北京沙尘天气与源地气象条件的关系

本介绍了影响北京地区沙尘天气的沙尘源地,沙尘暴发生的条件和传输路径,分析了沙尘暴源地的气候要素特征及其对北京地区沙尘天气的影响,说明了北京沙尘天气发生和加剧的原因,影响北京地区沙尘天气的境外源地主要位于哈萨克斯坦,俄罗斯以及蒙古国境内,境内源地主要位于内蒙古和新疆,以及甘肃和青海的部分地区,沙尘天气发生必须具备三个条件：沙源,大风,气流辐合（垂直对流）,有沙源不一定起沙,但无沙源一定不起沙,沙尘暴源地的气候特征主要表现为冬季寒冷,夏季炎热,全年降水稀水,影响北京的沙尘传输路径,最主要的有两条,即西路传输和北路传输,北京沙尘天气与沙尘暴源地的春季降水比较结果表明,北京地区沙尘暴和浮尘天气发生次数与沙尘源区春季大气降水量有比较显的负相关关系,北京扬沙天气的发生与沙源区冬春季降水量相关关系不显,说明北京扬沙天气起因与源区降水没有明显的关系,北京扬沙天气主要受本地的自然条件和人为活动的影响。     

沙尘暴传输机理及源地环境特征

对沙尘暴的发生、传输机理及沙尘暴源地的环境特征进行了研究.结果表明,沙尘暴的发生与地理环境、地表土质、气候条件和地表植被状况等自然因素密切相关.裸露于地表的沙尘是形成沙尘暴的物质基础,降水稀少、空气干燥是沙尘暴发生的重要气候因素.地面上升的热气旋和大气的环流运动是地表沙尘暴发生和传输的动力.沙尘粒子的传输方式有蠕动、跃迁和悬浮3种.沙尘的传输距离和方向与大气环流的变化情况直接相关.沙尘暴源地一般位于大陆腹地,地域宽阔、平坦.地表土质多为沙砾、沙质土壤,地表土层裸露,土质干燥、疏松.沙尘暴源地的植被稀疏,气候的共同特征是全年降水稀少,空气干燥,冬季和春季大风天气频频出现.近年来人为的破坏活动也加剧了沙漠化的进程.     

全球性劳动卫生状况

从第 2 6届国际劳动卫生大会上获悉 ,每年全球约发生 2 .5亿起劳动事故 ,死亡事故约 33.5万起 ,因工死亡率为 0 .14‰ (其中 ,原东欧国家为0 .111‰ ,印度为 0 .11‰ ,中国为 0 .111‰ ,亚洲其它国家 (地区 )为 0 .2 31‰ ,中东为 0 .2 2 5‰ ,拉美和加勒比地区为 0 .135‰ ,非洲为 0 .2 1‰ ,欧洲和北美为 0 .0 5 3‰ ) ,年因工死亡人数约 12 0万人 ,每年有0 .6～ 1.5亿人患职业病。每年用于处理因工伤亡事故和职业病的费用 ,约占全球ＧＤＰ的 4 %～ 5 %。在全球防治职业病的费用中 ,用于防治肌肉与骨骼类职业病的占 4 0 % ,防治心脏类职业…     

2003年1-4月国内环境事件数据

简要统计了2003年1—4月国内发生的各种环境事件48件，包括沙尘天气(11件)、污染事件(17件)、山体滑坡和泥石流(4件)、地震(5件)以及其他自然灾害(11件)。最后对沙尘天气和污染问题进行了讨论。     

2011～2013年四子王旗沙尘天气分析

本文以2011~2013年四子王旗空气中颗粒物的浓度和气象监测数据资料为基础,对空气中PM10浓度、TSP浓度、降水、风速等气象因素的关系进行分析,主要结果如下:2011~2013年,TSP浓度和PM10浓度有所下降。且每年4月份为全年最高值。2011~2013年PM10平均浓度分别为:0.265mg/m3、0.236mg/m3和0.224mg/m3。2011~2013年中,我们可以明显看出每年的3~4月份TSP浓度和PM10浓度值呈上升趋势,4~5月份下降趋势。根据国家环境空气质量标准,四子王旗达到一级标准的天气占27.2%,达到二级标准的天气占37.1%,达到三级标准的天气占36%。四子王旗沙尘天气的发生与各种气象因素都有一定关系。TSP浓度值、PM10浓度值受同期风速,降水影响比较明显,根据四子王旗的各种气候特征,对四子王旗防治沙尘天气提出一些建议。     

2007年1-2月国内环境事件

简要统计了2007年1-2月国内发生的各种环境事件44起,包括沙尘天气7起,污染事件17起,地震11起,山体滑坡和泥石流3起,以及其他自然灾害6起.对污染事件和自然灾害进行了讨论.     

2001年6-9月国内环境事件数据

简要统计了2001年6-9月国内发生的各种环境事件,包括沙尘天气、污染事件、山体滑坡和泥石流、虫害、自然灾害以及其他环境事件。     

北京典型污染过程PM2.5的特性和来源

通过采集北京2010年12月—2011年3月冬春季节大气细颗粒物PM2.5样品,分析了冬春季典型污染时段灰霾和沙尘期间大气细颗粒物PM2.5的质量浓度和其中元素、水溶性离子、有机组分OC和EC特性,及其季节变化和来源.结果表明,北京灰霾和沙尘期间PM2.5日均质量浓度分别高达301.8 μg/m3和284.8 μg/m3,是美国EPA PM2.5日均质量浓度限值(35 μg/m3)的8.62倍和8.14倍.灰霾时段,人为污染元素(S、Cu、Zn、As、Se、Cd、Sb、Pb)、二次无机离子(NH4+、NO3-、SO42-)和二次有机碳(SOC)的质量浓度均高于沙尘天气和非污染天气.沙尘天气时地壳元素(Na、Mg、Al、Ca、Fe等)的质量浓度高于灰霾天气和非污染天气.北京冬春季节PM2.5主要来源于燃煤和工业过程、二次转化、地面扬尘、机动车尾气和生物质燃烧.灰霾污染时段二次转化贡献率较高,沙尘污染时段地面扬尘贡献率较高.     

2015年1-2月国内环境事件

简要统计了2015年1-2月国内发生的各种环境事件86起,包括沙尘天气7起,污染事件15起,地震46起,山体滑坡和泥石流6起,旱灾2起以及其他自然灾害10起.     

2005年7-8月国内环境事件数据

简要统计了2005年7-8月国内发生的各种环境事件140起,包括沙尘天气1起,污染事件28起,地震7起,虫害3起,旱灾6起,山体滑坡和泥石流25起,以及其他自然灾害90起.最后对统计结果进行了讨论.     

油浸变压器排油注氮装置在500kV变电站的设计与应用

在分析500kV变电站主变压器消防系统的现状,比较3类消防系统优缺点的基础上,详细论述了主变排油注氮装置的结构组成、工作原理、参数计算、控制系统设计以及需要注意的事项等,为下一步排油注氮装置的推广应用打下基础.     

HAZOP结合What-if方法在某延迟焦化装置除焦中的应用

为克服传统危险与可操作性（HAZOP）定性分析方法在复杂操作、间歇作业等过程中使用的局限性,提出在传统HAZOP定性分析方法的基础上结合What-if（故障假设）方法,对人的不安全行为和操作规程不完备所导致的风险后果分析作出补充。详细说明其技术原理、工作流程等使用细节,系统阐述该方法与传统HAZOP定性分析方法的区别,并在某延迟焦化装置的除焦操作的风险分析中应用。经分析,识别出在“给水-泡焦”节点,有“操作规程错误”场景2项,“操作规程不具体”场景1项,不存在“操作人员未按操作规程执行”场景。研究结果表明:本文方法有效且具有较好效果,可以广泛应用于操作规程/作业指导书审查、作业过程隐患排查等方面,帮助企业开展操作层面的风险识别与管理,提升企业的生产安全水平。     

Nighttime pedestrian fatalities: A comprehensive examination of infrastructure,user, vehicle,and situational factors

Introduction: Pedestrian fatalities in the United States increased 45.5% between 2009 and 2017. More than 85% of those additional pedestrian fatalities occurred at night. Method: We examine Fatality Analysis Reporting System (FARS) data for fatal pedestrian crashes that occurred in the dark between 2002 and 2017. Within-variable and before/after examinations of crashes in terms of infrastructure, user, vehicle, and situational characteristics are performed with one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and two-sample t-tests. We model changes in crash characteristic proportions between 2002–2009 and 2010–2017 using linear regressions and test for autocorrelation with Breusch-Godfrey tests. Results: The increase in fatal nighttime pedestrian crashes is most strongly correlated with infrastructure factors: non-intersection unmarked locations (saw 80.8% of additional fatalities); 40–45 mph roads (54.6%); five-lane roads (40.7%); urban (99.7%); and arterials (81.1%). In addition, SUVs were involved in 39.7% of additional fatalities, overrepresenting their share of the fleet. Increased pedestrian alcohol and drug involvement warrant further investigation. The age of pedestrians killed increased more (18.1%) than the national average (3.2%). Conclusions: By identifying factors related to the increase in nighttime pedestrian fatalities, this work constitutes a vital first step in making our streets safer for pedestrians. Practical Applications: More research is needed to understand the efficacy of different solutions, but this paper provides guidance for such future research. Engineering solutions such as road diets or traffic calming may be used to improve identified infrastructure issues by reducing vehicle speeds and road widths. Rethinking vehicle design, especially high front profiles, may improve vehicle issues. However, the problems giving rise to these pedestrian fatalities are likely a result of not only engineering issues but also interrelated social and political factors. Solutions may be correspondingly comprehensive, employing non-linear, systems-based approaches such as Safe Systems.     

潞安矿区煤层渗透率的各向异性特征实验研究

为了研究原位煤体渗透性的各向异性特征,以山西潞安常村矿3号煤层圆柱试样为对象,利用TCQT-Ⅲ型低渗煤层气相驱替增产试验装置,对煤样进行加载,并以氮气注入压力2.0 MPa的条件下,分析垂直层理和平行层理2个方向的煤体变形和渗透率变化特征。实验结果表明:煤样在加载过程中,平行和垂直层理煤样渗透率均随着有效应力的增大而减小,平行层理方向的渗透率始终大于垂直层理方向,应力加载初期渗透率急剧下降,最后逐渐趋于平缓;径向应变的增加量与渗透率呈正相关性,且平行层理相关性大于垂直层理;沿平行层理方向的裂隙度大于沿垂直层理方向,沿垂直层理方向的应变量大于沿平行层理方向;应变增加量均随有效应力的增加而逐渐减小。研究结果可为煤层井网布置及优化提供参考。     

森林地表火蔓延模拟方法及其计算机实现

进行了森林火蔓延的研究,对传统的经验公式和模型进行改进,明显发现改进的模型有更好的结果,用计算机巧妙准确地实现了模拟模型,在风力不是特别大,地形变化不是特别剧烈时,该模型有较高精度;并结合火蔓延的主要因素（气象因子、气候、地形等）,进行系统分析,写出算地,编制实现地表火蔓延的预测预报计算机系统软件。这对于有效的组织扑救、减少火灾损失、计算森林火灾的损失评估有重要意义。     

Footedness and Mounting—Short Review and Two Case Studies

Footedness is a personal quality like handedness. Footedness may be associated with moving ability during mounting, dismounting, and jumping movements. Occupational accidents have occurred during movement at different working levels, during the use of access and exit systems, and during the mounting of vehicles. Aging can also affect accident risk and body laterality. For example, falling accidents on stairs are common among the elderly. One reason for accidents may be that the structure of the access system or stair system is unsuitable for individual moving patterns depending partly on body laterality. Footedness and the way the feet are used may be contradictory to the demands of the moving situation, especially during uncommon or rapid situations. This contradiction may trigger disturbance during moving. The aims of this pilot study were (a) to review the literature briefly and (b) to describe the use of the dominant and nondominant foot by farmers and the elderly when mounting a tractor and stairs, respectively. The study also gives ideas for future studies based on both (a) and (b).     

AHP与GA-SVM耦合模型在滑坡预警中的应用*

为了减少滑坡造成的损失,提高滑坡预测的准确性,通过搭建灾害模拟平台获得滑坡的实验数据,在获得多组模拟实验数据后,分析各变量的特性。首先,通过层次分析(Analytic Hierarchy Process,AHP)算法,对滑坡进行危险度划分;然后,通过支持向量机(Support Vector Machine,SVM)建立模型,遗传算法(Genetic Algorithm,GA)再优化SVM参数,提出1种层次分析法与GA-SVM相耦合的模型。研究结果表明:AHP方法划分后的数据,通过GA与SVM结合建立的模型精度较好,实验预测结果与实际结果较为吻合,与单一SVM相比,精度更高,结果更好,更加适用于多变量的复杂非线性滑坡预警。     

Debunking the false dichotomy of leadership idealism and pragmatism: Critical evaluation and support of newer genre leadership theories

Leadership theories have shifted over the last few decades from a focus on managerial functions and economic leader–follower exchanges toward greater focus on the interpersonal dynamics occurring within the leadership process. Theories such as transformational, ethical, authentic, and other “newer genre” theories were created to address neglected topics such as leader vision and inspirational messages, transparency, emotional effects, morality, individualized attention, and intellectual stimulation. Critiques of these theories, however, have been raised. In this paper, we address five of those critiques and argue for the validity and practical effectiveness of the new genre theories. Further, we describe how newer genre leadership research should be viewed as a performative epistemology, entailing a process of co‐creation involving scholars and practitioners. Finally, from this view, we provide general ideas for leader development. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Occupational Safety and Health in Finland

In Finland, occupational safety is the responsibility of the employer, while the occupational safety and health laws are enforced by the Labour Inspection Service, an organization of the state. The Labour Inspection is divided in 11 administrative districts, and it employs 360 professionals. They are mandated to carry out site visits without prearranged appointments to inspect safe work situations, working hours, construction safety, or any aspect of accident risks. The inspectors are also mandated to verify the existence of sufficient occupational health services as prescribed by the Occupational Health Services Act for all employees. The occupational health services are typically provided by enterprise-owned medical departments, by mutually owned health care centers, by private practitioners, or by municipal health care centers. The latter are required by law to provide all services as prescribed by the legislation to anyone who comes to the facility. This situation is prevalent in the countryside, where there are very few private caregiving centers. Declaring occupational accidents and disease cases is mandatory, and the Inspection districts examine all accidents to establish causes and consequences, and to initiate prosecution in case of criminal negligence. Labour Inspection Districts are also notified of the new occupational disease cases as they are declared to insurance companies. Insurance for occupational disease, accidents, and death is an obligation of the employer, although they can choose the insurance company. The medical confidentiality between the workers and their occupational health care providers is very strict. Official statistics are maintained by the state Statistics Finland organization, and they may be used, for example, for research purposes by scientific institutes like the Finnish Institute of Occupational Health. Construction industry accounts for 25% of all fatal accidents (120 cases per 1 million working hours), followed by mechanical, wood, metal, machinery, and pulp and paper industry (10% each of fatal accidents) with rates ranging from 100–160 cases per 1 million working hours. There are some 5,000 occupational disease cases per year (rate 22/10,000 employed). The major disease categories include repetitive strain injuries (1,300 cases), respiratory allergies (600 cases), occupational skin diseases (1,000 cases), and 900 cases of noise-caused hearing loss. In 1998, 589 cases of asbestos-related diseases were reported.     

公路隧道火灾逃生疏散研究

以苍岭隧道为背景,首先采用经验计算理论和计算软件building EXODUS相结合的方式,从被困人员的安全疏散时间、高温烟气的影响、隧道横通道的利用率以及人员的疏散行为特性进行了研究。结果表明:中小规模火灾情况下的安全疏散时间控制在8 min之内,高温烟气影响不大,但横通道的利用率不平均,且人员疏散路线相对集中。然后对存在的逃生疏散问题提出针对性建议以及其他相关建议,旨在为更大程度降低事故的严重性和经济财产损失。