国家公园游客旅游生态补偿支付意愿及影响因素研究——以黄山风景区为例

了解与把握游客的旅游生态补偿支付意愿是实施旅游生态补偿政策的前提之一。以黄山风景区为例,通过问卷调查和条件价值法获取游客的支付意愿信息,并运用二元Logistic回归分析法从游客个人特征、旅游环境影响认知、游客满意度、重游意愿、生态补偿认知等4个方面对游客旅游生态补偿支付意愿的影响因素进行研究,旨在为国家公园旅游生态补偿机制的构建提供依据。结果表明:(1)国家公园游客具有较高的旅游生态补偿支付意愿。86.7%的游客表示愿意在每次游览黄山风景区支付旅游生态补偿金,仅有13.3%的游客不愿意支付。游客的支付意愿与游客自身的角色定位密切相关。(2)从回归结果来看,游客的性别、年龄、重游意愿和补偿必要性认知对旅游生态补偿支付意愿具有显著影响,女性游客支付意愿高于男性,年龄与支付意愿呈显著负相关,重游意愿和补偿必要性认知与其呈显著正相关关系。学历水平、月收入、旅游环境影响认知、满意度和补偿政策认知等变量对支付意愿在10%的显著性水平下不存在显著影响。但从统计结果来看,学历水平、黄山环境质量评价、环境破坏的担心度、生态环境的重要性、满意度对游客的支付意愿有一定的正向作用,游客月收入水平和补偿政策认知与支付意愿呈倒"U"型非线性关系。     

西安城市边缘区失地农民社区恢复力测度与影响因素

恢复力强调系统承受各种扰动冲击并从中恢复的能力,为不确定性条件下人类社会的可持续发展提供了新的研究思路。将恢复力理论框架引入失地农民社区研究中,在明晰失地农民社区恢复力概念内涵的基础上,从经济恢复力、社会恢复力、管理恢复力和环境恢复力四个维度建立测度指标体系,并选取西安城市边缘区为案例区,基于入户问卷调查数据,运用熵权TOPSIS方法对失地农民社区恢复力进行测度,并采取t检验、方差分析等方法探讨失地农民社区恢复力的影响因素及其作用路径。研究表明:①失地农民社区恢复力整体处于中等偏下水平,恢复力综合指数处于低、中、高三个级别的失地农民社区所占比重分别为47. 6%、33. 3%和19. 1%,等级结构呈现"金字塔"形;②四个维度恢复力测度结果依次为环境恢复力经济恢复力管理恢复力社会恢复力,表明在快速城市化冲击下,相较于失地农民社区在物质环境和经济收入层面的快速适应和恢复,其社会恢复较为滞后,具体表现为社会关系网络构建、社区参与及社会学习等方面恢复能力较差,反映失地农民社区在管理方面存在较多问题,基层政府管理公平性缺失以及社会保障制度不健全等因素阻碍了社区管理恢复力的构建;③失地农民社区恢复力是社区内在特征与外部干扰因素相互影响和共同作用的结果,通过对失地农民社区恢复力影响因素作用路径的分析可知,地理区位、外来人口比重、征地原因以及征地时间是其主要影响因素。最后从经济、社会、管理、环境层面提出提升失地农民社区恢复力的对策建议。     

社区融合对北京市居民生活垃圾分类行为的影响机制研究

当今中国正处于城市化调速提质、经济结构深度调整的特殊历史时期,随之而来的是深刻的社会转型。在人口流动频繁、城市空间重构与户籍制度造成的二元分割客观存在的社会大背景下,研究居民生活垃圾分类行为将有助于从新的视角增进对这一现象的理解和把握。在新的历史时期,社区已成为城市居民生活的主要场域,也成为其表达价值观、态度和采取相应行为的重要载体。在全球化、市场化和城市化的共同作用下,中国城市社区面临快速的转型和重构。传统的街坊和单位社区开始瓦解,商品房、保障房等新型社区大量涌现,城市居住空间分异加剧,同时也带来了社区同质化、基层社会管理缺位、邻里关系淡薄、社区感丧失等问题。北京市的生活垃圾分类活动多以社区为单位,触及每位居民的私人生活方式,因此,社区融合程度将不可避免地对其产生影响。本文采用计划行为理论(TBP)作为分析框架,从心理学、社会学和组织行为学的视角探讨了社区融合如何影响社区居民的生活垃圾分类行为。研究发现:社区融合程度可以从社区认同、社区参与和社区支持三个维度来考察,而社区融合的程度则通过信任态度、环境责任感、垃圾分类效能感为完全中介对居民的生活垃圾分类行为产生影响。同时,这三个中介变量与垃圾分类行为之间的关系受到该社区垃圾分类设施与服务体系完善程度的影响。本研究整合了多个学科领域对垃圾分类行为的研究成果,丰富了垃圾分类行为的前因研究,有助于推动对垃圾分类行为产生机制的整体认知。     

公众参与环境保护模式研究:社区磋商小组

本文介绍了我国环境保护中公众参与的现状及公众参与存在的问题。借鉴澳大利亚社区参与的模式,设计出一种新的公众参与程序和方法—社区磋商小组(Community Consultation Groups,以下简称CCG)模式。以雅浦村生活垃圾、生活污水、农业面源和水产养殖污染控制为切入点,开展了以农民为主体的雅浦村CCG试点。试点项目成果能够较为真实、广泛地反应出雅浦村在生活垃圾、生活污水、农业面源和水产养殖方面存在的问题,让公众充分、及时地了解自身的环境行为可能带来的环境影响。通过试点活动,雅浦村CCG的环境意识和执行能力以及雅浦村村民的环境意识都得到了提高,从实践上证明了CCG的有效性和可行性。该模式对完善公众参与程序和方法,提高公众环境保护意识具有积极的意义,值得总结经验,推广应用。     

长三角城市群旅游环境承载力时空分异格局与空间效应研究

旅游环境承载力的空间分异及其关联规律是客观存在的,科学评估承载能力和制定空间管控政策是促进区域旅游可持续发展的重要路径。以2000～2018年长三角城市群26个城市面板数据为研究样本,统筹考虑经济、社会、资源、生态要素并将其纳入驱动力-压力-状态-影响-响应系统,建立基于DPSIR理论模型的旅游环境承载力评价指标体系,采用空间自相关方法揭示长三角城市群旅游环境承载力的空间关联特征,并运用空间计量模型及其偏微分分解方法对旅游环境承载力的空间溢出效应进行分析。结果表明：(1)研究期间,长三角城市群旅游环境承载力整体保持波动上升态势,并呈现“东南高、西北低”的空间分布特征。(2)旅游环境承载力呈现较强的空间集聚与关联特征,空间关联强度呈“上升-下降-上升-下降”的“M”字型变化趋势。(3)旅游环境承载力具有显著的空间溢出效应,本地城市旅游环境承载力指数每增长1个单位,将带动邻近城市增长0.637个单位。经济发展水平、科技进步水平、环境规制强度、旅游产业集聚对本地城市旅游环境承载力存在直接效应,对邻近城市存在不同程度溢出效应。为有效挖掘新时期长三角城市群旅游环境承载潜力,应重视城际之间旅游环境...     

环境治理的社会规范路径

环境问题的根源在于人类的行为,引导个体实施环境友好行为是环境治理的基本思路。环境社会规范会对环境行为产生重要的影响,是环境治理的重要路径。本研究在阐述社会规范的种类及其作用机制的基础上,借鉴环境社会规范激活的相关理论,阐明环境社会规范激活的影响因素及环境社会规范作用于环境行为的基本机理,分析中国环境社会规范激活存在的障碍,提出政府通过促进环境社会规范的激活来治理环境所应当采取的措施。研究结论表明,整体环境社会规范的激活水平决定着环境社会规范对环境行为的作用力,其取决于相互影响的环境描述性规范、环境命令性规范、环境个人规范的激活水平以及外部约束条件。由于受到客观物质生活条件的制约,中国环境社会规范的激活存在一些障碍,导致环境社会规范激活处于较低的水平,这些主要的障碍包括环境消极描述性规范反向作用大、环境个人规范激活水平低和行为的成本、行为的技术障碍、行为的便利性等外部因素的制约突出。在此,提出的建议是政府相关部门可以采取积极措施,通过提高环境社会规范的激活水平来达到环境治理的目标。政府相关部门可通过描述性规范信息的传递提高环境描述性规范激活水平。环境宣传教育中通过生态价值观确立、环境污染行为不利后果的明确认知、环境不利后果避免的正确归因来提高环境个人规范的激活水平。通过降低遵守环境社会规范的难度和成本消除环境社会规范激活的外部制约因素。通过完善环境立法并强化环境法的实施可有效提高环境描述性规范、环境命令性规范、环境个人规范的激活水平,从而提高整体环境社会规范的激活水平。     

近30年来庐山风景名胜区NDVI时空变化及其潜在影响因素分析

植被是旅游吸引力的重要构成因素,研究景区归一化植被指数(NDVI)变化对风景名胜区的可持续发展至关重要。以国家首批重点风景名胜区——庐山风景名胜区为研究区,采用近30年来的Landsat NDVI数据,基于趋势分析法分析了研究区NDVI的时空变化特征,并从气候、地形因子以及旅游活动等方面,探讨了研究区NDVI变化的潜在影响因素。研究表明:近30年来庐山风景名胜区NDVI整体在波动中呈现下降趋势,其中在1988～2001年和2002～2017年两个时间段呈现先降后升趋势,但期末回升水平低于期初水平。空间上,NDVI明显降低的区域分布在主要景点及游客路线周围,NDVI增加的区域分布在高密度林地覆盖区。在各影响因素中,对于气候因素,由于研究区面积有限,热量和降水的空间分布差异较小,降水和气温与NDVI相关性不显著,气候因素不是NDVI变化的主要影响因素。对于地形因素,高程和坡度较高的区域,分布着主要景点和游客集散区,人为因素的干扰较大,NDVI值较低;阳坡与阴坡相比,光照资源更为丰富,此外,阴坡多为景点和游客路线等人类活动较强的区域,阳坡区域NDVI较高。对于旅游活动,研究期内游客人数逐年上升,旅游活动增强,景点、游客中心及游客路线周围建设用地和裸地的面积明显增加,NDVI呈下降趋势,旅游活动是NDVI变化的主要影响因素。     

基于行为与意愿悖离视角的农户亲环境行为研究——以有机肥施用为例

作为一种亲环境的农业生产资料,施用有机肥可改善当前的农业环境污染现状.为探究农户亲环境行为与意愿悖离的原因所在,以有机肥施用为例,基于农户实地调查数据,运用二元Logistic模型,从认知特征、心理特征和外部情境因素,对导致农户在施用有机肥这一亲环境行为过程中所产生的行为与意愿的悖离现象背后的原因进行分析.结果表明:农户有机肥施用行为与意愿存在悖离,农户对有机肥了解情况、感知行为控制、社会责任感、社会规范、身体状况、文化程度、家庭收入、地块数和有机肥收益是该现象的成因.此外,进一步分析结果表明,对文化程度较高的农户而言,农业环境污染认知水平越高、农业环境污染对自身健康影响认知水平越高,其有机肥施用行为与意愿悖离的可能性越小;对较大年龄和女性农户而言,居住地与地块距离越远、地块周边交通状况越差,其有机肥施用行为与意愿悖离的可能性越大.据此提出应提升文化程度较高农户的整体认知水平、加强对施用有机肥的宣传、合理制定有机肥施用社会规范、加大对有机肥施用措施的补贴力度、在尽量照顾较大年龄和女性农户前提下调整耕地并进一步降低耕地细碎化程度等政策建议,以促进农户有机肥施用意愿向行为的转化.     

高铁对长三角区域旅游一体化影响计量研究

高铁正成为影响我国区域旅游一体化的关键性因素,已有高铁旅游影响研究普遍存在供需分离的系统化视角缺位问题。立足多目的地-多客源地交互的旅游供需空间系统视角,利用GIS集成方法和旅游系统引力模型研究了有无高铁网络两种情境下的长三角区域旅游竞争力和出游力格局,分析了高铁对区域旅游一体化影响的具体方向、程度和意义。结果发现:(1)高铁对长三角区域旅游一体化影响增强,扩大了旅游竞争力、出游力等级差异,带来逆向均衡一体化效应;(2)高铁强化了长三角区域旅游格局的核心-边缘结构,边缘地区非高铁城市的旅游竞争力和出游力进一步被削弱,而核心高铁城市上海的中心性仍在增强;(3)高铁开通后,边缘地区新增开高铁城市的旅游格局变化最大,但固有劣势使其不能从根本上改变区域旅游整体的非均衡发展态势;(4)高铁时空压缩在削弱空间距离因素影响的同时,促进了区域旅游竞合关系的本位回归,规避旅游供给的同质化竞争、强调差异化发展是发挥高铁旅游一体化联动效应的根本路径模式。最后,指出高铁开通可以为边缘地区城市提供相对公平的交通发展平台,是防止边缘地区城市进一步被边缘化的必要条件,进而提出了促进区域旅游一体化发展的具体政策建议。     

居民环境后果认知对保护旅游地环境行为影响研究

随着旅游业的快速发展及频繁爆发的自然灾害事件,越来越多的旅游地生态环境受到人为及非人为活动的干扰。生态环境是旅游业得以正常运行与进一步发展的基础之一,因此旅游地环境保护研究一直是学术界关注的焦点。本研究以旅游地社区居民为案例借助NAM模型(Norm Activation Model)研究居民环境后果认知对保护旅游地环境行为的驱动机制,并对青城山-都江堰与九寨沟居民样本进行对比分析。经多群组结构方程模型分析得到以下结果:①青城山-都江堰与九寨沟两组模型中均表现出因变量保护旅游地环境后果认知对环保道德规范作用最强,因变量灾害后果认知对环保道德规范影响次之,因变量旅游环境影响认知对环保道德规范无影响;②两组模型中环保道德规范作为中介变量均表现出对日常环保行为影响最强,对景区生态关注影响强度次之,对高级环保行为意愿影响强度最弱;③保护旅游地环境后果认知是影响居民实施保护旅游地环境行为最主要的环境后果认知维度;④青城山-都江堰居民保护旅游地环境后果认知对保护旅游地环境行为及行为意愿三个维度影响强度均大于九寨沟,而九寨沟居民灾害后果认知对保护旅游地环境行为及行为意愿三个维度影响强度均大于青城山-都江堰。旅游地环境管理要充分考虑和提高居民的合理利益,并加强环境、灾害意识与传统文化教育有利于激发居民主动实施环保行为,有利于旅游地环境可持续发展。     

Formaldehyde in conventional homes in Taiwan

A survey was conducted in the humid environment of Taipei City during April and May of 1991, to investigate the indoor formaldehyde exposure and its health effects on 117 conventional households. The levels of formaldehyde were measured by the pararosaniline method. The details regarding construction, ventilation, combustion of fuel, burning of Chinese incense, and the complaints concerning the respiratory system were obtained by a questionnaire. The results show that the age of the pressed wood used in furniture and indoor decoration, the ventilation rate, the combustion of fuel, and the burning of Chinese incense significantly affect the levels of formaldehyde. The respiratory complaints found in this study were concluded here to be only partially accounted for by exposure to formaldehyde.     

Natural radionuclides in bottled water in Austria

Concentration levels of 226Ra, 222Rn and 210Pb were analyzed in domestic bottled waters commercially available in Austria. Concentrations up to 0.23 Bq/l, with a geometric mean of 0.041 Bq/l were found for 226Ra. Concentrations for 222Rn ranged from <0.12-18 Bq/l, the geometric mean being 0.54 Bq/l. Lead-210 was analyzed in selected samples, the concentrations ranging from <2 to 34 mBq/l, with a geometric mean of 4.7 mBq/l. Ingestion doses resulting from consumption of these waters were calculated for the geometric mean and the maximum concentrations of the three radionuclides. The effective dose equivalents for different age groups of the population due to the intake of 226Ra range from 0.001 to 0.22 mSv/y and of 210Pb from 0.0003 to 0.05 mSv/y. Ingestion doses from 222Rn are low compared to those from 226Ra and 210Pb, ranging from 0.0001 to 0.011 mSv/y for adults and children, respectively. The doses are compared to the total ingestion dose from dietary intake of natural radionuclides on an annual basis.     

Radon concentrations in a spa in Serbia

The paper presents the results of indoor radon concentration survey in 201 homes and offices in Niska Banja (the Spa of Nis), a well-known health resort and a spa in the South-East of Serbia. Radon indoor concentrations were determined by active charcoal method, according to standard EPA procedure. The indoor radon concentrations were in the range of up to 200 Bq/m(3) (47%), from 200-600 Bq/m(3) (26%) and over 600 Bq/m(3) (27%). Three areas of extremely high average radon concentrations were found (1,340-4,340 Bq/m(3)), with a maximum above 13,000 Bq/m(3). The content of natural radionuclides ((226)Ra, (214)Pb, (214)Bi, (235)U, (228)Ac, (212)Pb, (212)Bi, (208)Tl, (40)K) and (137)Cs, as well as the content of total uranium, thorium and potassium in mud used in peloidotherapy in the Health Institute "Niska Banja" was determined, too. The activities of the radionuclides were determined on an HPGe detector, by standard gamma spectroscopy. The results indicated considerably high amounts of total uranium and thorium (0.021 g/kg mud and 0.003 g/kg mud, respectively), due to the karsts origin of the soil.     

Precipitation-driven decrease in wildfires in British Columbia

Trends of summer precipitation and summer temperature and their influence on trends in summer drought and area burned in British Columbia (BC) were investigated for the period 1920–2000. The complexity imposed by topography was taken into account by incorporating high spatial resolution climate and fire data. Considerable regional variation in trends and in climate–fire relationships was observed. A weak but significant increase in summer temperature was detected in northeastern and coastal BC, whereas summer precipitation increased significantly in all regions—by up to 45.9 %. A significant decrease in province-wide area burned and at the level of sub-units was strongly related to increasing precipitation, more so than to changing temperature or drought severity. A stronger dependence of area burned on precipitation, a variable difficult to predict, implies that projected changes in future area burned in this region may yield higher uncertainties than in regions where temperature is predominantly the limiting factor for fire activity. We argue that analyses of fire–climate relationships must be undertaken at a sufficiently high resolution such that spatial variability in limiting factors on area burned like precipitation, temperature, and drought is captured within units.     

Participatory approach in vision setting: emerging initiatives in local municipalities in Japan

In this paper, we present the emerging practices in Japanese local municipalities, in which participatory methods are applied to envision sustainable future and relevant target settings. We selected three local cases: Higashiomi city, Kizugawa city and Nagakute city as emerging initiatives. A comparative analysis was carried out to identify commonalities and differences, and to derive lessons for appropriate governance and systems for participatory deliberation in future visioning. We argue that the deliberation processes served as a platform for effective communication, and that installing a mechanism that allows reflexive deliberation processes is the key to make participatory methods fully functional.     

Trends in lung cancer in London in relation to exposure to diesel fumes

Mortality from lung cancer among males in England and Wales is now beginning to decline, and the urban excess that has persisted for many years is also becoming smaller. There is nothing in these national trends to suggest that pollution from diesel vehicles, which has been increasing in recent decades, would be involved. Some preliminary results are presented from a long-term study of the incidence of lung cancer among London Transport staff, including men who work in bus garages where there are high concentrations of smoke from diesel buses. Over the 25 year period from 1950–1974 the numbers of cases reported in each of the several job categories have been below those expected on the basis of Greater London rates. The absence of data on smoking habits makes it difficult to determine whether the small differences in rates between job categories are of any importance, but the standardised mortality ratios are all well within the range of those found in national studies of lung cancer mortality and smoking in relation to occupation.     

Seasonal changes in radon concentrations in buildings in the region of northeastern Poland

In this study, seasonal observations of radon concentration changes inside buildings carried out in the northeastern region of Poland is presented. One-year measurements of radon concentrations were performed in chosen buildings. The integral method of Cr-39 trace detectors in diffusive chambers was used. Mean values of radon concentrations were determined in monthly, 2-, 3-, 6-month, and annual observations. The fraction of a mean annual concentration of the value obtained in a shorter observation was calculated. Monthly concentration values were from about 0.2 to 14.9 of the annual mean. All buildings revealed seasonal fluctuation of radon concentration. Negative correlation of indoor radon concentration in the buildings and the mean temperature outside was observed in most examined buildings. The lowest coefficient range, determining which part of the annual mean value would be obtained in the 6-month observation, was gained for exposure begun in April or October.     

流域土地利用变化的水质响应研究进展

探讨流域土地利用变化的水质响应,有利于从源头上控制水污染。不同学者在多种边界条件下研究了流域土地利用变化的水质响应,发现流域土地利用变化是造成河流水质发生变化的重要原因。根据是否可以将土地利用活动概化为点状,流域土地利用变化的水质响应研究可分为点状土地利用的水质响应和非点状土地利用的水质响应。准确边界土地利用的水质响应一般是研究流域土地利用空间特征和土地利用结构与水质变化的关系。对于用全流域尺度还是用缓冲区的尺度分析土地利用的水质响应更准确仍存在争论。水域边缘几何形状影响了土地利用与水质的关系。     

Radium equivalent activity concentrations in concrete building blocks in eight cities in Southwestern Nigeria

The radioactivity concentrations of (226)Ra, (232)Th and (40)K were measured by using gamma ray spectroscopy in 130 concrete building blocks collected from block making sites in eight cities in Southwestern Nigeria. The results were used to compute the radium equivalent activity concentration for each city. The values of the concentrations of the primordial radionuclides varied widely within each city and among the cities. The weighted means for the cities range between 13.3 and 18.4, 28.2 and 71.6, and 176.2 and 336.8 Bq/kg for (226)Ra, (232)Th and (40)K, respectively. The city weighted means of radium equivalent activity concentrations for the eight cities range from 81 to 145 with a mean of 101 Bq/kg. The maximum for external hazard index was determined as 0.39. All the values are within the safety limits recommended by UNSCEAR [United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation 1982. Report to the General Assembly, with annexes. New York, United Nations.].