“限塑令”政策实施效应与对策研究

分析了"限塑令"的政策安排、实施效果,以及"限塑令"的实行对塑料袋生产、销售、使用相关各方的影响,讨论了政策执行中存在的政策实施目的偏差、缺乏配套政策、回收利用产业发展缓慢、垃圾袋和替代品不环保等问题,提出了保证"限塑令"政策有效实施的对策建议,即应依照少用、回收、替代、降解的原则对待塑料袋的使用。     

微评

<正>白色污染2008年6月1日,"限塑令"正式实施。曾经大刀阔斧的"限塑令",在推行9年后,却面临名存实亡的窘境。媒体近日报道,一度有所遏制的塑料袋使用量,近年重新开始反弹。在菜场、超市、商场等消费场所,以及快递、外卖等消费服务环节中,塑料袋使用几乎无所不在,"限塑令"早已变为有偿使用塑料袋的"卖塑生意"。而一     

“限塑令”对塑料袋回收利用影响的分析

针对我国塑料袋回收利用的现状及案例调研显示,“限塑令”对塑料袋的回收利用具有促进作用;但“限塑令”实施的预期效果目前尚不明显。“限塑令”有待进一步推广,相应的回收利用体系也亟待建设与健全。     

环保购物袋的生命周期评价与环保性能研究

"限塑令"实施后,环保购物袋作为一次性塑料购物袋的替代品大量进入市场,本文运用生命周期评价方法对聚乙烯、牛皮纸、淀粉基塑料、无纺布和棉布等环保购物袋的环保性能进行了比较研究,旨在为提高购物袋的环保性能提供有益参考.     

告别免费塑料袋 你准备好了吗?

"从2008年6月1日起,在全国范围内禁止生产、销售、使用超薄塑料购物袋,在所有超市、商场、集贸市场等商品零售场所实行塑料购物袋有偿使用制度,一律不得免费提供塑料购物袋。"国务院办公厅的一纸"限塑令"引发了全国的大讨论:购物袋有偿使用能否限住"白色污染"?"限塑令"在执行中又将遭遇怎样的挑战?谁为环保新政买单?告别了塑料袋的免费午餐时代,人们的生活将有何变化?传统的菜篮是否将重出江湖?     

“限塑令”执行中存在的问题及解决对策——以陕西汉中地区为例

以陕西汉中地区为例,调查分析了"限塑令"颁布实行两年来在执行过程中出现的问题,并提出了解决对策和建议。     

要闻

国家六部委发布通知集贸市场送塑料袋将受罚国家发改委等6部门近日通知,今年7月至8月将在全国集中开展限制生产销售使用塑料购物袋专项行动,禁止无偿或变相无偿提供塑料购物袋,对违反规定的商品零售场所经营者,特别是集贸市场开办者将给予处罚。我国"限塑令"实施已经3年。由于超薄塑料购物袋使用量最大,而且容易破损、不能重复利用,大多随     

编读往来

正@吴泽连第七期史春同志撰写的《做好"禁塑"这篇大文章》,"点"到了"禁塑"的要害。其实,我国也出台过"限塑令",总体来说,效果不尽如人意。希望这次"禁塑"能通过多种形式、多种渠道宣传引导公众,增强环保意识,践行绿色生活方式,减少使用一次性塑料制品。@王义新《环境教育是全民教育——专访中山大学环境与生态研究院院长杨中艺》文中指出:     

价格税收杠杆撬不动“限塑令”

国家发改委副秘书长赵家荣前不久表示,发改委将继续会同有关部门,从强化地方政府责任、深入开展宣传、加大监督检查力度、完善相关政策等方面进一步完善和落实“限塑令”,其中包括研究利用价格税收杠杆来进一步限制塑料袋的生产和使用。     

“限塑”一年回头看

2007年岁末,国务院办公厅下发了“限塑令”,要求从2008年6月1日起,在全国范围内禁止生产、销售、使用厚度小于0.025毫米的塑料购物袋,所有超市、商场、集贸市场等商品零售场所要实行塑料购物袋有偿使用制度,一律不得免费提供塑料购物袋。     

Walking in “wild” and “tended” urban forests: The impact on psychological well-being

The positive effect of natural compared to urban environment on human restoration and well-being has been proved in various studies. To go one step further in analyzing the influence of physical environments, we question if this positive effect is consistent in different natural conditions namely wild and tended urban forests. In an experimental field setting, participants were randomly assigned to either a walk through wild or tended forests for 30 min. Multidimensional scales in a pre-post-treatment-setting measured well-being. Results indicate a stronger change in “positive affect” and “negative affect” in the tended forest condition. Well-being factors “activation” and “arousal” changed after solitary walks, too. However, there were no differences between the treatment conditions, indicating a stronger influence of physical activity than the forest condition wild and tended on these well-being factors. Perceived attractiveness of the natural area did not effect the change in well-being, thus questioning the close relation between perceived attractiveness and the effect on well-being suggested in prior research. Furthermore, more and less fatigued persons did not profit differently concerning well-being changes. The results give important advice to design natural areas serving restoration and public health, especially for people living in urban environments.     

Norton’s <Emphasis Type="Italic">Sustainability</Emphasis>: Some Comments on Risk and Sustainability

Bryan Norton’s 2005 book Sustainability describes a pragmatic approach to environmental philosophy that stresses philosophy’s role as one of mediating between scientific and ordinary language. But on two topics, Norton’s approach is not pragmatic enough. In the case of his discussion of risk, he accedes to a scientific notion that fails to acknowledge the way that ordinary usage of the word risk involves pragmatic links to human action and moral responsibility. With respect to the word sustainability, his analysis fails to acknowledge important scientific work that characterizes the functional integrity of system cycling, opting instead for usage grounded either in economic accounting or in an even less substantive sense of a broad social movement for environmental improvement. On each of these topics, adherence to the pragmatic orientation of Norton’s philosophy results in a different analysis of the concepts in question.     

Impact of Busy Roads on Breeding Success in Pied Flycatchers <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ficedula hypoleuca</Emphasis>

The impact of dense traffic on the breeding success in pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca) was studied using roadside nest-boxes. Nest site selection and breeding success of flycatchers were observed in relation to the distance from the road. The number of occupied territories was no higher closer to the road than it was deeper inside the forest. The distance to the road had no effect on the laying date, clutch size, or brood size. However, nests closer to the road were more likely to fail at the chick stage. The number of broods that were closer to roads and were lost completely was significantly higher than those further away. As a consequence, the number of fledglings per breeding attempt decreased closer to roads. The nestlings typically died as older chicks when the parent birds were providing them with maximum quantities of food. A possible reason for the declining reproductive success was the traffic-related mortality of parent birds, as weather conditions were not especially adverse for raising healthy offspring.     

Climate change impact on the density of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Faidherbia albida</Emphasis> on smallholder farms in the degraded lands of Kano,northern Nigeria

Nigeria’s vegetation in general and some important tree species in particular are under increasing threats from several factors. Worsening climate and environmental conditions, enhanced by a huge population pressure on limited resources, are some of the dominant issues of discourse among scientists. This study investigated the density of Faidherbia albida, a nitrogen-fixing tree, that has been an important component of the farming systems of the smallholder farms in the degraded lands of Kano, Nigeria. Results indicate a 55% decrease in the density of the tree in the study area. The overall diversity of trees on the smallholder farms has also declined by 38%. The study concludes that while climate change may be a catalyst, woodfuel extraction and disease are the immediate factors for the decline of F. indica in the area. It recommends (1) the inclusion of this species in the list of endangered species for deliberate regeneration and protection by all stakeholders (2) an extended study that could lead to determining the specific role of climate change on the density of the tree in the study area.     

Allelopathic response of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Vetiveria zizanioides</Emphasis> (L.) Nash on members of the family Enterobacteriaceae and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Pseudomonas</Emphasis> spp.

The biological removal of phosphates was carried as a part of treatment strategy. Vetiveria zizanioides (L.) Nash belonging to the family Poaceae was used for biological removal of biostimulants. Vetiver reportedly has mycorrhizal association; besides having potential for removal of PO₄ ⁻³ also showed allelopathic affect on the microorganisms present in the water. In fact after a period of 96 h old roots of this plant have been found to have killing effects on the E. coli, Enterobacter spp. Pseudomonas spp. belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae. The paper is opening a new face of study.     

Effects of gas flaring on blood parameters and respiratory system of laboratory mice, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Mus musculus</Emphasis>

In order to evaluate the potential harmful effects of gas flaring on mammals, albino mice, Mus musculus, were exposed to gas flares for 8 weeks under laboratory conditions. The effect of gas flaring on blood parameters includes a reduction in white blood cell counts among mice exposed to 8-h daily of gas flaring when compared to control mice. The red blood cells also showed varied abnormalities such as stacked erythrocytes (rouleaux formation), crenated (spicule) cells and teardrop cells (dacrocytes). The detection of the increasing level of eosinophils in the blood of mice exposed to gas flares was observed to be indicative of a degenerative disease condition and usefulness as a good marker of pollution for monitoring, and early detection of adverse effects of gas flares was recommended. Histopathological examination of the lungs of exposed mice revealed distortions in the segmental bronchus and alveoli of the respiratory organ, with interspersed brown pigments and polymorphonuclear cells, which were absent in the controls. The environmental implications including the health hazards posed by the exposure of mammals to gas flares in crude oil production areas were discussed.     

Effects of NO,NO<Subscript>2</Subscript>, CO and SO<Subscript>2</Subscript> on NO oxidation over Pt/TiO<Subscript>2</Subscript> for hybrid fast SCR process

The selective catalytic reduction (SCR) rate of NO with N-containing reducing agents can be enhanced considerably by converting part of NO into NO₂. The enhanced reaction rate is more pronounced even at lower temperatures by using an equimolar mixture of NO and NO₂ (fast SCR reaction). The oxidation characteristics of NO over catalyst Pt/TiO₂ have been determined in a fixed bed reactor (8 mm-ID) with different concentrations of oxygen, nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide in the presence of 8% water. The conversion of NO to NO₂ increases with increasing oxygen (O₂) concentration from 3 to 12%, but it levels off at higher O₂ concentrations. The NO conversion to NO₂ decreases with increasing NO concentration and it also decreases by an addition of NO₂ in the feed stream. Therefore, the oxidation of NO over Pt/TiO₂ catalyst could be auto-inhibited by the reaction product of NO₂. The effects of CO and SO₂ on NO oxidation characteristics have also been determined. In fact, the presence of SO₂ significantly suppresses oxidation of NO but due to the less stability of sulfate on anatase structure in TiO₂, it becomes less significant. On the other hand, the presence of CO increases NO oxidation significantly due to the auto-inhibition effect by CO. Moreover, the effect of SO₂/CO on NO oxidation has also been determined and it was observed that NO oxidation decreases with the increase in SO₂/CO ratio.     

Effect of bioremediation on the growth of Okro (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Abelmoshus esculetus</Emphasis>) in the Niger Delta soils

This paper communicates the effect of bioremediation on the performance of Okro plant (Abelmoshus esculentus) in a typical Niger Delta soil that has received 5% crude oil pollution level. Biodegrading bacteria such as Pseudomonas fluorescen, Acinetobacteria iwofii, Bacillus subtilus, Arthrobacter globiformis that was isolated from previously polluted soils was introduced into the samples. The treatment combinations are as follows (A) = control without crude oil; B = soil + crude oil, (C) = soil + crude oil + microbes, (D) = soil + crude oil + microbes, (E) = soil + crude oil + microbes + fertilizer (F) soil + microbes and (G) = soil + fertilizer. The treatment (E) gave the highest number of leaves, % crop emergence, plant biomass, microbial population and degradation of petroleum hydrocarbon compared to any of the treatments that had received crude oil. This suggested that fertilizer application does not only stimulate microbial growth but it provides the plant with more available nutrients required for plant growth.