垃圾焚烧底渣协同固化市政污泥的工程特性

开展了不同含量垃圾焚烧底渣与固化剂共同作用下,固化市政污泥工程特性研究。测定了固化体的含水率、有机质含量、重度、pH值、无侧限抗压强度、增容比及28 d渗透系数等工程指标。结果表明:固化体有机质含量及含水率随垃圾焚烧底渣含量的增多而降低;重度随底渣添加量增加而增大,在12~15 k N·m-3之间;固化体pH值、无侧限抗压强度、增容比及渗透系数均随底渣含量增加而增大。底渣添加量为40%左右时,固化体满足填埋要求。垃圾焚烧底渣作为骨料,增强了污泥固化体工程特性、减少了固化剂用量、同时实现以废治废,降低污泥和垃圾焚烧底渣处置成本。研究成果为污泥及垃圾焚烧底渣填埋处置提供了参数及指导作用。     

不同粒径垃圾焚烧底渣对固化市政污泥工程特性的影响

在有膜标准养护和自然养护7 d和28 d的情况下,测定了固化体的含水率、有机质含量、抗剪强度、无侧限抗压强度及增容比等工程指标。研究结果表明,固化体含水率随垃圾焚烧底渣颗粒增大而增大;有机质含量则与颗粒大小没有明显相关性;粘聚力随垃圾焚烧底渣颗粒粒径增大而减小;内摩擦角随垃圾焚烧底渣颗粒粒径增大而增大;无侧限抗压强度随垃圾焚烧底渣粒径增大而增大;实验配比为100∶20∶20情况下的增容比均小于1.08。底渣中2 mm以上大颗粒对固化起到了更加积极的作用。垃圾焚烧底渣作为骨料,增强工程特性、减小固化剂用量、降低成本。研究成果拓展了污泥处理处置途径。     

不同级配垃圾焚烧底渣固化市政污泥工程特性分析

开展了(炉排炉和流化床炉)两种垃圾焚烧底渣与固化剂共同作用下固化市政污泥的工程特性研究。分析了两种底渣化学成份及物理级配上的差异,重点考察了在密封养护情况下,测定了不同底渣固化体的含水率、pH值、无侧限抗压强度及28d渗透系数等工程特性指标。研究结果表明:相同含量的两种底渣固化体含水率及pH相同,且含水率随底渣含量增加而降低,而pH值随底渣含量增加而增加;随着底渣含量增加,级配良好的炉排炉底渣固化体强度比级配不良的流化床底渣固化体强度从高8 k Pa增加到30 k Pa;受底渣级配的影响,炉排炉底渣固化体渗透系数随底渣含量增加而增大,而流化床底渣固化体渗透系数基本不变。级配良好的炉排炉底渣固化体工程特性优于级配不良的流化床底渣固化体,具有更强的骨架作用。研究成果为污泥及垃圾焚烧底渣填埋处置提供了科学借鉴。     

钛石膏改性胶结材干化湖泊污泥效果及机理

通过不同养护龄期下钛石膏改性胶结材和生石灰掺量对城市湖泊污泥干化效果影响的对比研究,揭示了钛石膏改性胶结材干化污泥的效果和机理。实验结果表明,随着养护龄期增长,干化污泥含水率减少量逐渐增大;同一养护龄期,掺20%钛石膏改性胶结材的干化污泥含水率减少量明显高于掺20%生石灰的干化污泥含水率减少量;干化污泥p H趋于8时,掺20%生石灰干化污泥所用时间是掺20%钛石膏改性胶结材所用时间的7.5倍。XRD和SEM分析表明,钛石膏改性胶结材水化生成难溶的水化硅酸钙凝胶和钙矾石晶体,将大量自由水转化为结晶水;同时,水化硅酸钙凝胶、钙矾石晶体和污泥中固体颗粒之间的互相搭接和紧密结合,彻底改变了原污泥松散团聚的结构体系,将干化污泥中各相牢固地粘结成一个整体,这是钛石膏改性胶结材干化效果好的关键。     

工业废渣和膨润土协同固化污泥的性能与微观特征

为探究工业废渣和膨润土协同处置市政污泥的应用效果,利用工业废渣(高炉矿渣和脱硫石膏)等量取代部分水泥,设计制备了低水泥掺量的工业废渣基复合固化剂(简称复合固化剂),开展了复合固化剂和膨润土协同固化污泥的无侧限抗压强度、浸出液重金属浓度及COD测试,评价了复合固化剂和膨润土对固化污泥力学特性和环境安全性能的影响。通过XRD、TG/DTG、BET、SEM等微观测试手段,明确了复合固化剂协同膨润土固化稳定污泥的微观结构特征。结果表明：采用高炉矿渣和脱硫石膏等量取代部分水泥可大幅度提升固化污泥的强度,复合固化剂的最优质量配合比为高炉矿渣∶脱硫石膏∶水泥=6∶1∶3;在复合固化剂固化污泥基础上,掺加膨润土可明显提升固化污泥的强度以及环境安全性,膨润土的最优掺量为10%;采用10%膨润土等量取代部分复合固化剂,固化污泥强度可提升17%～23%,浸出液中重金属离子浓度和COD值可降低40%～60%;相比水泥固化污泥体系,复合固化剂和膨润土协同固化污泥可生成更多的C-S-H凝胶、钙矾石晶体等水化产物,且膨润土具有较好的细化孔隙效应,二者协同作用共同提升了固化污泥的密实度和强度,而胶凝物质的物理包裹以及...     

灰砂比和硫酸盐对尾砂充填体早期抗压强度的影响

为了探究不同硫酸盐含量铅锌尾砂在不同水泥掺量条件下充填体的抗压强度,以硫酸亚铁溶液代替实验用水,开展4组浓度硫酸亚铁溶液(0、5 000、10 000、20 000 mg·L~(-1))及3组灰砂比(1/6、1/8、1/10)铅锌尾砂胶结充填体早期单轴抗压强度(3、7、14和28 d)实验。结果表明:不同灰砂比充填体3 d抗压强度差别不大,灰砂比1/6能够显著提高充填体7 d以后的强度,28 d所有试件抗压强度均能达到1.15 MPa以上;养护龄期为3 d时,硫酸亚铁的絮凝作用会减缓充填体脱水速率,导致高硫酸亚铁试件抗压强度较低;养护龄期为7~28 d时,充填体试件的抗压强度随硫酸亚铁含量的增高先增大后减小,硫酸盐浓度为5 000~10 000 mg·L~(-1)的试件抗压强度最高;方差分析表明,硫酸亚铁和灰砂比对充填体抗压强度均有显著影响,灰砂比对抗压强度的影响高于硫酸亚铁。     

低水泥含量垃圾焚烧飞灰重金属离子蒸养固化实验研究

对垃圾焚烧飞灰(以下简称飞灰)的矿物组成、微观形貌及其重金属浸出浓度进行了测试分析,结果表明,飞灰中Cd与Pb的浸出浓度远高于《生活垃圾填埋场控制标准》(GB 16889—2008)规定的限值,在进行安全填埋之前需固化处理。引入水泥蒸养固化技术,减少水泥掺量,增加粉煤灰掺量来处理飞灰。研究了不同配比下固化体的抗压强度以及不同飞灰掺量对固化体浸出浓度的影响。结果表明,蒸养后的固化体抗压强度基本都能达到安全填埋的要求,其重金属浸出浓度都低于GB 16889—2008规定的限值,可以进行安全填埋。     

稳定剂协同水泥固化/稳定化重金属污染土壤的工程特性

采用稳定剂(SR)协同水泥(PC)固化/稳定化重金属污染土壤,以Pb、Zn浸出毒性和药剂吨处理成本为综合指标确定PC和SR的最优配比,并对固化土体进行无侧限抗压强度、不固结不排水三轴压缩实验和柔性壁渗透实验,探讨固化土体强度以及渗透特性。结果表明,最优配比为SR掺量2.5%,PC掺量8%;最优配比下固化土体中重金属铅锌的浸出浓度分别降低97.5%和74.5%,均低于固体危险废物浸出标准值。其养护28 d无侧限抗压强度达到1 080 kPa,比未固化土体对应值高9.6倍;随着PC掺量增加,固化体的有效黏聚力及有效内摩擦角均不断增大,其中最优配比固化土体有效黏聚力达到216.9 kPa,有效内摩擦角为34.8°。加入稳定剂SR使固化体渗透系数增大,但随着PC掺量增加,渗透系数急剧降低。其中最优配比固化土体渗透系数相对未固化复合污染土体降低一个数量级至10~(-6)cm·s~(-1),可有效增强土体的防渗阻隔能力,提高稳定化土壤的安全利用率。     

河道底泥重金属浸出毒性分析及其固化/稳定化效果

城市内河由于长期承纳污染物导致其底泥受到污染,特别是其中重金属污染严重。选取某城市纳污河淤泥为试验对象,发现底泥Cr、Cu、Ni和Zn含量和浸出浓度均较高。为使其达到资源再利用要求,研究了一种污泥改性剂对其固化/稳定化的效果。结果显示,当改性剂掺量为10%时,已能够显著提高淤泥各个龄期强度。固化淤泥重金属浸出浓度在7d时已明显降低,且随养护时间增长进一步降低。改性剂掺量为13%时,固化淤泥Cu、Ni和Zn浸出浓度可降低90%以上,而Cr浸出浓度也可降低80%左右。实验表明,污泥改性剂处理后淤泥抗压强度提高,同时有害物质得到有效的稳定。     

机械力活化固硫灰固化处理生活垃圾焚烧飞灰

为实现城市生活垃圾焚烧飞灰的安全处理,通过机械力化学法活化循环流化床燃煤固硫灰,探讨了球磨样品制备固化体的参数。并采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)和傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FTIR)手段对垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的固化机制进行了研究。结果表明,当垃圾焚烧飞灰掺加比为60%,球磨转速为600 r·min~(-1),球磨时间为5 h,养护温度60℃时的固化体28 d和56 d抗压强度分别达到15.6 MPa和17.9 MPa,采用原子吸收光谱仪(AAS)测得固化体中Zn、Pb、Cu、Cd和Cr重金属浸出量均低于GB 5085.3-2007规定限值。XRD和FTIR表征结果表明,在水化过程中,该混合体系生成了水化硅酸钙(C—S—H)、斜方钙沸石和钙矾石(AFt)等水化产物,并且C—S—H凝胶可通过物理包裹的形式固化垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属;斜方钙沸石和钙矾石以化学吸附的方式使垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属离子达到固化/稳定化效果,实现了垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的安全处理。     

Geotechnical Engineering Properties of Incinerator Ash Mixes

Abstract

The incineration of solid waste produces large quantities of bottom and fly ash. Landfilling has been the primary mode of disposal of these waste materials. Shortage in landfill space and the high cost of treatment have, however, prompted the search for alternative uses of these waste materials. This study presents an experimental program that was conducted to determine the engineering properties of incinerator ash mixes for use as construction materials. Incinerator ash mixes were tested as received and around optimum compacted conditions. Compaction curves, shear strength, and permeability values of fly ash, bottom ash, and their various blends were investigated. Bottom ash tends to achieve maximum dry density at much lower water content than does fly ash. The mixes displayed a change in their cohesion and friction angle values when one of the two mix components was altered or as a result of the addition of water. The permeability of bottom ash is quite comparable to that of sand. The permeability of fly ash lies in the range of those values obtained for silts and clays. A 100% bottom ash compacted at the optimum water content has a lower density value and yields a higher friction angle and cohesion values than most construction fills. This would encourage the use of bottom ash as a fill or embankment material because free drainage of water will prevent the buildup of pore water pressures.     

Geotechnical engineering properties of incinerator ash mixes

The incineration of solid waste produces large quantities of bottom and fly ash. Landfilling has been the primary mode of disposal of these waste materials. Shortage in landfill space and the high cost of treatment have, however, prompted the search for alternative uses of these waste materials. This study presents an experimental program that was conducted to determine the engineering properties of incinerator ash mixes for use as construction materials. Incinerator ash mixes were tested as received and around optimum compacted conditions. Compaction curves, shear strength, and permeability values of fly ash, bottom ash, and their various blends were investigated. Bottom ash tends to achieve maximum dry density at much lower water content than does fly ash. The mixes displayed a change in their cohesion and friction angle values when one of the two mix components was altered or as a result of the addition of water. The permeability of bottom ash is quite comparable to that of sand. The permeability of fly ash lies in the range of those values obtained for silts and clays. A 100% bottom ash compacted at the optimum water content has a lower density value and yields a higher friction angle and cohesion values than most construction fills. This would encourage the use of bottom ash as a fill or embankment material because free drainage of water will prevent the buildup of pore water pressures.     

Lightweight aggregate obtained from municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash sludge (MSWI-BAS) and its characteristics affected by single factor of sintering mechanism

ABSTRACT

To solve the disposal problem of municipal solid waste incineration bottom ash sludge (MSWI-BAS), using it as the main raw material to prepare lightweight aggregates (LWA) for resource utilization. Sintering is an important process to achieve the desired microstructure and material properties. This paper investigates the characteristics of LWA affected by single factor of sintering mechanism (sintering temperature, heating rate and soaking time). Results show that sintering temperature increased from 1130°C to 1160°C caused high-density microstructure materials gradually formed in LWA, leading to particle strength increased from 0.1 MPa to 3.64 MPa, particle density showed an overall upward trend, reaching a maximum of 916 Kg/m³ at 1160°C, and 1 h water absorption reduced from 68% to 25%. The heating rate of 15 K/min was beneficial to the formation of dense phase structure which could increase the particle strength, and the water absorption rate reached the lowest at this time, while the particle density was less affected by heating rate. When soaking time extended from 5 min to 20 min, particle strength and compressive density were gradually increased, and 1 h water absorption showed an overall downward trend, indicating that a longer soaking time was not conducive to the retention of pores. This study demonstrates that the utilization of MSWI-BAS to make high-performance LWA is feasible, along with the preferable environmental and economic benefits.

Implications: MSWI-BAS were selected to produce lightweight aggregate (LWA), so that the sludge disposal problem is reduced. The effects of sintering temperature, heating rate and soaking time on the characteristics of LWA were investigated. Compact glass structures are formed at 1150°C and 1160°C which greatly improve the strength. The heating rate has little influence on the physical properties of LWA products. The particle density of LWA increases after the sintering soaking time reaches 15 minutes.     

垃圾焚烧飞灰浸出特性及固化试验的研究

垃圾焚烧飞灰残留有重金属元素和二恶英等物质而被认为是危险废物,必须对之进行稳定化处理.通过试验研究分析了国内首家自主开发成功的广东省东莞市某回转窑垃圾焚烧发电厂垃圾焚烧飞灰的化学成分及矿物组成,研究了飞灰的浸出毒性,考察了水泥固化焚烧飞灰的效果,并与熔融/玻璃固化进行了比较.研究表明,该焚烧飞灰中重金属Cd的浸出毒性严重超标,并且随pH值的减小而增大,水泥固化效果随龄期的增大而更加显著.熔融/玻璃固化的效果优于水泥固化,但其经济性有待提高.     

Study of PCDD/Fs distribution in fly ash,ash deposits,and bottom ash from a medical waste incinerator in China

Over the past decades in China, the number of medical waste incinerators (MWIs) has been rising rapidly, causing emissions of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs). In this study, samples of fly ash, ash deposits, and bottom ash from typical MWIs were analyzed for PCDD/Fs and their distribution characteristics. Results showed international toxic equivalent (I-TEQ) values in the range of 6.9–67 ng I-TEQ/g in fly ash and ash deposits, whereas the concentration in bottom ash was extremely low (only 1.33 pg I-TEQ/g), yet the generation of PCDD/Fs was mostly de novo synthesis in fly ash and ash deposits according to the ratio of PCDFs to PCDDs; the major distribution differences of PCDD/Fs in fly ash was manifested by the content of toxic furan 2,3,7,8-TCDF, but other toxic PCDD/Fs showed similar distribution. Other findings are that 2,3,4,7,8-PeCDF had the most contribution to TEQ concentration, and that the most abundant toxic furan congener is 1,2,3,4,6,7,8-HpCDF. Correlation analysis showed that there was no significant correlation between PCDD/Fs concentration and several other physical and chemical parameters.

Implications: This paper is of interest because it presents the emission performances of PCDD/Fs in ash from medical waste incineration in China. PCDD/F contents in fly ash and ash deposits vary between 6.9 and 67.3 ng I-TEQ/g. However, the concentration in bottom ash was extremely low (only 1.33?×?10^?3 ng I-TEQ/g). The fingerprints of PCDD/Fs in fly ash are almost similar, except for 2,3,7,8-TCDF. There is no marked correlation between PCDD/Fs and other physicochemical properties.

Supplemental Materials: Supplemental materials are available for this paper. Go to the publisher's online edition of the Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association.     

SGA对垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的固化性能研究简

根据EPA 1311、HJ/T 299-2007、HJ/T 300-2007和HJ 557-2009等国内外不同标准,研究了深圳某垃圾焚烧发电厂垃圾焚烧飞灰的浸出毒性,探讨了六硫代胍基甲酸（sixthio guanidine acid,SGA）、二甲基二硫代氨基甲酸盐（sodium dimethyl dithio carbamate,SDD）和Ca（OH）₂浓度对垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的固定性能的影响。研究结果表明,随着浸提液pH的降低,该厂焚烧飞灰中大部分金属元素的浸出量增大,焚烧飞灰浸出液中的Cd、Ni、Pb和Zn浓度分别超过国家危险废物鉴别标准（GB5085.3-2007）规定值的4.75倍、1.47倍、6.72倍和2.20倍,属于危险废弃物,必须进行稳定化处理。当固化剂SGA加入量为0.1 mol/kg时,稳定化后的重金属浸出浓度已经低于危险废物鉴别标准,且对Cd、Cr、Cu和Pb的固化性能优于SDD和Ca（OH）₂;当固化剂SGA、SDD和Ca（OH）₂加入量为0.5 mol/kg时,稳定化后的焚烧飞灰重金属浸出浓度均低于国家危险废物鉴别标准（GB 5085.3-2007）中的规定值。与SDD和Ca（OH）₂相比,SGA对垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的固化处理更具有优势。     

Screening of heavy metal containing waste types for use as raw material in Arctic clay-based bricks

In the vulnerable Arctic environment, the impact of especially hazardous wastes can have severe consequences and the reduction and safe handling of these waste types are therefore an important issue. In this study, two groups of heavy metal containing particulate waste materials, municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI) fly and bottom ashes and mine tailings (i.e., residues from the mineral resource industry) from Greenland were screened in order to determine their suitability as secondary resources in clay-based brick production. Small clay discs, containing 20 or 40% of the different particulate waste materials, were fired and material properties and heavy metal leaching tests were conducted before and after firing. Remediation techniques (washing in distilled water and electrodialytical treatment) applied to the fly ash reduced leaching before firing. The mine tailings and bottom ash brick discs obtained satisfactory densities (1669–2007 kg/m³) and open porosities (27.9–39.9%). In contrast, the fly ash brick discs had low densities (1313–1578 kg/m³) and high open porosities (42.1–51. %). However, leaching tests on crushed brick discs revealed that heavy metals generally became more available after firing for all the investigated materials and that further optimisation is therefore necessary prior to incorporation in bricks.     

垃圾焚烧飞灰有毒重金属固化稳定技术研究综述

采用焚烧法处理生活垃圾正呈快速增长的趋势,焚烧过程产生的飞灰中所含有的大量有毒重金属对自然环境和人类生存都造成极大影响。阐述了目前常用的几种固化稳定垃圾焚烧飞灰有毒重金属的方法,综合分析了其固化特点和优缺点,并初步探索了一种低能耗环境下实现高温熔融处置技术的有效途径,从而为垃圾焚烧飞灰高温固化稳定有毒重金属的实施提供一定的理论基础和技术支持。     

SGA对垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的固化性能研究

根据EPA1311、HJ／T299—2007、HJ／T300—2007和HJ557—2009等国内外不同标准,研究了深圳某垃圾焚烧发电厂垃圾焚烧飞灰的浸出毒性,探讨了六硫代胍基甲酸（sixthioguanidineacid,SGA）、二甲基二硫代氨基甲酸盐（sodiumdimethyldithiocarbamate,SDD）和Ca（OH）2浓度对垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的固定性能的影响。研究结果表明,随着浸提液pH的降低,该厂焚烧飞灰中大部分金属元素的浸出量增大,焚烧飞灰浸出液中的cd、Ni、Ph和zn浓度分别超过国家危险废物鉴别标准（GB5085．3—2007）规定值的4．75倍、1．47倍、6．72倍和2．20倍,属于危险废弃物,必须进行稳定化处理。当固化剂SGA加入量为0．1mol／kg时,稳定化后的重金属浸出浓度已经低于危险废物鉴别标准,且对Cd、Cr、Cu和Pb的固化性能优于SDD和Ca（OH）2;当固化剂SGA、SDD和Ca（OH）2加入量为0．5mol／kg时,稳定化后的焚烧飞灰重金属浸出浓度均低于国家危险废物鉴别标准（GB5085．3-2007）中的规定值。与SDD和Ca（OH）：相比,SGA对垃圾焚烧飞灰中重金属的固化处理更具有优势。     

地聚合材料固化处理垃圾焚烧飞灰

以垃圾焚烧飞灰和高岭土为主要原料,氢氧化钾为碱激活剂制备了地聚合材料,当焚烧飞灰的掺加量在70%时,其28 d抗压强度可达19.36 MPa。重金属浸出实验表明,地聚合物材料对垃圾焚烧飞灰中的重金属有明显的固化效果,在28 d时基本无溶出。SEM结果表明,地聚合材料的断面结构与力学性能和固化效果相关,XRD和FTIR的分析结果表明,焚烧飞灰和高岭土在碱的激发下生成新的硅铝酸盐聚合物,所得地聚合材料为无定形态。