胺化麻黄废渣生物吸附剂对水中阳离子染料的吸附

以麻黄废渣为原料,采用环氧氯丙烷和二乙烯三胺对其进行化学改性,得到麻黄废渣的改性产物。将其应用到中性红和亚甲基蓝2种染料模拟废水的吸附实验,并研究了p H值、吸附剂用量、吸附时间等因素对吸附的影响。结果表明,在p H值为5.5,吸附温度为25℃的条件下,用4 g/L的胺化麻黄废渣生物吸附剂吸附初始浓度为1 000 mg/L的中性红溶液0.5 h,去除率为99.89%;用10 g/L的胺化麻黄废渣生物吸附剂吸附初始浓度为500 mg/L的亚甲基蓝溶液1 h,去除率为99.38%。改性吸附剂对中性红和亚甲基蓝的吸附可以用准二级动力学方程描述,吸附等温线符合Langmuir和Freundlich模型,根据Langmuir方程,25℃时胺化麻黄废渣生物吸附剂对中性红和亚甲基蓝的最大吸附量分别为362.3 mg/g和152.7 mg/g。实验结果显示,胺化麻黄废渣生物吸附剂是一种吸附性能优异的吸附剂,用于处理染料废水有较好的应用前景。     

聚甲亚胺酰胺树脂对水中Cu~(2+)的吸附

制备了聚甲亚胺酰胺树脂,对其进行傅里叶变换红外光谱分析。采用批处理方法实验了pH、铜离子初始浓度、吸附时间、吸附剂用量对吸附量的影响,研究了等温吸附模型和吸附动力学模型。优化后的吸附条件为:在铜离子溶液体积50 mL、初始浓度为300 mg/L、pH为6.0时,吸附剂投放量50 mg、吸附时间60 min,此时吸附量达到269.1 mg/g,去除率达89.7%。25℃时在研究浓度范围内,铜离子吸附过程用Langmuir等温线模型和Freundlich等温线模型描述均可;与准一级动力学方程、Elovich方程及内扩散方程相比,准二级动力学方程能更好地描述其吸附动力学过程。     

蜣螂壳聚糖对铀的吸附研究

制备了蜣螂脱色壳聚糖和蜣螂未脱色壳聚糖,研究了时间、pH及铀初始浓度对其吸附铀的影响,探讨了吸附等温线和吸附动力学规律,并与虾壳聚糖进行对比。结果表明:蜣螂未脱色壳聚糖对铀的吸附率高于蜣螂脱色壳聚糖和虾壳聚糖;最佳吸附条件为铀初始质量浓度50mg/L、时间3.0h、pH=4.0,其中铀初始浓度的影响最显著;蜣螂未脱色壳聚糖对铀吸附过程符合Langmuir、Freundlich吸附等温方程和准二级吸附动力学方程。     

改性玉米秸秆对废水中Cr(Ⅵ)的吸附性能研究

对经碱处理和醚化接枝的改性玉米秸秆吸附剂进行了结构表征、吸附条件优化、吸附动力学及吸附等温线研究。结果表明,对于200mg/L的Cr(Ⅵ)废水,改性玉米秸秆吸附剂最佳吸附条件:吸附剂投加量为1.0g,反应温度为40℃,pH=3,反应时间为300min。吸附过程服从准二级动力学方程,吸附等温线符合Langmuir模型。     

羧甲基化壳聚糖/海藻酸钠凝胶的制备及其对阳离子染料的吸附研究

采用离子交联法制备羧甲基化壳聚糖/海藻酸钠(CM-CS/SA)凝胶,利用红外光谱、扫描电镜和热重分析仪对CM-CS/SA凝胶的结构和形貌进行表征。以CM-CS/SA凝胶为吸附剂对3种阳离子染料(亚甲基蓝、品红和结晶紫)进行吸附研究,考察了吸附时间、吸附剂用量、染料初始浓度和吸附温度对吸附效果的影响。结果表明,CM-CS/SA凝胶对3种阳离子染料的吸附过程可用准二级动力学方程和粒子内扩散方程表达,根据Langmuir等温吸附模型分析,该吸附体系属于单分子层吸附,CM-CS/SA凝胶对亚甲基蓝、品红和结晶紫的最大吸附容量分别为2.50、3.17、1.78mg/g。     

4A沸石分子筛处理中低浓度氨氮废水

利用天然沸石、采用水热合成法制备4A沸石分子筛,用XRD和SEM进行了表征。通过考察吸附剂用量、pH、共存金属阳离子、吸附时间、氨氮废水初始浓度、温度对吸附性能的影响,结合动力学方程、吸附等温线、热力学函数等研究了吸附性能和机理。结果表明,当4 g/L的4A沸石分子筛在废水pH值为4~8的条件下对中低浓度氨氮吸附120min后,去除率可达88%;废水中共存单一金属阳离子(Pb2+、Cu2+、Ca2+和Mg2+)浓度大于100 mg/L时,对中低浓度的NH+4有强烈的竞争吸附;氨氮的吸附过程较好地符合准二级动力学方程、Freundlich模型,是一种混乱度增加、自发的放热过程。     

核桃壳对模拟废水中Cu~(2+)的吸附性能研究

采用核桃壳作为吸附剂,对模拟废水中的Cu2+进行吸附去除,考察了吸附剂粒径、水样初始pH、吸附剂用量、Cu2+初始浓度、吸附时间等因素对Cu2+吸附效果的影响,确定最佳吸附参数,并进行了吸附动力学和吸附等温线分析。结果表明:最佳吸附参数为核桃壳吸附剂粒径1.25~1.60mm、水样初始pH 5.0、吸附剂用量2.5g,Cu2+初始质量浓度20mg/L、吸附时间360min,在此条件下100mL水样在200r/min、25℃条件下吸附的Cu2+去除率达70%以上,吸附量约为0.702mg/g;本实验过程采用伪二级动力学方程的拟合更好,R2均在0.9以上,Cu2+吸附速率与其浓度的二次方成正比;Langmuir方程可以较好地描述核桃壳吸附剂对Cu2+的吸附过程,此吸附过程是单分子层的吸附。     

生物膜细菌藻酸盐对Cu2+的吸附动力学研究

以生物膜中提取的细菌藻酸盐为原料制备藻酸钙为吸附剂,对水溶液中的Cu2+进行了吸附动力学研究.试验结果表明,吸附时间、溶液初始pH和吸附剂投加量对藻酸钙吸附Cu2+影响显著.当溶液初始pH为4.0、Cu2+初始质量浓度为100 mg/L、吸附剂投加量为0.7 g/L时,藻酸钙对Cu2+的平衡吸附量为56.15 mg/g.水溶液中Cu2+在藻酸钙上的吸附动力学过程可用准二级动力学方程来模拟.吸附等温线研究表明,藻酸钙吸附Cu2+的过程可用Langmuir和Freundlich模型来描述.100 mmol/L 乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)可有效解吸95.6%的Cu2+,实现Cu2+的回收与吸附剂的重复利用.     

改性松针对水体中铅(II)的吸附

探讨了改性松针(GXLsp)作为吸附剂对水体中铅离子的吸附性能,考察了吸附时间、溶液pH值、吸附剂用量、盐离子浓度、Pb(II)初始浓度及温度对改性松针吸附Pb(II)的影响。利用Langmuir和Freundlich等温线模型对实验数据进行非线性拟合分析,结果表明,Freundlich等温线模型能很好地描述松针对Pb(II)的吸附过程。热力学参数表明吸附是一个自发的吸热过程。改性松针对铅的吸附行为符合拟二级动力学方程,表明吸附过程是以化学吸附为主。在293K时松针对Pb(II)的饱和吸附量为318.3 mg/g,因此,GXLsp可作为一种高效低值生物质吸附剂以去除水体中重金属Pb(II)的污染。     

香菇下脚料对水体中十二烷基苯磺酸钠的吸附

香菇下脚料经甲醛/硫酸混合溶液处理后制备成吸附剂。研究了吸附剂对SDBS的吸附性能,考察了溶液pH值、吸附剂粒径、初始浓度、吸附时间、浓度和温度的影响。结果表明,吸附适宜条件的为:pH 4.0,吸附时间60 min,吸附过程可以很好地用准二级动力学方程描述,吸附等温线用Langmuir方程的拟合效果优于Freundlich和Tempkin方程。在热力学研究中,ΔG0<0,ΔH0>0,ΔS0>0,表明此吸附过程是自发、吸热和熵增加的过程。     

Analytical Problems Posed by Pollution by Fluorine Compounds

The author sets forth the analytical problems posed by fluoride pollution and makes a critical study of the methods which are being used. He reports on the results that have been discovered over several years of investigation.     

Environmental pollution by antibiotics and by antibiotic resistance determinants

Antibiotics are among the most successful drugs used for human therapy. However, since they can challenge microbial populations, they must be considered as important pollutants as well. Besides being used for human therapy, antibiotics are extensively used for animal farming and for agricultural purposes. Residues from human environments and from farms may contain antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes that can contaminate natural environments. The clearest consequence of antibiotic release in natural environments is the selection of resistant bacteria. The same resistance genes found at clinical settings are currently disseminated among pristine ecosystems without any record of antibiotic contamination. Nevertheless, the effect of antibiotics on the biosphere is wider than this and can impact the structure and activity of environmental microbiota. Along the article, we review the impact that pollution by antibiotics or by antibiotic resistance genes may have for both human health and for the evolution of environmental microbial populations.     

真空紫外光降解五氯酚钠以及过硫酸盐对反应的促进作用

研究了真空紫外光(VUV,185 am)对于水溶液中五氯酚钠的降解,反应2 h后,初始浓度为10 mg/L的五氯酚钠的去除率达到99%以上,有机氯的脱除率达到70%以上,有效地实现了五氯酚钠的脱毒.溶液初始pH值对五氯酚钠的真空紫外光解有很大影响,pH=10.9时的降解速率常数是pH=3.1时的3倍.表观一级反应速率常数随初始浓度的增加而线性下降.在反应溶液中加入过硫酸盐,可有效提高五氯酚钠的真空紫外光降解速率和矿化速率,过硫酸盐和五氯酚钠摩尔比为24时,降解速率提高3倍,反应4 h后TOC去除率达到95%.     

Absorption of selenium by Lactuca sativa as affected by carboxymethylcellulose

Several organic compounds of high molecular weight present in soil interact with selenium and may act as active binding agents affecting its availability in soil, and, consequently, selenium uptake by plants. This study is aimed at investigating the effects of polysaccharides on selenium speciation in soil and on selenium absorption by Lactuca sativa L. plants. Three-week-old seedlings were transplanted into pots filled with soil, and sodium selenite at rates of 1.5 and 5mgSekg(-1) of soil, or sodium selenate at a rate of 1.5mgSekg(-1) of soil were applied. Carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) was added to the soil at rates of 0, 3 and 30mgkg(-1) of soil. After 48 and 110d from transplanting plants were harvested, separated into root and shoot, and fresh and dry matter weights were recorded. Total selenium was determined in both soil and plant samples. A sequential extraction was used to investigate the different Se oxidation states and assess the availability of Se in soil after the final harvesting. Both selenite and selenate were absorbed by roots, but plants amended with Se(VI+) showed higher selenium concentration than plants amended with Se(IV+). Selenite appears to be less mobile than selenate both in soil and plants. The addition of carboxymethylcellulose to soil decreased the amount of selenium absorbed by plants. CMC interacted with Se, making it less mobile as evidenced by the increase in the insoluble fractions. The insoluble Se forms in soil may represent environmental Se sinks potentially available for plants if the substrate is re-used for subsequent growth cycles and selenium species are mobilized as a result of biological and chemical processes.     

亚铁离子活化过硫酸氢钾复合盐降解水溶液中萘普生

在不同pH值、Fe2浓度和过硫酸氢钾复合盐(PMS)浓度下,探究降解萘普生(NPX)的最佳条件,并通过分批投加Fe2+和改变投加顺序的方式,提高降解NPX的效率.结果表明,NPX在pH =3的条件下,降解效果最好;Fe2+浓度改变时,PMS/Fe2+/NPX=1/0.75/1条件下,NPX去除率最高;分批投加Fe2+和先投加Fe2+均可大幅提高NPX去除率.缓慢少量的产生硫酸根自由基(SO4--)更利于处理有机物,Fe2+的浓度则在产生自由基方面起着重要作用.     

Treatment of phenolic wastewater by horseradish peroxidase immobilized by bioaffinity layering

Horseradish peroxidase was immobilized by bioaffinity layering and used for the treatment of wastewater containing p-chlorophenol. For this purpose, lectin Concanavalin A was bound to Sephadex beads. The glycoenzyme peroxidase was layered upon this Con A layer. Subsequently, alternate layers of the enzyme and Con A were applied. The most efficient design consisted of three layers of Con A and peroxidase each. This immobilized enzyme preparation retained 80% of the activity of the free peroxidase used for immobilization. PEG at the concentration of 0.1 mg ml(-1) was found to prevent enzyme inactivation by the products, although it increased the process time. Thus 60 U ml(-1) of enzyme completely converted the p-chlorophenol (into products) in 4 min in the absence of PEG. On the other hand, only 0.05 U ml(-1) of enzyme was required for this purpose in the presence of PEG but the process required 60 min. Peroxidase converts phenol molecules into free radicals. These free radicals then polymerize and get precipitated. As a further means of minimizing exposure of the enzyme to free radicals and enhancing the reusability, it was decided to remove the enzyme from reaction medium after 10 min. With this strategy, the bioaffinity layered peroxidase preparation could be reused five times without any loss of activity.     

Predictability by Box-Behnken model for carbaryl adsorption by soils of Indian origin

This study was undertaken to investigate the adsorption capacity of carbaryl on four Indian soils with different physiochemical properties. A batch adsorption study was carried out in order to evaluate the maximum adsorption capacity of carbaryl using a Response Surface Methodology (RSM). The effects of operating parameter such as initial carbaryl concentration (1–20 mgL^?1), adsorbent dosage (0.5–6 g) and contact time (10–180 min) were examined. The proposed quadratic model for Box-Behnken design fits very well to the experimental data because it may be used to navigate design space according to ANOVA results. The regression co-efficient (R²) of the models developed and the results of validation experiments conducted at optimal conditions strongly suggests that the predicted values are in good agreement with experimental results. Contour and response surface plots are used to determine the interactions effects of main factors and optimal conditions of the process. The experiment can be utilized as a guideline for better understanding of carbaryl adsorption onto soil under different operating conditions. The results show that the forest soil is most efficient in binding carbaryl (Sevin) than the other types of soil tested.     

纳米技术处理废水

纳米技术包括纳米结构和纳米材料 ,是 2 1世纪最有前途的新技术之一 ,废水处理领域有在广阔的应用前景。本文从纳米膜过滤、纳米光催化、纳米吸附材料等三方面介绍了纳米技术在废水处理方面的应用研究情况 ,并对其以后的发展前景进行了讨论     

溶胶-凝胶法制备磁载光催化剂

悬浮态的光催化反应器相比固载的光催化反应器有更高的光催化效率。但是如何在光催化反应完成后使催化剂与水溶液的分离 ,成为了一个关键的问题。本研究采用溶胶 凝胶法将二氧化钛直接沉积在磁性颗粒的表面 ,制备出了磁载的光催化剂。这种催化剂在保留了磁性能具有可磁分离的基础上又具有很好的光催化降解效果。