生活垃圾衍生燃料催化气化制备合成气

以生活垃圾衍生燃料RDF（refuse derived fuel）为原料,在750℃下进行了催化气化-改质实验,研究了氧气供应量、Ni基催化剂组分等操作要素对合成气生成特性的影响。结果表明：氧气供应量ER（equivalent ratio）的增加可以提高碳素转化率和冷气体效率;在Ni基催化剂中添加Mg、Ce、K、Ca和Zn等金属助剂可以有效改善改质催化性能,促进焦油分解,提高有效气体收率。在750℃温度条件下,控制供氧量ER=0.04时,通过催化气化-改质处理,可以从RDF获得H2体积分数约29.00%的清洁合成气,冷气体效率和碳素转化率分别为44.41%和82.41%,合成气收率可达0.244 m3·kg-1（RDF）。     

新型复合垃圾衍生燃料的制备及性能分析

为了提高城市生活垃圾资源化利用的效率,采用室温冷压有粘结剂成型的方法将城市生活垃圾和煤按一定的配比制成新型复合垃圾衍生燃料,研究了成型压力、配比对衍生燃料的热稳定性、机械强度、粘结性以及发热量的影响.试验结果表明,在生活垃圾中加入煤可有效改善衍生燃料性能,增加其热值,在成型压力为25 MPa,煤配比为20%时复合衍生燃料的性能最优.     

生活垃圾衍生燃料分段催化气化

利用下吸式分段催化固定床反应器对生活垃圾衍生燃料进行了气化实验。研究了气化温度、当量空气系数、气化介质和催化剂对气化产物的影响。结果表明,生活垃圾衍生燃料以塑料、纸类和厨余组分为主,热值在10 MJ·kg-1以上,适合直接气化。随着气化温度升高,气化气中H2和CO的含量、产气率、气化气热值、碳转化率和冷煤气效率升高,而焦油和CO2含量明显降低;随着当量空气系数升高,CO2含量、产气率和碳转化率升高,而焦油含量和气化气热值降低,在当量空气系数为0.33时冷煤气效率最高;当采用富氧空气作为气化介质时,N2对于气化气的稀释作用减弱;添加催化剂能有效减少气化气中焦油的含量,提高H2和CO的含量。采用下吸式分段催化气化,能有效提高气化气品质和冷煤气效率。     

垃圾衍生燃料作为生活垃圾焚烧炉辅助燃料的费用-效益分析

在分析垃圾焚烧技术及垃圾衍生燃料(RDF)技术的基础上,进一步分析了中国城市生活垃圾特点,表明了中国更适合利用陈旧垃圾制造高品质的RDF.通过RDF用于生活垃圾焚烧炉辅助染料的费用-效益分析,显示了RDF辅助城市生活垃圾焚烧是完全可行的,具有显著的经济、环境和社会效益.     

城郊乡村生活垃圾衍生燃料热解特性研究

将城郊乡村生活垃圾加工成粒径6.0 mm左右的垃圾衍生燃料(RDF),采用热重(TG)分析和红外光谱等研究其热解特性.结果表明:(1)在RDF挥发分阶段和生物质挥发分阶段,助燃添加剂处于活泼分解阶段,加入了30％(质量分数)秸秆、玉米芯等生物质作助燃添加剂后的RDF(以下简写为混合RDF)分子碎片正发生内部氢重排,总体挥发分产物较多,并且有明显的二次裂解,失重提高到4.85 mg,失重率约提高12％.在RDF与生物质重叠的碳固定阶段,助燃添加剂失重率有一定提高,热重微分(DTG)峰值速率增加,为RDF碳固定阶段的进一步热解提供了良好的支持.(2)快加热产气速率均大于慢加热.(3)热解终温越高,越有利气体析出.(4)RDF的热解固体产率随着热解终温的升高而降低,在850℃时为31.9％;热解气体产率随着热解终温升高而迅速升高,在850℃时可达49.8％.(5)根据红外光谱图,城郊乡村生活垃圾加工成的RDF中所含的氯元素基本上以HCl形式释放.(6)一级动力学反应可以准确地描述物料热解过程.     

城市生活垃圾热解重整制合成气计算分析

基于热化学平衡对热解重整制取合成气工艺进行了建模分析,考察了垃圾收到基水分Mar、干燥基灰分Ad、热解装置入口垃圾含水率和合成气燃烧比例对能量转化率、干合成气产率、干合成气低位热值、合成气组分等的影响。结果表明：该工艺对于收到基低位热值大于6.7?MJ·kg-1的生活垃圾可以产生标况下低位热值高于5.3?MJ·m-3的干合成气;垃圾收到基水分和干燥基灰分的增加会大幅降低能量转化率、干合成气产率和低位热值。     

城市生活垃圾与园林废弃物的共热解特性

为实现城市生活垃圾减量化、无害化和资源化,采用热重分析天平和实验室固定床热解反应器进行城市生活垃圾（MSW）与园林废弃物共热解实验,研究了不同热解终温、松树枝和柳树枝添加比例对热解产物产率影响,并利用气质联用色谱分析仪（GC-MS）对热解油进行表征分析。实验结果表明：MSW、松树枝和柳树枝的热解过程均可以分为3个阶段,主要包括脱水、热解、炭化;MSW、松树枝和柳树枝单独热解时最大失重速率分别出现在321.48、358.23和377.83℃;MSW与松树枝共热解DTG曲线在热解反应第2阶段有2个析出峰,分别在342.32℃和471.48℃,比MSW单独热解时,失重率增加了7.29%。当城市生活垃圾与松树枝、柳树枝的添加量分别为3：1时,热解液体产物产率明显升高,热解油中醇类、羧酸类、醛类等含氧有机物的含量降低,热值增加,热解油中氧含量降低,且松树枝对共热解焦油的脱氧效果更为显著,热解油品质得到提升。     

水泥窑协同处置垃圾衍生燃料对烟气污染物排放及熟料品质的影响

水泥窑协同处置垃圾衍生燃料(RDF)可以实现垃圾资源化利用,但需确保不会造成烟气污染物排放超标或使水泥熟料品质受影响。研究了国内某水泥厂新型干法水泥窑协同处置RDF前后烟气污染物排放及水泥熟料品质变化的情况。结果表明,水泥窑协同处置RDF的烟气中SO_2、NO_x、NH_3、HCl和HF的排放均符合《水泥工业大气污染物排放标准》(GB 4915—2013)。重金属与二噁英的含量相比于协同处置RDF前虽略有升高,但仍低于《水泥窑协同处置固体废物污染物控制标准》(GB 30485—2013)的排放限值。协同处置RDF基本不影响水泥熟料的矿物组成,抗折强度和抗压强度相比掺加RDF前有所提高,并且符合《通用硅酸盐水泥》(GB 175—2007)的中普通硅酸盐水泥的52.5R强度等级要求,安定性合格率提高至100.0%。协同处置RDF的水泥熟料中Cu、Cd、Cr、Pb、As、Ni的浸出浓度远小于《水泥窑协同处置固体废物技术规范》(GB 30760—2014)的标准限值。总之,水泥窑掺烧RDF对烟气污染物排放和熟料品质的影响较小,甚至可以提高水泥熟料的某些品质。     

生活垃圾高温空气气化处理的低污染特性分析

本文介绍了高温空气气化城市生活垃圾的工作原理及过程 ,分析了城市生活垃圾高温气化反应机理。通过对高温空气 /蒸汽发生器、高温气化炉及湿式除尘器等关键部件的分析发现 ,采用高温空气气化系统可实现城市生活垃圾低污染处理     

炼焦煤尾煤催化热解制取富氢燃料气

以炼焦煤原煤、尾煤为研究对象,采用微量热重、常量固定床实验装置对其在热解过程中的质量变化和气相产物进行了对比分析。考察了温度、6种催化剂（CaO、MgO、Fe、Ni、NaOH、A1）及其添加比例对炼焦煤尾煤热解制取富氢燃料气的影响。结果表明,尾煤中富集的无机矿物质对热解制取富氢燃料气有促进作用,单位尾煤热解H2产率要比原煤高出1．93％。温度是影响尾煤热解产气的重要参数,热解终温的上升有利于H2产量的提高,随终温800℃升高到950℃H,产量增长了32．59mL／g。在催化热解实验中,除Al和MgO对尾煤热解有抑制作用外,CaO、Fe、Ni及NaOH均对尾煤热解产H2有促进作用,以CaO和Fe效果最为明显。并且不同添加比例的CaO和Fe对热解制取富氢燃料有一定的影响。     

Trace metal emissions from co-combustion of refuse derived and packaging derived fuels in a circulating fluidized bed boiler

Energy recovery from refuse derived fuels (RDF) and packaging derived fuels (PDF) is one option in integrated waste management. Nine RDF and PDF co-combustion tests with peat and coal in a circulating fluidized bed boiler were carried out in this work. Heavy metal emissions in flue gas and fly ash were measured. Multivariate data analyses were used to find out the most important parameters affecting metal emissions in the flue gas.

The results showed that total heavy metal emissions were low. Although RDF and PDF had more heavy metals than peat and coal, the multivariate data analysis showed that an increase of the RDF or PDF share in the fuel mixture up to 20% did not correlate directly with the metal emissions in the flue gas. Distribution of Cd, Cu, Zn and Sn between flue gas and fly ash correlated with each other. Injection of limestone to bind sulphur and chlorine did not have a significant effect on heavy metal emissions in the flue gas. Heavy metals concentrated on the fly ash, but all fly ashes passed the EPA-TCLP tests.     

天然气全氧燃烧尾气生活垃圾气化热力学分析

基于Aspen Plus模拟平台,运用吉布斯能最小化原理,以天然气全氧燃烧尾气（后续称为烟气）作为气化剂,选取反应温度和烟气流量与生活垃圾量比（E/M）作为影响因素,气化炉温度变化范围为400~1 500℃,E/M范围0~3.0,对几种典型生活垃圾（木屑、纸屑、塑料、橡胶和厨余）气化进行模拟计算。模拟结果表明,以烟气作为生活垃圾气化剂,可制备富氢产品气,产品气为中热值燃气。温度在800℃左右时,H2的体积分数达到峰值46.75%,反应温度大于800℃时,反应温度的增加对提升产品气的热值、CO的含量有一定作用,但H2的含量和产品气产率有所下降,反应温度过高增加气化的能源投入,反应温度应控制在800~1 000℃范围。高温烟气的过量导致产品气热值和品质下降,E/M宜控制在0.4~1.0区间范围。     

垃圾衍生燃料(RDF)的燃烧过程

垃圾衍生燃料技术是目前解决生活垃圾问题有效途径,然而RDF应用仍存在一定问题,如因对RDF燃烧产物未知,使RDF在应用中可能对热设备造成不良影响,因此需对RDF的燃烧过程及产物进行研究。采用热重分析仪对RDF的燃烧特性、燃烧动力学进行了研究,并同时采用热红联用技术与热质联用技术对RDF的燃烧气体成分进行了研究。研究结果表明：与煤比较,RDF灰分、挥发分含量高,而固定碳含量少,因此RDF着火点、最大燃烧速度对应温度及燃尽温度低,但最大燃烧速度小。RDF的燃烧分为3个阶段：挥发分析出与燃烧,伴随着羧酸、CO2、H2O、NH3、NO2、HCl、SO2及Cl2气体的释放,活化能约为24 kJ·mol-1;挥发分的析出与燃烧,但伴随有部分固定碳燃烧,有CO2、H2O、NH3、NO2、HCl及Cl2气体释放,活化能约为27 kJ·mol-1;RDF碳化后的固定碳燃烧,放出较大量CO2,活化能约为92 kJ·mol-1。     

水泥分解炉内生活垃圾与煤粉燃烧特性分析和技改建议

将生活垃圾制备成垃圾衍生燃料（RDF）,再投入水泥分解炉内进行燃烧处理是生活垃圾无害化处置的重要途径。与煤粉相比,RDF在分解炉内的燃烧与运动特性存在较大差异,从而对分解炉的正常运转产生较大影响。通过检测分析、热工计算和计算流体动力学模拟（CFD）等手段,对比了RDF与煤粉在燃烧、运动特性等方面存在的差异。结果表明,与煤粉相比,RDF的水分、灰分含量偏高,固定碳含量偏低, 单位RDF燃烧理论空气量只有煤粉的14.5%。入炉煤粉的特征粒径为20 μm,RDF为10 mm;粒径小于10 mm的RDF喂入分解炉后随烟气向下游流动,但大于10 mm的直接向下运动,并在分解炉缩口和中部形成循环。经过空气干燥、粉磨后的RDF颗粒着火温度为235~242 °C,煤粉着火温度为375 °C,然而考虑实际使用时入炉RDF水分含量高、尺寸大等,其在分解炉内燃烧速度通常较煤粉慢。为此,建议水泥企业在对RDF进行准确的工业分析和元素分析基础上,通过热工标定、CFD模拟等手段优化RDF处置尺寸与喂入位置,确保RDF在分解炉内完全燃烧。     

Inhalation health effects of fine particles from the co-combustion of coal and refuse derived fuel

This paper is concerned with health effects from the inhalation of particulate matter (PM) emitted from the combustion of coal, and from the co-combustion of refuse derived fuel (RDF) and pulverized coal mixtures, under both normal and low NO_x conditions. Specific issues focus on whether the addition of RDF to coal has an effect on PM toxicity, and whether the application of staged combustion (for low NO_x) may also be a factor in this regard.

Ash particles were sampled and collected from a pilot scale combustion unit and then re-suspended and diluted to concentrations of 1000 μg/m³. These particles were inhaled by mice, which were held in a nose-only exposure configuration. Exposure tests were for 1 h per day, and involved three sets (eight mice per set) of mice. These three sets were exposed over 8, 16, and 24 consecutive days, respectively. Pathological lung damage was measured in terms of increases in lung permeability.

Results show that the re-suspended coal/RDF ash appeared to cause very different effects on lung permeability than did coal ash alone. In addition, it was also shown that a “snapshot” of lung properties after a fixed number of daily 1-h exposures, can be misleading, since apparent repair mechanisms cause lung properties to change over a period of time. For the coal/RDF, the greatest lung damage (in terms of lung permeability increase) occurred at the short exposure period of 8 days, and thereafter appeared to be gradually repaired. Ash from staged (low NO_x) combustion of coal/RDF appeared to cause greater lung injury than that from unstaged (high NO_x) coal/RDF combustion, although the temporal behavior and (apparent) repair processes in each case were similar. In contrast to this, coal ash alone showed a slight decrease of lung permeability after 1 and 3 days, and this disappeared after 12 days. These observations are interpreted in the light of mechanisms proposed in the literature. The results all suggest that the composition of particles actually inhaled is important in determining lung injury. Particle size segregated leachability measurements showed that water soluble sulfur, zinc, and vanadium, but not iron, were present in the coal/RDF ash particles, which caused lung permeabilities to increase. However, the differences in health effects between unstaged and staged coal/RDF combustion could not be attributed to variations in pH values of the leachate.