不同理化性质的土壤对地下水中柴油的吸附行为研究

采用静态吸附实验研究不同理化性质的土壤对溶液中柴油的吸附行为。结果表明：不同理化性质的土壤对柴油的吸附均可以在24 h内达到平衡,准二级动力学模型(R²为0.92～1.00)能更好地描述土壤对柴油的吸附动力学数据,吸附过程以化学吸附为主,液膜扩散和颗粒内扩散共同影响吸附反应的控速步骤。吸附等温线符合Langmuir模型,表明柴油在土壤中的吸附为单分子层吸附,近似于不可逆型吸附。被石油污染的场地土对水体中柴油的吸附量小于未被污染的林地土,土壤对液相中柴油的吸附量与有机质含量呈正相关,并随着土壤粒径和pH的减小而逐渐增大。     

改性凹凸棒黏土脱除120~#溶剂油硫化物的研究

以甘肃临泽产凹凸棒黏土(以下简称凹土)为原料制备吸附剂,对120#溶剂油进行脱硫实验,同时采用脱硫率、X射线衍射(XRD)和红外光谱(IR)对吸附剂进行了表征.结果表明:(1)以临泽凹土为原料制备吸附剂的最佳条件为焙烧时间3.0h、焙烧温度350℃、未精制吸附剂质量和溶剂油体积的比值1∶5 g/mL、脱硫时间75 min.按此最佳条件制备吸附剂,可将120#溶剂油含硫量由424 μg/g降至213 μg/g.脱硫率可以达到49.8％.(2)经过XRD及IR分析,120 #溶剂油中的硫被脱除后在吸附剂中以硫醚和CaS的形式存在.用浸渍法制备的吸附剂达到了一定的脱硫效果.     

杂多酸水溶液脱除烟气中SO2的性能研究

合成了H3PMo12O40、H4SiW12O40、H3PW12O40、H4PMo11VO40、H5PMo10V2O40和H6PMo9V3O406种杂多酸,分别采用红外光谱（FT-IR）和X射线衍射（XRD）表征杂多酸的结构,并采用气相色谱仪对6种杂多酸水溶液进行脱硫实验测试。实验结果表明：制备的6种杂多酸具有良好的Keggin型结构;H3PMo12O40、H3PW12O40和H4SiW12O40的3种水溶液中,磷钼杂多酸的脱硫性能最好,脱硫率在120 min时可达到16.38%;不同比例的多原子也会使杂多酸有不同的脱硫性能,脱硫性能顺序为：H6PMo9V3O40〉H5PMo10V2O40〉H4PMo11VO40;且6种杂多酸的脱硫稳定性的顺序为：H4PMo11VO40〉H6PMo9V3O40〉H3PMo12O40〉H5PMo10V2O40〉H4SiW12O40≈H3PW12O40。     

吸油草对海水中柴油的吸附及其影响因素研究

以柴油污染的海水为对象,研究了吸油草对海水中柴油的吸附、解吸规律,考察了海水盐度、温度和pH三因素对吸附的影响,并根据吸附等温线和吸附热力学的分析探讨了其吸附机理.研究结果表明,吸油草对海水中柴油的吸附及解吸均符合二级反应模式,达到吸附平衡仅需要10～20 min,而达到解吸平衡需要2～3 h,解吸平衡时间是吸附平衡时...     

杂多酸水溶液脱除烟气中SO2的性能研究

合成了H3PMo12O40、H4SiW12O40、H3PW12O40、H4PMo11VO40、H5PMo10V2O40和H6PMo9V3O406种杂多酸,分别采用红外光谱(FT-IR)和X射线衍射(XRD)表征杂多酸的结构,并采用气相色谱仪对6种杂多酸水溶液进行脱硫实验测试.实验结果表明:制备的6种杂多酸具有良好的Ke...     

不同载体负载氧化铜常温脱除H2S

通过沉淀法制备了纯CuO和3种CuO/SiO2、CuO/ZrO2和CuO/Al2O3负载型脱硫剂。利用固定床反应器进行了硫化氢吸附测试,并采用XRD、SEM、TEM、H2-TPR、比表面积和孔结构等表征技术对脱硫剂的结构进行了分析。结果表明,载体的存在明显提高了纯CuO脱硫剂的利用率和脱硫活性,其中以SiO2为载体制备的脱硫剂性能最佳,硫容达14.3%,是纯CuO硫容的2.6倍;分析认为SiO2抑制了CuO晶粒的形成,使得CuO/SiO2脱硫剂的比表面积明显增大,活性组分的结晶度较差,因而有利于脱硫反应的进行。     

化学沉淀法脱除HPF脱硫废液中的硫氰酸盐

硫氰酸根(SCN-)普遍存在于HPF脱硫废液中,其含量高达90~140 g/L,对COD、色度等指标构成影响。首先对HPF脱硫废液做预处理,即以加酸的方法脱除其中的S2O32-,然后利用氯酸根将废水中高浓度SCN-氧化脱除,实验通过交替向废液中加入氯酸钠和浓硫酸,维持溶液pH值在1以下,使反应停留在轻度氧化阶段以使SCN-定向转化为沉淀,处理后SCN-的浓度由初始的69.76 g/L降至0.67 g/L,溶液COD由初始的98600 mg/L降至2400 mg/L。用较少的化学试剂将硫氰酸根基本脱除,达到了化学降解的目的。     

电化学方法脱除烟道气中二氧化硫的研究

运用电化学方法脱除二氧化硫是一种较为清洁的脱硫方式,本文主要研究了电化学脱硫过程中,电解溴化氢以及溴氧化二氧化硫的各种影响因素,并通过优化获得了较高的电解效率９０％和脱硫效率９０％～９５％     

SDBS在土壤中的吸附及对淋洗柴油效果的影响

为考察污染土壤淋洗修复过程中表面活性剂的动态吸附解吸过程及其对淋洗效果影响,以北京潮土为例,采用土柱淋洗实验,对4种浓度（600、1 800、3 000和4 200 mg·L-1）的阴离子表面活性剂十二烷基苯磺酸钠（SDBS）淋洗柴油污染土壤的过程进行模拟。结果表明,土柱淋洗过程中北京潮土对 SDBS 的吸附过程可分3个阶段：快吸附阶段、慢吸附阶段及动态平衡阶段。吸附动力学较好地符合颗粒内扩散方程。SDBS淋洗柴油污染潮土时,初期由于表面活性剂在土壤中的吸附未达到平衡而无法在溶液中形成胶束,导致淋洗液中柴油浓度很低。此后SDBS在土壤中的吸附逐渐达到平衡状态,溶液中SDBS的浓度超过临界胶束浓度（CMC）开始形成胶束,土壤中残留的柴油开始大量解吸。淋洗液中柴油浓度总体呈先升到峰值,而后呈锯齿状波动下降的变化规律。淋洗到400 h时,4种浓度SDBS溶液对柴油的去除率分别为1.06%、1.52%、25.55%和27.99%,柴油去除率与表面活性剂浓度呈正相关。但表面活性剂浓度过高时,会降低土柱中土壤渗透系数,导致淋洗流量显著降低,采用SDBS淋洗柴油污染潮土时,表面活性剂浓度在3 000~4 200 mg·L-1较佳。     

锰氧化物负载聚苯胺选择性氧化硫化物的效能及机理

目前关于含硫废水处理技术的研究已取得有效进展,但难以在去除含硫污染物的同时实现硫资源的回收利用。为此,通过化学浸渍法制得了锰氧化物负载聚苯胺(Mn_xO_y-PANI)催化剂。XRD、FTIR、XPS和SEM表征结果表明,Mn_xO_y已成功负载于PANI载体。以空气为氧化剂,探究了该催化剂对含硫废水(以Na₂S为模拟污染物)的选择性氧化性能。结果表明：Mn_xO_y-PANI催化剂表现出优异的Na₂S选择氧化性;当催化剂用量为0.2 g∙L⁻¹、Na₂S初始质量浓度为100 mg∙L⁻¹时,240 min内S²⁻可被完全氧化为单质硫(S₀)。Mn_xO_y-PANI反应后的XPS、XRD、Raman表征结果证明,S₀在催化剂上稳定存在。此外,考察了催化剂投加量、Na₂S初始浓度、反应温度、初始pH和不同反应气氛对催化氧化Na₂S的影响。循环实验结果表明,Mn_xO_y-PANI具有较好的稳定性。最后,提出了选择性氧化的可能反应机理,为含硫废水的治理和回收提供参考。     

The effect of diesel fuel sulfur content on particulate matter emissions for a nonroad diesel generator

The effect of sulfur content on diesel particulate matter (DPM) emissions was studied using a diesel generator (Generac Model SD080, rated at 80 kW) as the emission source to simulate nonroad diesel emissions. A load simulator was used to apply loads to the generator at 0, 25, 50, and 75 kW, respectively. Three diesel fuels containing 500, 2100, and 3700 ppm sulfur by weight were selected as generator fuels. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency sampling Method 5 "Determination of Particulate Matter Emissions from Stationary Sources" together with Method 1A "Sample and Velocity Traverses for Stationary Sources with Small Stacks or Ducts" was adopted as a reference method for measurement of the exhaust gas flow rate and DPM mass concentration. The effects of various parameters on DPM concentration have been studied, such as fuel sulfur contents, engine loads, and fuel usage rates. The increase of average DPM concentrations from 3.9 mg/Nm3 (n cubic meter) at 0 kW to 36.8 mg/Nm3 at 75 kW is strongly correlated with the increase of applied loads and sulfur content in the diesel fuel, whereas the fuel consumption rates are only a function of applied loads. An empirical correlation for estimating DPM concentration is obtained when fuel sulfur content and engine loads are known for these types of generators: Y = Zm(alphaX + beta), where Y is the DPM concentration, mg/m3, Z is the fuel sulfur content, ppm(w) (limited to 500-3700 ppm(w)), X is the applied load, kW, m is the constant, 0.407, alpha and beta are the numerical coefficients, 0.0118 +/- 0.0028 (95% confidence interval) and 0.4535 +/- 0.1288 (95% confidence interval), respectively.     

微生物代谢与Fe3+催化氧化脱除烟气中SO2的研究

利用自制的鼓泡反应器,进行了含氧化亚铁硫杆菌的酸性铁溶液脱除烟气中SO2的实验研究.结果表明,细菌直接脱硫的效果较差;Fe3 在脱硫实验过程中既有催化作用,又有氧化作用;细菌主要起氧化Fe2 为Fe3 的作用,再通过Fe3 脱硫.Fe3 存在一个最佳质量浓度,在7～8 g/L左右.当初始Fe3 质量浓度为7.37 g/L时,脱硫10 h,其效率仍高达80%.     

Fast and reversible adsorption for dibenzothiophene in fuel oils with metallic nano-copper supported on mesoporous silica

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - Dibenzothiophene (DBT) in fuel oils causes the release of toxic sulfur oxide gases, and it is necessary to remove DBT in fuels. Herein, metallic...     

Effects of fuel types and fuel sulfur content on the characteristics of particulate emissions in marine low-speed diesel engine

Environmental Science and Pollution Research - The emission of particulate matter from ships does great harm to human health and atmospheric environment. Sulfur emission regulations also affect...     

空气喷射处理饱和土壤和地下水中有机污染物

空气喷射 (airsparging)被认为是修复由可挥发性有机物污染的饱和土壤和地下水的一种有效新技术。介绍了空气喷射技术的现场应用与研究现状 ,讨论了空气喷射技术的原理和各种影响因素 ,说明了其对于饱和土壤中有氧生物降解的促进作用 ,分析了空气喷射技术的应用前景。     

Carbon nanotube-like materials in the exhaust from a diesel engine using gas oil/ethanol mixing fuel with catalysts and sulfur

Particulate matter from a diesel engine, including soot and carbon nanomaterials, was collected on a sampling holder and the structure of the materials was studied by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). As a result of employing gas oil/ethanol mixing fuel with sulfur and ferrocene/molybdenum as catalyst sources, formation of carbon nanotubes (CNT)-like materials in addition to soot was observed in the exhaust gas from a diesel engine. It was revealed that CNT-like materials were included among soot in our system only when the following three conditions were satisfied simultaneously: high ethanol fraction in fuel, high sulfur loading, and presence of catalyst sources in fuel. This study confirmed that if at least one of these three conditions was not satisfied, CNT-like materials were not observed in the exhaust from a diesel engine. These experimental results shown in this work provide insights into understanding CNT-like material formation mechanism in a diesel engine.

Implications: Recent papers reported that carbon nanotube-like materials were included in the exhaust gas from engines, but conditions for carbon nanotube-like material formation have not been well studied. This work provides the required conditions for carbon nanotube-like material growth in a diesel engine, and this will be helpful for understanding the carbon nanotube-like material formation mechanism and taking countermeasures to preventing carbon nanotube-like material formation in a diesel engine.     

Comparison of carbonyl compounds emissions from diesel engine fueled with biodiesel and diesel

The characteristics of carbonyl compounds emissions were investigated on a direct injection, turbocharged diesel engine fueled with pure biodiesel derived from soybean oil. The gas-phase carbonyls were collected by 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine (DNPH)-coated silica cartridges from diluted exhaust and analyzed by HPLC with UV detector. A commercial standard mixture including 14 carbonyl compounds was used for quantitative analysis. The experimental results indicate that biodiesel-fueled engine almost has triple carbonyls emissions of diesel-fueled engine. The weighted carbonyls emission of 8-mode test cycle of biodiesel is 90.8 mg (kW h)^?1 and that of diesel is 30.7 mg (kW h)^?1. The formaldehyde is the most abundant compound of carbonyls for both biodiesel and diesel, taking part for 46.2% and 62.7% respectively. The next most significant compounds are acetaldehyde, acrolein and acetone for both fuels. The engine fueled with biodiesel emits a comparatively high content of propionaldehyde and methacrolein. Biodiesel, as an alternative fuel, has lower specific reactivity (SR) caused by carbonyls compared with diesel. When fueled with biodiesel, carbonyl compounds make more contribution to total hydrocarbon emission.     

稻壳制备介孔状二氧化硅的光催化性

以利用农业废弃物稻壳制备光催化性的SiO2为目的,用NaOH消解稻壳得到了含有硅资源的溶液。以CTAB为模板,利用稻壳消解液合成了含硅固体样品。通过红外光谱分析法和X射线衍射法分别表征了合成样品是介孔状SiO2。并通过紫外可见分光光度法研究了合成的SiO2对染料代表的亚甲基蓝的光催化降解性,发现亚甲基蓝溶液的吸光度随时间变小,证明了所制备的SiO2具有光催化性。运用单因子变量法,得知在SiO2投加量为300 mg,pH为6时,对浓度为40 mg/L的50 m L亚甲基蓝溶液的光催化降解率可达62.3%。