电镀污泥中无定型铝的选择性浸出

针对电镀污泥加碱、石灰焙烧灰渣水浸过程铝浸出率较低的问题,在分析电镀废水处理工艺的基础上,根据污泥中铝、铬、锌、铜等金属的存在相态以及焚烧过程所发生的化学反应,拟采用低浓度氢氧化钠溶液先选择性浸出污泥中的铝。研究了稀氢氧化钠溶液浸出铝的工艺条件,结果表明,电镀污泥用2 mol·L~(-1)氢氧化钠在90℃浸出60 min,铝的浸出率可达95%以上,而铬、锌和铜等金属则大部分进入浸出渣,基本上达到铝与其他金属的初步分离的目的。研究结果为混合电镀污泥中铝的回收以及铝及其他金属的选择性分步分离工艺流程的选择提供理论与技术支持。     

还原焙烧-酸浸回收电镀污泥中的铜

采用还原焙烧—酸浸工艺处理电镀污泥,可以实现对铜的选择性回收.研究了不同焙烧条件下,电镀污泥的失重率和金属含量,并探索了焙烧温度、焙烧时间、煤粉用量、CaCO3投加量对金属浸出率的影响.结果表明,还原焙烧有利于污泥减量和金属富集;并且经还原焙烧污泥中金属的浸出效果明显优于直接焙烧;在电镀污泥中添加10％(质量分数)的煤...     

废镀锌板炼钢粉尘的浸出过程

为了解决废镀锌板冶炼粉尘造成的资源浪费和环境污染的问题,首先研究了用硫酸浸出该类粉尘中有价金属的过程。在不同温度条件下,控制浸出时间、液固比和硫酸浓度等因素,将粉尘中以不同形式存在的锌浸出。常温条件下,苏钢粉尘中赋存于氧化锌中的锌被全部浸出;高温强酸条件下,常温浸出过程中未被浸出的,赋存于铁酸锌中的锌几乎被全部浸出,浸出率达到98%。     

嗜酸硫杆菌和黑曲霉对电镀污泥重金属浸出效果

电镀污泥重金属浸出对电镀污泥资源化利用具有重要意义。为了降低处置成本,采用嗜酸硫杆菌与黑曲霉对电镀污泥重金属浸出效果进行了研究。结果表明,采用嗜酸性氧化硫硫杆菌和氧化亚铁硫杆菌混合菌种对含固率为3%的电镀污泥进行为期15 d(培养驯化后)的处理后,污泥中Ni、Cr与Cu的浸出率虽分别高达92.8%、85.0%和96.8%,但耗时久,无法大规模地实际应用。利用黑曲霉对电镀污泥进行为期6 d的处理,Ni、Cr和Cu的浸出率分别达到92.0%、74.4%和55.3%。若采用黑曲霉培养15 d后产生的生物有机酸和同pH的柠檬酸处理电镀污泥4 h后,两者对Ni、Cr和Cu的浸出率分别为:85.0%与94.2%、63.8%与73.7%、57.9%与99.6%。可见,利用黑曲霉发酵菌液浸出电镀污泥中重金属有一定的实际应用价值。     

矿区炼金废渣的固化/稳定化处理

通过对金矿矿区炼金废渣的酸中和能力、净产酸量及浸出毒性实验,测定了废渣的产酸潜力及重金属砷、镉、铅、锌的总量和它们的浸出量。为了合理处置矿区炼金废渣,并为矿区重金属污染土壤的修复提供技术支持,采用石灰、粉煤灰、堆肥化污泥作为添加剂对废渣进行固化/稳定化处理;通过浸出毒性实验对固化/稳定化处理效果进行综合分析,试图寻求一种最佳的稳定剂。结果表明,无论是单独添加石灰、粉煤灰或者堆肥化污泥还是两两组合混合添加,样品浸出液的pH都有升高,As、Cd的浸出浓度都有明显下降,而且两两组合添加比单独添加的固化/稳定化处理效果更好。在两两组合添加中,粉煤灰混合堆肥化污泥的处理效果最好,浸出液的pH值达到7.82,As、Cd的浸出率分别下降72.0%和72.2%。说明粉煤灰混合堆肥化污泥处理炼金废渣效果最佳,同时具有以废治污的资源化生态效能。     

电镀污泥钠钙化焙烧过程金属的矿相转化及平衡分布

电镀污泥钠化焙烧过程,由于Al、Cr和Zn的氧化物易与Fe_2O_3反应生成铁酸盐及其他复杂含铁盐类,导致灰渣水浸过程其浸出率较低。在添加剂CaO作用下,采用FactSage软件模拟污泥焙烧过程金属的矿相转化规律,找到提高Cr、Al和Zn浸出率的方法。研究结果表明,污泥钠化焙烧过程,添加剂CaO易与Fe_2O_3反应生成2CaO·Fe_2O_3,阻止Fe_2O_3与Cr、Al和Zn的氧化物反应生成铁酸盐及其他复杂盐类,一定程度上提高了Cr、Al和Zn的浸出率。但高温下,Al_2O_3也易与Cr、Al和Zn的氧化物反应生成难溶性铝酸盐,所以浸出率提高幅度不大。可采用稀碱先脱除污泥中的铝,铝的浸出率达95%以上,脱铝渣再拌苏打和CaO焙烧,灰渣水浸脱铬率达95%以上。通过分析可知,污泥在焙烧之前脱铝和在焙烧过程铁转化成2CaO·Fe_2O_3,阻止了难溶性铝酸盐、铁酸盐以及其他复杂盐类的生成,同时Cr和Al得到分离,且灰渣中铜、镍和锌以游离氧化物和极少部分结合氧化物形式存在,有利于后续金属的浸出和分离。     

电镀污泥的还原焙烧-酸浸

将电镀污泥作为一种重要的重金属资源加以回收利用,逐渐成为了国内外研究的重点。以电镀污泥为研究对象,在不同的温度及不同的焙烧时间下进行直接焙烧和还原焙烧,并对焙烧底渣进行酸浸,分别研究了污泥减量率以及Cu、Ni、Zn和Cr 4种重金属的含量和浸出率,并探索了还原剂(煤粉)和催化剂(CaCO3)投加量的影响。实验结果表明,原始电镀污泥中,Cu含量最高,达到10.05%,因此,电镀污泥中Cu具有回收价值;焙烧后电镀污泥得到了减量化,同时污泥中的金属得到了富集;还原焙烧比直接焙烧更有利于Cu的选择性浸出,当煤粉投加量为10%,CaCO3投加量为0.5%,在700℃下焙烧20 min时,Cu的浸出率达到98.73%,Cu的含量达到15.07%。     

电镀污泥的热处理特性以及对金属回收的影响

焙烧-酸浸法可有效回收电镀污泥中的有价金属,而污泥的热处理特性是决定能否采用焙烧预处理的重要因素。研究了氧化焙烧和还原焙烧对污泥成分和金属浸出性的影响,并对焙烧前后的污泥进行了金属形态分析和X射线衍射(XRD)分析。结果表明,焙烧预处理实现了污泥减量和金属富集;ES1经氧化焙烧后金属浸出率接近原泥,Cu的浸出率达99%;ES2的还原焙烧效果优于氧化焙烧,特别是Cu的浸出率超过97%,XRD分析发现,还原焙烧过程中金属Cu被还原为铁铜合金;2种焙烧均造成了ES3中目标金属Ni的浸出率的降低;金属浸出性的下降与残渣态的形成有关。     

电镀污泥中铜镍回收方法及工艺的研究

研究了电镀污泥中铜、镍的回收方法及工艺,采用硫酸浸出,浸出液在电压为2.4 V时电解3.5 h,铜的总回收率在99%以上,同时将Fe2 氧化成Fe3 ,电解余液(电解铜之后的溶液)加热至90℃,用磷酸盐调节pH至3.0,磷酸钠投加倍数为形成磷酸盐沉淀理论用量的1.4倍,99%的铁、铝、铬被去除.镍的总回收率约在97%以上.     

混合质电镀污泥中金属分离富集与分质回收研究

对混合质电镀污泥进行了湿法分离和金属回收研究,拟采用硫化分离富集—分质回收的工艺路线实现重金属的全组元回收。结果表明,在常温下采用分段硫化可以实现电镀污泥中Cu、Ni、Zn、Cr的分离与富集,在控制pH为3.8时,浸出液中Cu、Ni、Zn的硫化沉淀率均大于98%,Cu、Ni、Zn与Fe、Cr取得了较好的分离,在pH为4.1时,Cr与Fe取得了较好的分离效果,Fe的硫化沉淀率达到了93.35%,Cr最终在铬泥中得到富集;富集了Cu、Ni、Zn的硫化渣和富集了Cr的铬泥容易实现金属的分质回收;对重金属含量较低的混合质电镀污泥,采用硫化分离富集—分质回收的工艺是可行的,可将Cu、Ni、Zn、Cr等重金属予以全组元回收,同时处理后废渣可作为一般工业固废进行处理。     

Heavy metal accumulation in wheat plant grown in soil amended with industrial sludge

The concentrations of different forms of Zn, Cu, Mn, Ni, Cd, Cr, Pb and Fe metals were determined for the roadside sludge collected from pickling-rolling and electroplating industrial area. In sludge the relative abundance of total heavy metals were Fe>Mn>Cr>Ni>Cu>Pb>Zn>Cd and DTPA-extractable metals were in the order--Fe>Ni>Mn>Cr>Cu>Zn>Pb>Cd. Pot-culture experiment was conducted in soils amended with sludge (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%), pretreated with lime (0%, 0.5% and 1%). The soils were alkaline in nature (pH>8.3) with organic carbon contents were 0.34% and 0.72%. The most abundant total and bio-available metal was Fe. Two wheat seedlings were grown in each pot containing 3kg sludge-amended or control soil and the experiment was conducted till harvesting. Application of sludge increased both total and bio-available forms of metals in the soils, while lime application decreased the bioavailability of heavy metals in sludge-amended soils. The content of organic carbon showed positive correlation with all metals except Zn, Cr and Pb. CEC also showed a strong positive correlation (R2>0.7) with Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni and Cd. Though wheat plants are not accumulators, the translocation efficiency was appreciably high. The translocation factor from shoot to grain was found smaller than that of root to shoot of wheat plants. This makes an implication that the heavy metal accumulation was proportionally lesser in grain than in shoot. In, 10% sludge with 0.5% lime-amended soils; each of these toxic heavy metals was found to be within permissible range (USEPA). Hence, on the basis of present study, the best possible treatment may be recommended.     

污水污泥中重金属污染物的溶出过程研究

污水污泥中污染物尤其是重金属的水体浸出作为重要的二次污染途径备受关注。为了探讨污水污泥中重金属的溶出规律,对上海7个污水处理厂的污水污泥进行了重金属总量分析,并采用水平振荡法对上述污水污泥中重金属进行了溶出动力学研究。结果表明,污水污泥中Cu、Cr和Zn的含量均较高,之后依次是Pb、As、Cd和Hg;污水污泥中重金属溶出动力学过程分为快速反应和慢速反应两个过程,可以用Elovich方程进行模拟;污水污泥中各重金属的溶出负荷差异较大,Cu、Cr和Zn的溶出负荷较大,其他较小,但各重金属相对于污水污泥中重金属总量的溶出百分比差异不大,基本处于10%以下。     

焦化废水处理过程外排污泥中重金属形态特征及其潜在环境风险

焦化废水处理过程所排放污泥中重金属的含量及化学形态是否构成环境风险将直接影响污泥处置方法的选择,为此,实验采用BCR顺序提取法分析了焦化废水处理站外排污泥中重金属(Cd、Hg、Pb、Cr、As、Ni、Zn、Cu和Mn)的形态特征,并采用地累积指数(Igeo)和潜在生态危害指数(RI)评价了重金属对土壤的潜在环境风险。研究结果表明:除Ni主要以可氧化态存在外,焦化废水外排污泥中其他几种重金属元素主要存在于残渣态,重金属元素的含量低于《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准(GB18918—2002)》中的控制限值;与城市污泥相比,焦化废水外排污泥具有低Pb、Cr、Zn、Cu含量,而高Cd、Hg、Mn含量的特点;基于Igeo和RI的评价结果,Cd和Hg是外排污泥中具有一定环境风险的元素,需要考虑其下游去向。焦化废水处理外排污泥中主要存在残渣态重金属成分,不表现为很高的环境风险,其处置应重点考虑其中有机污染物特别是POPs。     

Relationship between heavy metals concentrations in egret species,their environment and food chain differences from two Headworks of Pakistan

Concentration of ten metals (Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) were analyzed in the egg contents, prey and soil samples of little egret (Egretta garzetta) and cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis) from two Headworks to determine habitat and species-specific differences; to assess the importance of prey and habitat contamination as an exposure source for heavy metals. Concentration of Cu, Mn, Cr and Pb in egg contents, Fe, Co, Cu, Mn, Zn in prey and Fe, Co, Cu, Ni, Li in surface soils were significantly different (P < 0.05). Mean metal concentrations of Cr, Pb and Cd were relatively higher in little egret whereas Cu and Mn were higher in the egg contents of cattle egret. The mean concentrations of Cu, Mn and Zn were higher in prey samples of cattle egrets and Cr, Cd and Pb in prey samples of little egrets. In soil samples collected from little egret heronries metal concentrations were higher except Cu and Ni. Correlation Analysis and Hierarchical Agglomerative Cluster Analysis (HACA) identified relatively similar associations of metals and their source identification. Metals such as Fe, Cu, Mn, and Li were related with geochemical origin from parent rock material as well as anthropogenic input whereas Cr, Cd, Pb, Ni, Co and Zn were associated mostly with anthropogenic activities. The study suggested that eggs are useful bio-monitor of local heavy metal contamination.     

Occurrence and fate of heavy metals in the wastewater treatment process

The occurrence and the fate of heavy metals (Cd, Pb, Mn, Cu, Zn, Fe and Ni) during the wastewater treatment process were investigated in the wastewater treatment plant (WTP) of the city of Thessaloniki, northern Greece, operating in the activated sludge mode. For this purpose, wastewater and sludge samples were collected from six different points of the plant, namely, the influent (raw wastewater, RW), the effluent of the primary sedimentation tank (primary sedimentation effluent, PSE), the effluent of the secondary sedimentation tank (secondary sedimentation effluent, SSE), sludge from the primary sedimentation tank (primary sludge, PS), activated sludge from the recirculation stream (activated sludge, AS), and the digested/dewatered sludge (final sludge, FS).

The distribution of metals between the aqueous and the solid phase of wastewater was investigated. Good exponential correlation was found between the metal partition coefficient, logK_p, and the suspended solids concentration. The mass balance of heavy metals in the primary, secondary and the whole treatment process showed good closures for all metal species. The relative distribution of individual heavy metals in the treated effluent and the sludge streams indicated that Mn and Cu are primarily (>70%) accumulated in the sludge, while 47–63% of Cd, Cr, Pb, Fe, Ni and Zn remain in the treated effluent.     

Leaching of heavy metals from contaminated soils using EDTA

Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) extraction of Zn, Cd, Cu and Pb from four contaminated soils was studied using batch and column leaching experiments. In the batch experiment, the heavy metals extracted were virtually all as 1:1 metal-EDTA complexes. The ratios of Zn, Cd, Cu and Pb of the extracted were similar to those in the soils, suggesting that EDTA extracted the four heavy metals with similar efficiency. In contrast, different elution patterns were obtained for Zn, Cd, Cu and Pb in the column leaching experiment using 0.01 M EDTA. Cu was either the most mobile or among the most mobile of the four heavy metals, and its peak concentration corresponded with the arrival of full strength EDTA in the leachate. The mobility of Zn and Cd was usually slightly lower than that of Cu. Pb was the least mobile, and its elution increased after the peaks of Cu and Zn. Sequential fractionations of leached and un-leached soils showed that heavy metals in various operationally defined fractions contributed to the removal by EDTA. Considerable mobilisation of Fe occurred in two of the four soils during EDTA leaching. Decreases in the Fe and Mn oxide fraction of heavy metals after EDTA leaching occurred in both soils, as well as in a third soil that showed little Fe mobilisation. The results suggest that the lability of metals in soil, the kinetics of metal desorption/dissolution and the mode of EDTA addition were the main factors controlling the behaviour of metal leaching with EDTA.     

Assessment of heavy metal contamination in Hindon River sediments: a chemometric and geochemical approach

The aim of this study was to assess the level of heavy metals (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) in the surface sediments of the Hindon River, India that receives both treated and untreated municipal and industrial discharges generated in and around Ghaziabad, India. Mean metals concentrations (mg kg⁻¹) were in the range of; Cu: 21.70-280.33, Cd: 0.29-6.29, Fe: 4151.75-17318.75, Zn: 22.22.50-288.29, Ni: 13.90-57.66, Mn: 49.55-516.97, Cr: 17.48-33.70 and Pb: 27.56-313.57 respectively. Chemometric analysis was applied to identify contribution sources by heavy metals while geochemical approaches (enrichment factor and geo-accumulation index) were exploited for the assessment of the enrichment and contamination level of heavy metals in the river sediments. Chemometric analysis suggested anthropic origin of Cu, Cd, Pb, Zn, and Ni while Fe showed lithogenic origin. Mn and Cr was associated and controlled by mixed origin. Geochemical approach confirms the anthropogenic influence of heavy metal pollution in the river sediments. The study suggests that a complementary approach that integrates chemometric analysis, sediment quality criteria, and geochemical investigation should be considered in order to provide a more accurate appraisal of the heavy metal pollution in river sediments. Consequently, it may serve to undertake and design effective strategies and remedial measures to prevent further deterioration of the river ecosystem in future.     

Leaching of heavy metals and alkylphenolic compounds from fresh and dried sewage sludge

Reusing sewage sludge as a soil fertiliser has become a common alternative to disposal. Although this practice has a few benefits, it may contribute to the medium- and long-term contamination of the trophic chain because sewage sludge may contain heavy metals and organic contaminants. As the leaching of contaminants may depend on the sludge pre-treatment, the leaching of heavy metals (Cu, Ni, Pb, Zn and Cr) and alkylphenolic compounds (APCs) (octylphenol (OP), nonylphenol (NP), nonylphenol-mono-ethoxylate (NP₁EO)) was investigated in five fresh and 40 °C dried sewage sludge samples from north-eastern Spain. FT-IR analyses and full-scan GC-MS chromatograms showed that sludge drying changed the nature of organic compounds leading to changes in their solubility. Moreover, sludge drying led to a higher relative contribution of dissolved organic carbon than the particulate organic carbon in the leachates. Leaching of Pb, Zn and Cr was below 5 % in both fresh and dried sludge samples, whereas Cu and Ni leached at rates up to 12 and 43 %, respectively, in some of the dried sludge samples. The leaching yields of OP, NP and NP₁EO ranged from 1.3 to 35 % for fresh samples, but they decreased from 0.8 to 3.4 % in dried samples. The decrease in the leachability of APCs observed in dried sludge samples might be attributed to the fact that these compounds are associated with particulate organic matter, with significantly lower concentration or even absent in dried sludge than in fresh sludge samples. Therefore, it is recommended to dry the sludge before its disposal.     

Removal of heavy metals from anaerobically digested sewage sludge by isolated indigenous iron-oxidizing bacteria

The removal of heavy metals (Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni and Pb) from anaerobically digested sludge from the Yuen Long wastewater treatment plant, Hong Kong, has been studied in a batch system using isolated indigenous iron-oxidizing bacteria. The inoculation of indigenous iron-oxidizing bacteria and the addition of FeSO4 accelerated the solubilization of Cr, Cu, Zn, Ni and Pb from the sludge. pH of the sludge decreased with an increase in Fe2+ concentrations and reached a low pH of 2-2.5 for treatments receiving both bacterial inoculation and FeSO4. After 16 days of bioleaching, the following heavy metal removal efficiencies were obtained: Cr 55.3%, Cu 91.5%, Zn 83.3%, Ni 54.4%, and Pb 16.2%. In contrast, only 2.6% of Cr, 42.9% of Cu, 72.1% of Zn, 22.8% of Ni and 0.56% of Pb were extracted from the control without the bacterial inoculation and addition of FeSO4. The residual heavy metal content in the leached sludge was acceptable for unrestricted use for agriculture. The experimental results confirmed the effectiveness of using the isolated iron-oxidizing bacteria for the removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge.     

The behavior of heavy metal release from sulfide waste rock under microbial action and different environmental factors

The dissolution of heavy metals from the waste rock is controlled by many factors. Herein, we investigated the release behavior of iron (Fe), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), and zinc (Zn) from sulfide waste rock under the actions of microorganisms and different environmental factors (solution pH value, particle size of waste rock, temperature, Fe³⁺ concentration). The release quantity of heavy metals was negatively correlated with pH and particle size and positively correlated with ambient temperature and Fe³⁺ concentration. Under the experimental conditions of pH value of 3.0, temperature of 35°C, and waste stone particle size of less than 0.075 mm,, the release quantity of Fe, Cr, Cu, and Zn reached 3680, 18.32, 132.20, 26.60 mg·kg^?1 after 20 days of leaching, respectively. Rising the temperature to 45 °C, Fe, Cr, Cu, and Zn release quantities increased to 89.30, 5.81, 105.08, and 28.00 mg·kg^?1. Six hundred milligrams per liter Fe³⁺ increased the release of heavy metals considerably (2.63–65.48 folds). The presence of microorganisms can significantly facilitate the release of heavy metals. Compared to the control group, the release quantities of Fe, Cr, Cu, and Zn increased 4.29, 3.17, 1.54, and 2.39 times, respectively. In addition, the waste rock under microbial action was more seriously corroded than that under chemical factors. The release behavior of these four heavy metals was consistent with the interfacial chemical reaction control model, indicating that the reactions mainly occurred on the surface of the waste rock. This study provides an essential reference for the study of heavy metal leaching behavior.