天津冬季PM2.5与PM10中有机碳、元素碳的污染特征

研究了天津冬季PM2.5和PM10中碳成分的污染特征.结果表明,天津冬季PM2.5和PM10的平均质量浓度分别为(124.4±60.9)、(224.6±131.2)μg/m3;总碳(TC)、有机碳(OC)与元素碳(EC)在PM2.5中的平均质量分数比在PM10中分别高出5.0%、3.6%、1.2%;PM2.5中OC、EC的相关系数较高,为0.95,表明OC、EC的来源相对简单,可能主要反应了燃煤和机动车尾气的贡献.OC/EC的平均值在PM2.5和PM10中分别为3.9、4.9.次生有机碳(SOC)在PM2.55和PM10中的平均质量浓度分别为14.9、23.4/μg/m3,分别占OC的48.5%(质量分数,下同)、49.8%,OC/EC较高可能主要与直接排放源有关;PM2.5中的OC1与OC2的比例明显高于PM10,而聚合碳(OPC)的比例又低于PM10,同时PM2.5与PM10中的EC1含量均较高,表明天津冬季燃煤取暖和机动车尾气是重要的污染源.     

西安城郊PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)化学组分特征研究——以户县草堂寺为例

为研究西安城郊农村大气PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)中主要化学组分特征,于2014年12月至2015年10月在西安户县草堂寺采集颗粒物样品,分析了每组样品中的16种无机元素、8种水溶性离子、有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC),对颗粒物和化学组分的浓度水平、时间变化特征进行了讨论。结果表明:(1)PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)年平均值分别为(79.78±59.12)、(118.09±79.27)μg/m~3。(2)PM_(2.5)及PM10中地壳元素浓度总体表现为春季高、秋季低;微量元素浓度表现为冬季高、夏季低。(3)PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)中SO_4~(2-)、NH_4~+、NO_3~-浓度总体表现为冬季秋季春季夏季。(4)冬、春季OC、EC明显高于夏、秋季;由OC/EC的最小值估算得到PM_(2.5)、PM_(10)中二次有机碳(SOC)年平均值分别为(7.90±8.89)、(8.55±8.50)μg/m~3,冬、春季SOC明显高于夏、秋季;秋、冬季OC、EC相关性较强,而春、夏季较弱。     

济南市PM2.5化学组分及污染特征分析

为探讨济南市大气PM_(2.5)主要化学组分和污染特征,2017年在济南市开展了PM_(2.5)样品采集工作,分析了PM_(2.5)中有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)和水溶性离子浓度水平。结果表明:采样期间济南市PM_(2.5)中OC、EC年均质量浓度分别为9.10、2.68μg/m~3,全年OC与EC质量浓度的比值为3.4,二次有机碳污染严重;OC、EC季节分布特征明显,均为冬季浓度最高,且秋、冬季两者相关系数较高,表明秋季和冬季OC、EC来源较为一致。NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、NH_4~+年均质量浓度之和为34.29μg/m~3,占水溶性离子总量的88.9%,是济南市PM_(2.5)中最重要的组分;各水溶性离子浓度具有明显的季节变化特征,NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、NH_4~+、Cl~-和K~+均冬季浓度最高,而Ca~(2+)春季浓度最高;PM_(2.5)中NO_3~-与SO_4~(2-)质量浓度的比值为1.10,说明相比于固定污染源,移动污染源对济南市PM_(2.5)影响更大。     

天津大气PM_(2.5)中碳组分特征和来源分析

于2014年1—4月在天津城区采集PM2.5样品,采用热光反射法测定样品中有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)及8个碳组分(OC1、OC2、OC3、OC4、EC1、EC2、EC3、裂解碳(OP))的含量。结果表明,天津城区空气PM2.5中OC、EC质量浓度分别为(18.7±9.9)、(3.9±2.6)μg/m3,两者之和占PM2.5质量浓度的18.0%。采样期间OC与EC变化趋势一致,均呈现春节期间、普通采暖季浓度较高,非采暖季浓度较低的特点。对8个碳组分进行相关性分析,发现OC1~OC4及EC1~EC3分别来自相似的来源或受大气中类似的二次过程影响,主成分分析结果表明,燃煤、生物质燃烧和机动车排放对天津城区PM2.5中碳组分贡献显著。     

武汉市冬夏季大气PM2.5浓度及其烃类化合物的变化特征

分析了武汉市2009年冬夏两个季节大气PM2.5的浓度,并用气相色谱/质谱(GC/MS)技术研究了烃类化合物组成及变化特征。结果表明,PM2.5的质量浓度为25.0～302.4μg/m3,冬季明显高于夏季。检测出nC11～nC34正构烷烃,高碳数部分奇偶优势明显,碳优势指数(CPI)在1.1～2.9,具有高等植物蜡和人为源输入特征,冬夏季分布差异较大;藿烷和甾烷的普遍检出证实了大气颗粒物已明显受到化石燃料残余物的污染,且在冬季浓度相对较高;高环数多环芳烃含量较高,特征性诊断参数表明机动车排放相对较大。     

万州城区空气污染过程中含碳气溶胶的变化特征

于2016年9月28日至10月15日在万州城区对气态污染物、颗粒物及其含碳气溶胶进行了在线连续观测,结合气象参数,分析了含碳气溶胶的污染特征。结果表明,此次持续污染过程主要由颗粒物污染造成,污染天PM_(10)和PM_(2.5)平均质量浓度分别为170.8、123.7μg/m~3,显著高于非污染天。污染天和非污染天PM_(2.5)、NO_x、有机碳(OC)及元素碳(EC)浓度的日变化都呈双峰,但污染天PM_(2.5)、NO_x和OC出现早峰值时间比非污染天推迟1～3h。污染天OC、EC的平均质量浓度分别为28.0、5.4μg/m~3,分别为非污染天的2.2、1.6倍。以非污染天的起始点作为参照点,得到污染天OC、EC的平均增长率分别为159.3%和73.0%,OC污染累积和二次转化贡献率分别为45.8%和54.2%,说明污染过程OC以二次转化为主。并用最小比值法估算了二次有机碳(SOC)含量,得到污染天和非污染天PM_(2.5)中SOC平均质量浓度分别为16.3、5.3μg/m~3,SOC在OC中的占比(以质量分数计)分别为56.1%和39.9%,污染天SOC占比增加,也证明污染过程OC以二次转化为主。污染天静风出现频率比非污染天高,在东南风的影响下,OC、EC易出现高浓度。     

邯郸市PM_(2.5)及其化学组分的季节性变化

利用2013年邯郸市4个大气环境监测站连续1年的在线监测数据,并结合离线采样成分数据,对比分析了不同季节大气中PM_(2.5)及其主要成分的浓度水平和污染特征。结果表明,PM_(2.5)和PM10四季均存在不同程度的超标现象;污染物在4个站点之间的空间差异不太显著,邯郸市的污染为区域性污染。PM_(2.5)中水溶性无机离子和碳组分的季节变化均较为明显。SO_4~(2-)、NO_3~-和NH_4~+三者浓度之和占PM_(2.5)浓度的39.8%,占PM_(2.5)中总水溶性无机离子浓度的86.2%;四季均存在较强的光化学反应,但硫氧化率(SOR)和氮氧化率(NOR)呈现出不同的季节变化规律,与SO2-4和NO_3~-的来源和去除机制明显不同有关。秋、冬季有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)污染较为严重,总碳气溶胶(TCA)浓度分别占PM_(2.5)质量浓度的24.0%和32.9%;研究显示高浓度的OC较多来源于二次有机碳(SOC),高浓度碳易发生二次污染。进一步对PM_(2.5)中各组分进行来源分析得出燃煤、汽油车尾气、生物质燃烧、二次气溶胶和扬尘源对邯郸市PM_(2.5)贡献显著。     

朔州市市区环境空气PM_(10)中元素碳、有机碳分布特征

采集朔州市市区采暖季和非采暖季季PM10样品,测定其中元素碳(EC)和有机碳(OC)含量,并对碳组分的浓度水平、时空分布特征和主要来源进行了研究,结果表明:朔州市市区PM10中OC、EC平均浓度分别为(25.95±9.36)μg/m3和(26.58±10.36)μg/m3,总碳气溶胶(TAC)在PM10中的平均百分含量为30.1%;采暖季OC和EC浓度大于非采暖季,且OC、EC质量浓度大小在5个采样点位均呈现出点位5(工业开发区)点位2(居民区)点位1(商业、居民混合区)点位3(商业、文教混合区)点位4(相对清洁区)的变化规律,其中,点位5的OC、EC质量浓度最大,分别为(29.66±8.72)μg/m3和(31.40±10.42)μg/m3;PM10中OC/EC在采暖季和非采暖季比值均低于2,一次污染严重;OC和EC相关性较好,相关系数(R2)分别为0.85(采暖季)和0.69(非采暖季),说明PM10中的碳气溶胶主要来源于一次排放源,加强对燃煤烟尘、机动车尾气和生物质的燃烧等空气污染来源的控制对于改善朔州市环境空气质量有重要作用。     

烟花爆竹燃放对保定市大气污染特征影响研究

为了解烟花爆竹燃放对保定市大气污染特征的影响,于2018年春节期间对保定市不同监测站点PM 2.5中水溶性离子、有机碳(OC)、元素碳(EC)的污染特征进行了分析.结果表明:(1)春节期间保定市PM2.5最大值为588μg/m3,水溶性离子浓度排序为NO3->SO2-4>Cl->NH4+>K+>Mg2+>Na+>Ca2...     

西宁市春季道路扬尘碳组分特征及来源解析

为研究西宁市道路扬尘PM_2.5和PM₁₀中碳组分的特征及其来源,于2019年5月使用样方法采集西宁市78条铺装道路,通过NK-ZXF再悬浮仪器将样品悬浮到滤膜上,并利用热光碳分析仪测定有机碳(OC)和元素碳(EC)组分。结果表明：PM_2.5中ω(TC)为8.49%(环线)～10.38%(支路),ω(OC)为7.68%(环线)～9.36%(支路),ω(EC)为0.74%(国道)～1.02%(支路);PM₁₀中ω(TC)为8.38%(环线)～10.78%(支路),ω(OC)为7.30%(环线)～9.76%(支路),ω(EC)为0.59%(高速)～1.09%(环线)。各类型道路中ω(OC)均明显大于ω(EC),ω(EC)在不同道路类型中差异不大。OC在PM₁₀中的质量分数均高于在PM_2.5中的值,表明OC更容易富集到粒径大的颗粒物上。采用最小相关系数法(MRS)估算道路扬尘PM_2.5和PM₁₀中SOC含量,得出SOC分...     

Optimization of Height of Release of Air Pollutants

A number of key projects in the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) particulate R&;D program having applicability to industry are presented. For electrostatic precipitators (ESP) there is presented the result of work on large diameter discharge electrodes which provide a decrease in penetration of up to a factor of 4 when compared to conventional small diameter electrodes. Also discussed is the multistage ESP which provides a collection efficiency that would require a collecting plate area 4 or 5 times larger with conventional ESP technology. The E-SOX technology makes use of the multistage concept to free up space in the ESP for SO₂ removals of up to 90%. Electrostatically augmented fabric filtration provides a reduction in pressure drop of about 5 0% as compared to conventional fabric filtration. Wind tunnel modeling of windbreaks for material storage piles indicates a potential for providing engineering design data that would allow significant emission reduction caused by wind erosion     

Investigation of the characteristics of the reflectivity of clouds

This paper investigates some of the reflectivity characteristics that clouds (when modelled as solid bodies) must exhibit to be compatible with observations that the reflecting surface of a cloud (i) appears almost equally bright across its face, (ii) is brightest when the cloud is opposite to the Sun but decreases in brightness as the cloud moves to other positions and (iii) increases in brightness with increasing optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight. These observations, respectively, are shown to imply that the peak value of the bidirectional total reflectivity from a cloud surface (i) increases in inverse proportion to the cosine of the angle between the Sun and the normal to the cloud surface, as the incident angle increases, (ii) appears to be directed back in the direction of the incident radiation, and (iii) increases as optical thickness of the cloud in the observer's line of sight increases. The results could have application in many fields (e.g. modelling diffuse radiance distributions for cloudy skies).     

实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实施

在实施ISO／IEC17025：1999标准《检测和校准实验室能力的通用要求》过程中，通过实验室质量管理体系内部审核的实践与系统分析，识别出内部审核实施阶段的关键环节，提出召开首次会议、收集审核证据、确定审核发现和召开末次会议的技术方法，对提高内部审核的质量和有效性、获得可靠的审核结论具有重要意义。     

Estimation of uncertainty of sampling for analysis of pesticide residues

Abstract

A computer model was used to take random samples from primary sample populations obtained from field trials to simulate the uncertainty of sampling for residue analysis of plant commodities and soil. The results indicate about 40%, 30% and 20% relative uncertainty when random samples of size 5, 10 and 25 are taken respectively, from a single lot. Therefore the sample size should be the same for establishing and enforcing legal limits.     

扬中生态环境建设的思考与实践

结合扬中生态环境的基本情况和存在的不足，进行了具体分析，对扬中未来生态建设的发展方向提出了建议及实施措施。     

An application of the theory of kinematics of mixing to the study of tropospheric dispersion

The most common technique used for numerical simulations of tracer mixing is that of the numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation with the unresolved fluxes parameterized using the similarity theory. Despite correct predictions of the overall directions of transport, models based on a numerical solution of the advection–diffusion equation lack sufficient accuracy to correctly reproduce the coupling of mixing with small scale processes which are sensitive to the microstructure of the tracer distribution. The objective of this paper is to revisit the basic formalism employed in numerical models used to investigate atmospheric tracers. The main mathematical method proposed here is the theory of kinematics of mixing which could be applied effectively for simulations of atmospheric transport processes. At the beginning of the paper, we introduce simple mathematical transformations in order to demonstrate how complex topological structures are created by mixing processes. These idealistic flow systems are essential to explain transport properties of much more complex three-dimensional geophysical flows. An example of the application of the kinematics of mixing to the analysis of tracer transport on a planetary scale is presented in the following sections. The complex filamentary structures simulated in the numerical experiment are evaluated using some commonly applied statistical measures in order to compare the results with the data published in the literature. The results of the experiment are also analysed with the help of simple conceptual models of fluid filaments. The microstructure of the tracer distribution introduced in the paper is essential to increase our understanding of atmospheric transport and to develop more realistic parameterizations of small-scale mixing. The presented results could also be used to improve calculations of the coupling between microphysical processes and tracer mixing.     

次氯酸钠发生器的研制

介绍了电解法生产次氯酸钠的原理 ,并在原有生产工艺的基础上进行了重新设计和对设备的重新选择、改造 ,得出了各个工艺参数的最佳值 ,生产出高品质的次氯酸钠     

Comparison of methods for evaluation of activity of photocatalytic films

Objective

This work aims to investigate the correlation between the photocatalytic activity determined by methylene blue bleaching (DIN 52980), stearic acid degradation, and degradation of acetone in gas phase.

Method

The photocatalytic TiO₂ coatings included in this investigation ranged from thin commercially available coatings (Activ^TM and BioClean^TM) and ready to use suspensions (Nano-X PK1245) to lab-produced PVD and sol?Cgel coatings. XRD analysis of the photocatalytic coatings showed that all the coatings consisted of nanocrystalline anatase, although the thickness and porosity varied considerably.

Results

The study showed that the reproducibility of the activity measurements was good. However, more importantly, the investigation showed that there is a good correlation between the activities determined by the different methods even though the characteristics of the photocatalytic coatings and the organic probe molecules varied considerably.

Conclusion

The overall findings of this work suggest that there is a good correlation between the investigated methods. These results are promising for the future work concerning standardization of methods for determination of the activity of photocatalytic films.     

Impact of overexploitation of shellfish: northeastern coast of India

India has a very extensive coastline of about 7515 km, rich in diverse living resources. These resources continue to deteriorate with rampant harvesting or are altered for other uses such as aquaculture and fisheries. The present paper deals with degrading coastal habitats in northeastern India, and projects the intensity of the stress arising from the collection of tiger prawn seeds (Penaeus monodon) for aquacultural farms and molluskan shells for poultry feed and edible lime. Indiscriminate exploitation of these resources leads to a heavy reduction of the species concerned and other associated marine communities. The magnitude of such destruction has been quantified. The impacts of biodiversity loss and their after-effects on the ecobalance of this coastal system have become a matter of great concern to ecologists to maintain security and sustainability. The authors propose a public awareness program on themes relating to the importance of biodiversity for human livelihoods.