武汉市江夏区武嘉高速桩基施工岩溶塌陷形成条件及机理研究

岩溶塌陷是我国主要的地质灾害之一,给当地人们的生活及经济建设带来巨大的安全隐患和损失。从第四系覆盖层、岩溶发育程度、水动力条件、人类工程建设等方面,分析了武汉市江夏区境内金水河两岸岩溶地面塌陷的形成条件、形成演化过程、形成机理和致塌模式。结果表明:塌陷区覆盖层"上黏下砂"的河流相二元结构为岩溶塌陷的形成提供了物质基础,区域岩溶发育为岩溶塌陷提供了物质运移通道和存储空间,北东向构造裂隙及层间裂隙控制着岩溶塌陷的分布,同时塌陷区覆盖层孔隙承压水与下伏基岩裂隙岩溶水具有一定的水力联系,且随长江水位的升降而波动,并贯穿于整个塌陷过程,桩基施工为岩溶塌陷产生的人为诱发因素;该岩溶塌陷为人为因素诱发的上覆土体破坏陷落的大型土层塌陷,其形成演化过程大致分为原始稳定阶段、自然因素作用阶段、自然和人为共同作用阶段、塌陷阶段4个阶段;岩溶塌陷的致塌模式可概括为潜蚀、机械振动—岩层顶板破坏—渗流液化致塌模式,其他多处后续岩溶塌陷概括为潜蚀—水击—渗流液化致塌模式。     

2019年湖南攸县7·15大型岩溶地面塌陷的发育分布规律及形成机理

2019年7月15日,湖南株洲市攸县樟井村发生大规模岩溶地面塌陷,严重威胁当地人民群众的生命和财产安全。为查明7·15大型岩溶地面塌陷的形成机理,通过地球物理勘探、水文地质工程地质钻探、地下水监测、水化学分析等多种手段对岩溶地面塌陷区开展了详细的调查研究,分析了该岩溶地面塌陷的发育规律及致灾因素。结果表明：7·15大型岩溶地面塌陷是由降雨主导,在地表覆盖层软化减强、岩溶气爆和渗流潜蚀效应等多种不良因素共同作用诱发的自然塌陷;地面塌陷位于断层、褶皱等构造密集发育的可溶性碳酸盐岩区域,区内岩溶强烈,广泛发育的溶洞、落水洞、泉、地下暗河等岩溶形迹为地面塌陷的形成提供了条件;7·15大型岩溶地面塌陷的形成演化可分为降雨诱发的地表覆盖层土体软化减强和封盖增荷、降雨导致地下水水位上升引发的岩溶气爆、地下水渗流潜蚀加速顶板垮塌形成土洞、土洞扩大及顶板失稳4个阶段。该研究结果可为类似地质条件地区的岩溶地面塌陷预测预报与防治提供科学依据。     

广州市大坦沙岛岩溶塌陷成因分析及防治对策

大坦沙岛是近年来对广州市城市规划和建设影响较大的岩溶塌陷区之一.通过详细的地质灾害综合勘查,在查明大坦沙岛地质环境条件和地质灾害诱发因素的基础上,分析岛上岩溶及岩溶塌陷的发育特征,并探讨了岩溶塌陷地质灾害形成的原因,进而提出具体的防治对策.结果 表明:岛上可溶岩广泛分布,其内岩溶发育强烈,覆盖层土体结构松散、透水性好,...     

江西景德镇城区岩溶塌陷地质特征及防治建议

通过1∶5万区域水文地质和环境地质调查,利用物探、钻探等手段研究江西景德镇城区岩溶塌陷地质特征及其发育规律。景德镇城区覆盖型碳酸盐岩基岩面起伏大,浅部岩溶发育,土洞较多,第四系岩性结构复杂,覆盖层厚度一般<20m,地下水埋藏浅。通过分析该区岩溶塌陷分布特征、形成条件和诱发控制因素,确定抽排地下水是该区岩溶塌陷的主要诱发因素。在预测岩溶塌陷发展趋势的基础上,对可能发生岩溶塌陷的区域进行初步预测,并针对性提出相应的保护和防治措施,为城市工程建设和环境保护提供参考。     

阿油槽岩溶塌陷浅析

文章阐述分析了阿油槽地区岩溶塌陷的水文地质背景,对该地区产生岩溶塌陷的基本条件、诱发因素及形成过程进行了分析,并针对其具体情况提出了岩溶防治及治理的措施.     

江西某核电站选址地质灾害研究及防治对策

本文通过对江西某核电站选址及附近详细的地质灾害调查,结合拟选场地的地质环境条件分析,对地质灾害发育特征进行了仔细的研究,并进行了地质灾害预测;重点是覆盖岩溶区地面塌陷的易发性研究,根据岩溶地面塌陷产生的地质条件和诱发影响因素,采用了定性～半定量判别法评价岩溶地面塌陷的易发性;并针对核电站工程建设布局提出了相应的防治对策建议;为工程建设选址提供地质科学依据.     

岩溶区地下水位下降致塌的数值模拟研究

文章运用三维数值模拟的方法对复杂的岩溶塌陷机理及过程进行了系统性研究,探讨了Flac3D三维数值模拟应用于岩溶塌陷的模拟技术及方法,为岩溶塌陷的客观评价及预测开辟了有效途径。在研究中成功地应用数值模拟的方法时地下水面以上的土洞塌陷机制进行了模拟,并对岩溶区的典型地质概化模型的致塌机理进行验证。     

柳州三都地区岩溶塌陷易发性评价

柳州三都镇近年持续发生岩溶塌陷,现已形成1处塌陷群和4处塌陷坑,制约了三都镇的城镇发展。在获取三都地区地质背景条件资料的基础上,对该地区岩溶塌陷易发性影响因素进行了分析,并据此选择基岩、覆盖层、自然条件下地下水活动、人类工程活动、岩溶塌陷现状作为评价因素类,在这5类评价因素类下选定岩溶发育程度、土层厚度、土洞密度、地下水水位年变幅、地下水渗流强度、抽水强度、地面附加荷载、塌陷坑密度8项子因素作为评价因子,采用模糊综合评价方法对该地区岩溶塌陷易发性进行了评价与分区,其中利用AHP方法进行因子权重计算,利用GIS空间分析平台进行空间叠加分析和评价结果输出。评价结果表明:研究区可分为岩溶塌陷高易发区、中等易发区和不易发区,面积分别为1.18km~2、2.56km~2、0.26km~2,各区分布与实际情况基本相符,具有较高的可信度。     

衢南高速江山四都镇路基段隐伏岩溶发育特征及塌陷成因分析

浙江省衢南高速江山四都镇段隐伏岩溶发育,2010年曾发生过路基塌陷,为了保障高速公路安全运营,需要对重点路段进行隐伏岩溶发育情况的详细调查,进而在此基础上分析塌陷机理并设计相应的监测方案,以降低塌陷危险性。本文基于详细的野外地质调查以及大量的勘探工程,概述了研究区内的地质环境条件,分析了隐伏岩溶的空间发育与分布特征以及塌陷的影响因素,并以研究区内某塌陷案例为基础,分析了塌陷的演变过程和成因机理。结果表明:研究区的塌陷以潜蚀成因的土洞塌陷为主,地下水流场的变化是诱发塌陷最主要的影响因素。在此基础上,提出了重点路段的监测方案与建议,可为浙西北隐伏岩溶区高速公路路基塌陷的调查及防治工作提供参考。     

覆盖型岩溶塌陷动态演化数值模型研究

预测不同水动力环境下岩溶覆盖层土洞发育规模和极限规模尺寸对于评价覆盖层稳定性意义重大.以武汉市烽火村覆盖型岩溶塌陷为实例,利用弹塑性理论和变饱和渗流理论建立了渗流-应力单向耦合控制方程,结合土洞剥蚀判据提出覆盖型岩溶塌陷动态演化数值模型,并以此模型预测在不同孔隙水位与岩溶水位之差△H水动力环境下覆盖层中潜在土洞的发育规...     

青春 责任 梦想 行动 2015年千名青年环境友好使者夏令营侧记

<正>"我们处在世界正在发生重大变革的时代,中国也正在实现着民族伟大复兴的关键时刻。青年人要承担什么责任?""我们应该团结更多的青年人,向全社会积极宣传环保理念,保护我们共同生存的家园。"一名青年使者刚刚回答完贾峰主任的问题,全场响起的是掌声——雷鸣般的掌声!8月17日,2015年"千名青年环境友好使者夏令营"在成都市温江区正式开营。环境保护部宣传教育中心主任贾峰亲临现场,并为青年学子们讲授了热情     

Asbeste Arten,Entstehung, Bedeutung,Problematik

Types of asbestos are distinguished not only by structure, chemical compositon, shape of aggregates, and length and quality of fibers, but also by its formation. Though consisting of quite common elements, deposits are formed only under very special conditions. Its unique combination of properties has created over 3000 fields of application (about 70% in asbestos cement). Great efforts have been made to substitute all types of asbestos by harmless, similarly cheap and versatile synthetic fibers, owing to the unquestioned carcinogenic properties of all asbestos dusts. However, development of such fibers has not made any remarkable progress until recently. Consequently risk to workers in mining and manufactoring, consumers, outsiders, and the environment should be kept as low as possible by intensifying precautions and diminishing emissions.     

Effect of CaO on retention of S, Cl, Br, As, Mn, V, Cr, Ni, Cu, Zn, W and Pb in bottom ashes from fluidized-bed coal combustion power station

This work was conducted to evaluate whether Ca-bearing additives used during coal combustion can also help with the retention of some other elements. This work was focused on the evaluation of bottom ashes collected during four full-scale combustion tests at an operating thermal fluidized-bed power station. Bottom ashes were preferred to fly ashes for the study to avoid interference from condensation processes usually occurring in the post-combustion zone. This work focused on the behaviors of S, Cl, Br, As, Mn, V, Cr, Ni, Cu,Zn, W, and Pb. Strong positive correlations with CaO content in bottom ashes were observed（for all four combustion tests） for S, As, Cl and Br（R = 0.917-0.999）. Strong inverse proportionality was calculated between the contents of Pb, Zn, Ni, Cr and Mn and CaO, so these elements showed association to materials other than Ca-bearing compounds（e.g., to aluminosilicates, organic matter, etc.）. Somewhat unclear behaviors were observed for W, Cu, and V. Their correlation coefficients were evaluated as statistically ＂not significant＂, i.e., these elements were not thought to be significantly associated with CaO. It was also discovered that major enrichment of CaO in the finest bottom ash fractions could be advantageously used for simple separation of elements strongly associated with these fractions, mainly S and As, but also Cl or Br. Removal of5% of the finest ash particles brings about a decrease in As concentration down to 77%-80% of its original bulk ash content, which can be conveniently used e.g., when high As content complicates further ash utilization.     

珊瑚钨锡矿硅质尾矿中Cd、As、Zn、F富集迁移及环境污染

硅质尾矿在释放中性矿山废水(NMD)时所伴生的多元素复合污染问题值得重视。本文以桂东北珊瑚矿尾矿作为研究对象,通过分析该尾矿的组构、元素富集及迁移特性,筛选出主要污染元素,并探讨尾矿胶结层对元素富集迁移的影响。结果表明:(1)该尾矿中Cd、As、Zn及F富集程度较高、可交换态含量(易迁移释放量)较大,是主要的污染元素,而Cu、Pb、Tl产生污染的可能性较小;(2)胶结层对重金属具有再富集作用,但其对可交换态Cd、As(Tl)再富集明显,而对可交换态Cu、Pb、Zn再富集则不明显。胶结层中次生伊利石、石膏等胶结物趋向于吸附富集活性可交换态Cd、As。这表明该尾矿可能迁移释放出含Cd、As浓度较高的NMD。研究表明,硅质尾矿风化释出NMD的同时,可能伴生Cd、As、Zn等重金属以及F的复合污染。     

Algorithmen,gehirne, computer

In order to say something substantial about the fundamental limits of machines (especially of computers) and of human calculations, we must explicate the concept of algorithm. Such an explication is provided by the Turing machine. Thus, problems have been discovered which cannot be solved algorithmically. For other problems there are problem-solving procedures, but no elegant algorithms. That men are fundamentally superior to machines has not been shown as yet.     

意大利的金枪鱼、箭鱼、鸬鹚以及家燕等体内的多氯萘、多氯联苯、多氯二苯-p-二恶英、多氯二苯并呋喃以及p,p''''-DDE

我们曾对从意大利收集的金枪鱼、箭鱼、普通鸬鹚以及家燕体内的p,p'-DDE、多氯联苯同类物(PCBs)、多氯二苯-p-二恶英(PCDDs)、多氯二苯并呋喃(PCDFs)以及多氯萘(PCNs)浓度进行过测量.     

The monitoring,Evaluation, reporting,verification, and certification of energy-efficiency projects

In this paper, we present an overview of guidelinesdeveloped for the monitoring, evaluation, reporting,verification, and certification (MERVC) ofenergy-efficiency projects for climate changemitigation. The monitoring and evaluation ofenergy-efficiency projects is needed to determine moreaccurately their impact on greenhouse gas (GHG)emissions and other attributes, and to ensure that theglobal climate is protected and that countryobligations are met. Reporting, verification andcertification will be needed for addressing therequirements of the Kyoto Protocol. While the cost ofmonitoring and evaluation of energy-efficiencyprojects is expected to be about 5–10% of a project'sbudget, the actual cost of monitoring and evaluationwill vary depending on many factors, including thelevel of precision required for measuring energy andGHG reductions, type of project, and amount of fundingavailable.