This work was focused on the evaluation of bottom ashes collected during four full-scale combustion tests at an operating thermal fluidized-bed power station. Bottom ashes were preferred to fly ashes for the study to avoid interference from condensation processes usually occurring in the post-combustion zone. This work focused on the behaviors of S, Cl, Br, As, Mn, V, Cr, Ni, Cu,Zn, W, and Pb. Strong positive correlations with CaO content in bottom ashes were observed（for all four combustion tests） for S, As, Cl and Br（R = 0.917-0.999）. Strong inverse proportionality was calculated between the contents of Pb, Zn, Ni, Cr and Mn and CaO, so these elements showed association to materials other than Ca-bearing compounds（e.g., to aluminosilicates, organic matter, etc.）. Somewhat unclear behaviors were observed for W, Cu, and V. Their correlation coefficients were evaluated as statistically ＂not significant＂, i.e., these elements were not thought to be significantly associated with CaO. It was also discovered that major enrichment of CaO in the finest bottom ash fractions could be advantageously used for simple separation of elements strongly associated with these fractions, mainly S and As, but also Cl or Br. Removal of5% of the finest ash particles brings about a decrease in As concentration down to 77%-80% of its original bulk ash content, which can be conveniently used e.g., when high As content complicates further ash utilization.     

意大利的金枪鱼、箭鱼、鸬鹚以及家燕等体内的多氯萘、多氯联苯、多氯二苯-p-二恶英、多氯二苯并呋喃以及p,p''''-DDE

我们曾对从意大利收集的金枪鱼、箭鱼、普通鸬鹚以及家燕体内的p,p'-DDE、多氯联苯同类物(PCBs)、多氯二苯-p-二恶英(PCDDs)、多氯二苯并呋喃(PCDFs)以及多氯萘(PCNs)浓度进行过测量.     

Algorithmen,gehirne, computer

In order to say something substantial about the fundamental limits of machines (especially of computers) and of human calculations, we must explicate the concept of algorithm. Such an explication is provided by the Turing machine. Thus, problems have been discovered which cannot be solved algorithmically. For other problems there are problem-solving procedures, but no elegant algorithms. That men are fundamentally superior to machines has not been shown as yet.     

The monitoring,Evaluation, reporting,verification, and certification of energy-efficiency projects

In this paper, we present an overview of guidelinesdeveloped for the monitoring, evaluation, reporting,verification, and certification (MERVC) ofenergy-efficiency projects for climate changemitigation. The monitoring and evaluation ofenergy-efficiency projects is needed to determine moreaccurately their impact on greenhouse gas (GHG)emissions and other attributes, and to ensure that theglobal climate is protected and that countryobligations are met. Reporting, verification andcertification will be needed for addressing therequirements of the Kyoto Protocol. While the cost ofmonitoring and evaluation of energy-efficiencyprojects is expected to be about 5–10% of a project'sbudget, the actual cost of monitoring and evaluationwill vary depending on many factors, including thelevel of precision required for measuring energy andGHG reductions, type of project, and amount of fundingavailable.