没食子酸—H_2O_2—甲醛—Co(Ⅱ)化学发光体系测定钴

本文用没食子酸—H_2O_2—甲醛—CO(Ⅱ)化学发光体系建立了痕量钴的化学发光测定法.方法检出限达0.5ng/ml 钴,线性范围是1×10~(-9)—8×10~(-7)g/ml 钴,测定的相对标准偏差小于1.0%,考察了24种常见离子的干扰情况.方法已用于水样中痕量钴的测定.     

废水中乙醛的化学发光法测定

乙醛发光分析法的检出限为8×10~(-11)g/ml,线性范围为5×10~(-10)g/ml-1×10~(-6)g/ml.对近30种常见无机物和有机物对乙醛测定的影响进行了试验,表明该方法具有良好的选择性.用于有机化工和印染废水中乙醛的测定,其回收率为94％～100％,变异系数为1.6％—6.4％。     

用1-(2-吡啶偶氮)—2-萘酚改性硅胶富集天然水中痕量铜

用螯合剂改性硅胶富集和分离痕量金属铜离子已有报道。本文报道了用吸附1-(2—吡啶偶氮)-2-萘酚(PAN)的改性硅胶(PAN-SG)富集并测定天然水中痕量Cu~(2+)的工作。 实验部分 1.试剂和仪器 Cu~(2+)标准溶液(1.018mg/ml,0.500mg/ml);PAN的乙醇溶液(3.407×10~-_3mol/L,2.5×10~(-3)mol/L);Britton-Robison(B.R.)缓冲液(0.02mol/L,pH1.8     

聚乙烯醇废水中浓度的分光光度分析

研究了废水中聚乙烯醇浓度的分光光度分析,选择的显色体系为0.32MH_3BO_3-0.003MI_2。在浓度6×10~(-6)g/l-6×10~(-5)g/l范围内线性良好(波长为690nm),相关系数r=0.9998,检测下可达6×10~(-6)g/l。表观摩尔吸光系数1.25×10~4l/(g.cm)。     

柳州地区酸性降水中H2O2和S（Ⅳ）的反应动力学研究

研究了纯水体系及柳州酸性降水中H_2O_2氧化S(Ⅳ)反应的动力学,并对柳州酸性降水中不同形态的S(Ⅳ)及有机弱酸的影响进行了详细的研究.此反应在纯水体系(pH3.90—4.85)和酸性降水体系(pH4.20—5.00)中具有十分相似的动力学性质.测得18℃三级反应速率常数k_3:纯水体系为(7.1±1.5)×10~7L~2mol~(-2)s~(-1),酸性降水体系为(5.3±2.6)×10~7L~2mol~(-2)s~-u.     

诱导动力学光度法测定废水中微量砷

依据As(Ⅲ)对Cr(Ⅵ)-Fe(phen)_3~(2+)氧化还原反应在酸性条件下的诱导作用,提出了一种测定微量砷的动力学方法.并建立了测定最佳条件:[Cr(Ⅵ)]=3.2×10~(-4)mol/L;[Fe~(2+)]=1.2×10~(-4)mol/L;[phen]/[Fe~(2+)=5.6;pH=1.2;512nm.线性范围为0-3.0μg/ml As(Ⅲ),方法检测限为0.01μg/ml.除S~(2-)外,多数常见离子均有较大允许共存量.用本法测定工业废水中的微量砷,所得结果满意.样品加标回收率为95.8％—103.3％,变异系数RSD<4.64％.     

测定水中镍的化学发光新方法研究

基于镍(Ⅱ)对α—噻吩甲酰三氟丙酮—H_2O_2—ClO~-化学发光新体系的催化作用,通过条件优化实验,建立了测定镍的化学发光新方法。本法测定镍的检出限为1.0ng/ml,线性响应范围为4.0×10~(-9)g/ml—4.0×10~(-6)g/ml,且选择性较好,操作简便。此方法应用于实际水样中镍含量的测定,取得满意结果,镍的回收率为91.5％—104％。     

用溴酚蓝的催化氧化动力学方法测定水样中的痕量铬

本文研究了在微酸性介质中痕量 Cr(Ⅵ)催化 H_2O_2氧化溴酚盐的新指示反应及动力学条件,建立了动力学光度法测定痕量Cr(Ⅵ)的新方法,本法的检出限为5.8×10~(-8)g/ml.测定范围为4—12μg/25ml.     

化学发光法测定水体中微量铁

研究了鲁米诺(Luminol)—H_2O_2—OH~-—Fe(Ⅲ)化学发光体系测定铁的最佳条件,在选定条件下测定Fe(Ⅲ)的线性响应浓度为2.0×10~(-10)—1.0×10~(-7)g/ml;方法灵敏度较高,检测下限为6.0×10~(-12)g/ml。对含1ppb和0.1ppbFe(Ⅲ)的水溶液各进行十次重复测定,结果的变异系数分别为3.5%和3.9%。就二十多种常见的阴阳离子进行了干扰实验,表明方法具有较好的选择性。本法用于水样中微量铁的测定,取得了满意的结果.还就氨水和表面活性剂对本发光体系的影响情况进行了试验和讨论。     

催化光度法测定桂林风景点水中痕量铁(Ⅲ)

本文以过氧化氢-甲基红,在活化剂α、α~1-联吡啶存在下,建立了催化光度法测定痕量铁(Ⅲ)的方法,其灵敏度为2.68×10~(-11)gFe(Ⅲ)/ml,线性范围为0～0.6μgFe(Ⅲ)/25ml。用于桂林风景点水中痕量铁测定,结果令人满意。     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.