某污水处理厂A2/O工艺冬季生物反硝化过程的影响因素研究

针对污水处理厂冬季反硝化脱氮效率不佳的问题,以常州市某污水处理厂A~2/O工艺为研究对象,模拟探讨了不同外加碳源、碳源投加量、溶解氧(DO)和硝态氮浓度对生物处理系统反硝化脱氮能力的影响。结果表明,外加有机碳源对系统的反硝化效能有明显的强化效果。3种外加有机碳源(乙酸、乙醇和乙酸钠)中,乙酸为最佳碳源。当乙酸投加量为40mg/L时,系统反硝化脱氮效率最高,比反硝化速率可达1.964mg/(g·h),反硝化碳耗最少,为7.14 mg/mg。DO与比反硝化速率成反比,DO≤0.20mg/L时,反硝化能力最强。硝态氮初始质量浓度为20mg/L左右时,反硝化能力最强。在实际工程应用中,可以通过提高硝化效果或直接调整回流比实现反硝化脱氮最优条件,将有助于提高系统的冬季脱氮效果。     

碳源投加方式对SBR工艺脱氮速率的影响

为了提高生物反应器的脱氮效率,研究采用SBR处理模拟生活污水,利用醋酸钠作为碳源,考察碳源投加方式对脱氮速率的影响。结果表明,当温度为10~15℃,进水COD为330~550 mg/L时,采用不同的碳源投加方式,COD去除率均高于95%。进水一次投加2.4 g碳源,COD平均反应速率为5.3 mg/(g·h),平均反硝化速率为0.28 mg/(g·h)。进水、反应器运行3 h时分别投加1.2 g碳源,COD平均反应速率为6.89 mg/(g·h),平均反硝化速率为0.37 mg/(g·h)。进水、反应6 h时分别投加1.2 g碳源,COD平均反应速率为6.50 mg/(g·h),平均反硝化速率为0.52 mg/(g·h)。进水投加1.2 g碳源、反应器运行3 h和6 h时分别投加0.6 g醋酸钠碳源,COD平均反应速率为6.2 mg/(g·h),平均反硝化速率为0.39 mg/(g·h)。分次投加碳源能够提高COD反应速率和TN去除率,同时保持较高的硝化反硝化速率。     

悬浮填料缺氧成膜过程及其强化TN去除效能

温度和碳源是影响污水处理厂反硝化脱氮效果的2个重要因素,通过对SPR-1型悬浮填料缺氧挂膜,并分别对活性污泥系统、悬浮填料系统和悬浮填料+活性污泥复合系统的反硝化效果及温度和碳源对脱氮的影响进行了实验研究。结果表明:利用好氧预挂膜结合快速排泥法,能在30 d内完成缺氧挂膜,填料附着生物量达40.4 mg VSS/g载体;投加悬浮填料可增强复合系统在低温和低碳源条件下的反硝化能力。在填充率为20%的复合系统中,当温度为7、15、20和25℃时,反硝化速率分别提高42.9%、31.1%、21.4%和10.5%,硝酸盐去除率在7、15、20℃条件下分别提高了58.1%、9.8%和3.8%;当温度在(20±1)℃,C/N为1、2、3和6时,复合系统反硝化速率均高于活性污泥系统,硝酸盐去除率分别提高145.8%、81.5%、16.3%和6.1%。在低温和低碳源条件下利用悬浮填料强化活性污泥系统反硝化效果更为显著。     

垃圾渗滤液补充反硝化碳源强化脱氮效果

垃圾渗滤液中含有大量易被微生物利用的挥发性脂肪酸,若其可以作为城镇污水处理厂的补充碳源,将对降低碳源投加成本和实现垃圾渗滤液的资源化利用有重要意义。在实际城镇污水处理厂考察了垃圾渗滤液补充进水碳源的脱氮效果,并进一步对比了传统碳源(甲醇、乙酸钠)、垃圾渗滤液及垃圾渗滤液在不同pH条件下产生的水解酸化液作为碳源时的反硝化效果。结果表明,实际城镇污水处理厂投加乙酸钠作为补充碳源时总氮去除率仅提高3%左右,而在进水中混合垃圾渗滤液后提高了约10%。垃圾渗滤液与乙酸钠作碳源时NO_3~--N去除率均97%,但垃圾渗滤液为碳源时最大比反硝化速率高达8.8 mg·(g·h)~(-1)(以MLSS计),是乙酸钠为碳源时的1.7倍;垃圾渗滤液中性和碱性水解酸化液为碳源时,反硝化效果相差不大,最大比反硝化速率为4.5～4.8 mg·(g·h)~(-1)(以MLSS计),NO_3~--N去除率仅为70%左右。垃圾渗滤液或其水解酸化液是否可以作为强化脱氮效果的补充碳源取决于基质本身的性质。     

温度和pH值对活性污泥法脱氮除磷的影响

温度和pH值是影响污水脱氮除磷效果的2个重要因素.试验采用连续搅拌槽式反应器(continuous stirred tank reactor,CSTR),通过对不同温度和pH值条件下的硝化、反硝化、释磷和吸磷反应速率的测定,总结出温度和pH值对活性污泥生化反应速率的影响规律.试验表明,硝化和反硝化速率随温度的升高而加快.在5℃和33℃时,硝化速率分别为0.01 kg NH4 -N/(kg VSS·d)和0.28 kg NH4 -N/(kg VSS·d);在5℃和30℃时,反硝化速率分别为0.097 kg NO3--N/(kg VSS·d)和0.476 kg NO3--N/(kg VSS·d);但温度对吸磷和释磷速率的影响不大.pH值对硝化、反硝化、吸磷和释磷速率均有显著影响,在pH值为7.74时,硝化速率为0.095 kg NO3--N/(kg VSS·d);而在pH值为4.9和10.08时,硝化速率仅为0.005 kg NO3--N/(kg VSS·d)和0.006 kg NO3--N/(kg VSS·d).在pH值为7.85时,反硝化速率达到最大值0.36 kg NO3--N/(kg VSS·d);而在偏酸性和碱性条件下,反硝化速率显著下降.     

连续流间歇生化反应器反硝化过程释磷规律

为了考察高进水ρ(C)∶ρ(N)时连续流间歇生化反应器(CIBR)中反硝化过程释磷现象,以NaAc为碳源,采用进水ρ(C)∶ρ(N)为800∶30和1 200∶30进行缺氧实验,探究反硝化过程释磷规律、机制和pH的指示作用。结果表明,2种进水ρ(C)∶ρ(N)下反硝化和释磷作用均同时发生,且先慢速释磷后快速释磷;碳源质量平衡分析得出反硝化过程中实际释磷量远小于理论释磷量,表明聚磷菌活性被抑制,部分碳源能被其他异养菌利用。反硝化过程出现释磷现象是菌群竞争碳源能力差异和反硝化中间产物抑制聚磷菌活性2个方面作用的结果;异氧菌群竞争碳源的能力顺序为反硝化菌聚磷菌其他异养菌,且进水碳源浓度越高,对缺氧阶段碳源利用效率越不利;pH曲线的"凸点"可指示反硝化结束,但pH无法指示释磷发生过程。该研究可为反硝化过程除磷提供初步的碳源控制依据。     

广玉兰叶用于生活污水的反硝化处理

目前,固体碳源常被用于低碳氮比地表水和地下水的修复研究,关于生活污水的应用较少。研究首先选用广玉兰、梧桐和香樟3种落叶作为反硝化外加碳源,分析了3种落叶的释碳性能和动力学,筛选出广玉兰叶,考察温度和固液比对其反硝化过程的影响,并最终将广玉兰叶作为外加碳源投入生活污水中,考察其在实际废水中的反硝化效能。结果表明:Logistic模型能更好地模拟落叶的释碳过程;温度和固液比都会影响到落叶的反硝化效能,实验过程中3组温度系统的硝酸盐去除负荷为30℃最优,不同固液比条件下,单位质量落叶硝酸盐去除负荷最大为208.49 mg·g~(-1),对应的固液比为1∶250,表明落叶的投加量并非越多越好;落叶投加到生活污水反硝化实验结果显示,当污水中可快速利用碳源消耗殆尽,落叶溶出的碳源能快速弥补反硝化碳源的不足,维持较高的反硝化率。     

碳氮比对低温投加介体生物反硝化脱氮的影响

污水的生物脱氮效果受低温抑制,投加氧化还原介体有利于反硝化过程。采用规格相同的序批式反应器,使用人工配制硝酸盐废水和经过驯化的活性污泥,考察了不同碳源浓度(碳氮比)对低温(10℃)投加氧化还原介体1, 2-萘醌-4-磺酸(NQS)污水生物反硝化脱氮过程的影响。结果表明:当碳源浓度(以COD计)为150～400mg·L~(-1) (碳氮比为1.8～4.7)时,脱氮效率随碳氮比的升高而升高;当碳源浓度为400～550 mg·L~(-1) (碳氮比为4.7～6.5)时,脱氮效率随着碳氮比的升高而降低;当碳源浓度为400 mg·L~(-1) (碳氮比为4.7)左右时效果最好,总氮去除率最高为64.7%。对于脱氮速率,介体强化脱氮速率随着碳氮比的升高而升高。同时,探讨了投加介体污水生物反硝化脱氮的机理,发现投加介体降低了体系的氧化还原电位(ORP),有利于反硝化脱氮反应的进行。     

可生物降解塑料与沸石载体体系对硝酸盐氮污染地下水的生物修复研究

生物反硝化是修复地下水硝酸盐氮污染的一种有效途径。为进一步确定异养反硝化碳源与载体投加量的配比,取用污水处理厂活性污泥为微生物来源,以可生物降解塑料为新型固相碳源,沸石为微生物载体,设计了9组固相碳源与载体不同配比的柱实验,旨在遴选出可生物降解塑料和沸石的最优配比。同时考察在最优配比时,不同进水硝酸盐氮浓度下的硝酸盐氮去除率、填料降解率、生物膜附着量、生物膜附着效率、反硝化效率等反应特性。结果表明,可生物降解塑料∶沸石(质量比)=2∶1为最优配比。在最优配比下,进水硝酸盐氮质量浓度为40~100mg/L时,异养反硝化对硝酸盐氮具有很好的去除效果(最终去除率均在99%以上),且能够保持较高的反硝化效率,同时载体负载微生物的性能稳定。     

水力停留时间对天然纤维素类固体碳源反硝化滤池处理效果的影响

为了有效去除低C/N(质量比)生活污水中的TN,考察了水力停留时间(HRT)对以稻秆、玉米芯和大豆壳等天然纤维素为填料和固体碳源(以下简称碳源)的反硝化滤池的脱氮效果的影响,从COD、TN、TP去除规律和不同阶段释碳速率的变化,分析和比较不同HRT和碳源种类下反硝化滤池的脱氮性能,获得了不同碳源对应的最佳HRT,并探讨了最适碳源种类。以稻秆、玉米芯、大豆壳为碳源时,反硝化滤池的最佳HRT分别为2.0、2.0、4.0h,出水TN分别为0.3、0.2、0.4mg/L,TN去除率均为97.8%以上,此时出水COD、TP分别为37.6～44.9、0.4～0.6mg/L。玉米芯释碳速率低,释碳持久稳定,投加玉米芯为碳源的反硝化滤池在4个月后仍可保持高效、稳定的反硝化脱氮性能。     

Persistence and dissipation kinetics of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole in onion and soil

The persistence and dissipation kinetics of trifloxystrobin and tebuconazole on onion were studied after application of their combination formulation at a standard and double dose of 75 + 150 and 150 + 300 g a.i. ha^?1. The fungicides were extracted with acetone, cleaned-up using activated charcoal (trifloxystrobin) and neutral alumina (tebuconazole). Analysis was carried out by gas chromatograph (GC) and confirmed by gas chromatograph mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The recovery was above 80% and limit of quantification (LOQ) 0.05 mg kg^?1 for both fungicides. Initial residue deposits of trifloxystrobin were 0.68 and 1.01 mg kg^?1 and tebuconazole 0.673 and 1.95 mg kg^?1 from standard and double dose treatments, respectively. Dissipation of the fungicides followed first-order kinetics and the half life of degradation was 6–6.6 days. Matured onion bulb (and field soil) harvested after 30 days was free from fungicide residues. These findings suggest recommended safe pre-harvest interval (PHI) of 14 and 25 days for spring onion consumption after treatment of Nativo 75 WG at the standard and double doses, respectively. Matured onion bulbs at harvest were free from fungicide residues.     

Sorption and Desorption Behavior of Chloroanilines and Chlorophenols on Montmorillonite and Kaolinite

The bioavailability of pollutants, pesticides and/or their degradation products in soil depends on the strength of their sorption by the different soil components, particularly by the clay minerals. This study reports the sorption-desorption behavior of the environmentally hazardous industrial pollutants and certain pesticides degradation products, 3-chloroaniline, 3,4-dichloroaniline, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, 4-chlorophenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol and 2,4,6-trichlorophenol on the reference clays kaolinite KGa-1 and Na-montmorillonite SWy-l. In batch studies, 2.0 g of clay were equilibrated with 100.0 mL solutions of each chemical at concentrations ranging from 10.0 to 200.0 mg/L. The uptake of the compounds was deduced from the results of HPLC-UV-Vis analysis. The lipophilic species were best retained by both clay materials. The most lipophilic chemical used in the study, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline, was also the most strongly retained, with sorption of up to 8 mg/g. In desorption experiments, which also relied on HPLC-UV-Vis technique, 2,4,6-trichloroaniline was the least desorbed from montmorillonite. However, on kaolinite all of the compounds under study were irreversibly retained. The experimental data have been modelled according to the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. A hypothesis is proposed concerning the sorption mechanism and potential applications of the findings in remediation strategies have been suggested.     

Field and laboratory studies of the fate and enantiomeric enrichment of venlafaxine and O-desmethylvenlafaxine under aerobic and anaerobic conditions

The stereoselectivity of R,S-venlafaxine and its metabolites R,S-O-desmethylvenlafaxine, N-desmethylvenlafaxine, O,N-didesmethylvenlafaxine, N,N-didesmethylvenlafaxine and tridesmethylvenlafaxine was studied in three processes: (i) anaerobic and aerobic laboratory scale tests; (ii) six wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) operating under different conditions; and (iii) a variety of wastewater treatments including conventional activated sludge, natural attenuation along a receiving river stream and storage in operational and seasonal reservoirs. In the laboratory and field studies, the degradation of the venlafaxine yielded O-desmethylvenalfaxine as the dominant metabolite under aerobic and anaerobic conditions. Venlafaxine was almost exclusively converted to O-desmethylvenlafaxine under anaerobic conditions, but only a fraction of the drug was transformed to O-desmethylvenlafaxine under aerobic conditions. Degradation of venlafaxine involved only small stereoisomeric selectivity. In contrast, the degradation of O-desmethylvenlafaxine yielded remarkable S to R enrichment under aerobic conditions but none under anaerobic conditions. Determination of venlafaxine and its metabolites in the WWTPs agreed well with the stereoselectivity observed in the laboratory studies. Our results suggest that the levels of the drug and its metabolites and the stereoisomeric enrichment of the metabolite and its parent drug can be used for source tracking and for discrimination between domestic and nondomestic wastewater pollution. This was indeed demonstrated in the investigations carried out at the Jerusalem WWTP.     

Synthesis and characterization of m- and p-methylbenzyl-mercapturic acids derived from m- and p-xylenes

Chemical synthesis and physical properties of two mercapturic acids suggested as urinary metabolites of m- and p-xylenes ace described. These compounds may be used for the identification and quantivative determination by high-performance liquid chromatography of the corresponding mercapturic acids in urine.     

Copper-catalyzed chlorination and condensation of acetylene and dichloroacetylene

The chlorination and condensation of acetylene at low temperatures is demonstrated using copper chlorides as chlorinated agents coated to model borosilicate surfaces. Experiments with and without both a chlorine source and borosilicate surfaces indicate the absence of gas-phase and gas-surface reactions. Chlorination and condensation occur only in the presence of the copper catalyst. C₂ through C₈ organic products were observed in the effluent; PCDD/F were only observed from extraction of the borosilicate surfaces. A global reaction model is proposed that is consistent with the observed product distributions. Similar experiments with dichloroacetylene indicate greater reactivity in the absence of the copper catalyst. Reaction is observed in the gas-phase and in the presence of borosilicate surfaces at low temperatures. The formation of hexachlorobenzene is only observed in the presence of a copper catalyst. PCDD/F were only observed from extraction of the borosilicate surfaces. A global reaction model is proposed for the formation of hexachlorobenzene from dichloroacetylene.     

Levels of PCDDs and PCDFs in products and effluent from the Swedish pulp and paper industry and chloralkali process

Within the Swedish Dioxin Survey various samples from the pulp and paper industry and the chloralkali process have been analyzed by congener specific analytical methods. In addition to the generally discussed “bleaching pattern” of the tetrachlorinated congeners, these samples also contained higher chlorinated congeners like hexa-CDDs, hepta-CDFs, octa-CDD and octa-CDF. Consequently it is recommended that samples from the pulp industry should be analyzed for all PCDDs and PCDFs (tetra- through octa-). Counted as Nordic Toxic Equivalents (NTEQ), the recycled pulp samples had the highest contamination level followed by TMP, unbleached sulfite and bleached softwood and hardwood. In addition to the bleaching process, various chemicals used in the pulping, bleaching and wastewater treatment can contribute to the contamination.     

Aerobic and anaerobic degradation of profluralin and trifluralin

Abstract

The degradation of profluralin [N‐(cyclopropylmethyl)‐α,α,α‐trifluoro‐2,6‐dinitro‐N‐propyl‐]p‐toluidine] and trifluralin (α,α,α‐trifluoro‐2,6‐dinitro‐N,N‐dipropyl‐p‐toluidine) was studied under aerobic and anaerobic soil conditions. Three soils (Goldsboro loamy sand, Cecil loamy sand, Drummer clay loam) were each treated with 1 ppmw herbicide; anaerobic conditions were maintained by flooding. Soil samples were extracted monthly and subjected to TLC analysis. No degradation was detected in sterile controls. Aerobic degradation of both herbicides was greatest in the Cecil loamy sand soil over the entire incubation period. Degradation of profluralin in Cecil soil under aerobic conditions was 86 percent after 4 months with three products detected; 83 percent of the trifluralin was degraded with two products detected. Anaerobic degradation accounted for 72 percent of the profluralin and 78 percent of the trifluralin after 4 months. Degradation of both herbicides increased with incubation time for the first 3 months and decreased slightly thereafter. Generally there was more extensive degradation (percent and in number of products formed) of profluralin than trifluralin under the conditions tested. More degradation products were detected for both herbicides under aerobic conditions than under anaerobic conditions.     

Uptake and translocation of metformin, ciprofloxacin and narasin in forage- and crop plants

Transfer of bioactive organic compounds from soil to plants might represent animal and human health risks. Sewage sludge and manure are potential sources for bioactive compounds such as human- and veterinary drugs. In the present study, uptake of the anti-diabetic compound, metformin, the antibiotic agent ciprofloxacin and the anti-coccidial narasin in carrot (Daucuscarota ssp. sativus cvs. Napoli) and barley (Hordeumvulgare) were investigated. The pharmaceuticals were selected in order to cover various chemical properties, in addition to their presence in relevant environmental matrixes. The root concentration factors (RCF) found in the present study were higher than the corresponding leaf concentration factors (LCF) for the three test pharmaceuticals. The uptake of metformin was higher compared with ciprofloxacin and narasin for all plant compartments analyzed. Metformin was studied more explicitly with regard to uptake and translocation in meadow fescue (Festucapratense), three other carrot cultivars (D.carota ssp. sativus cvs. Amager, Rothild and Nutri Red), wheat cereal (Triticumaestivum) and turnip rape seed (Brassicacampestris). Uptake of metformin in meadow fescue was comparable with uptake in the four carrot cultivars (RCF 2-10, LCF approximately 1.5), uptake in wheat cereals were comparable with barley cereals (seed concentration factors, SCF, 0.02-0.04) while the accumulation in turnip rape seeds was as high as 1.5. All three pharmaceuticals produced negative effects on growth and development of carrots when grown in soil concentration of 6-10 mg kg⁻¹ dry weight.     

新型高效氧化偶合絮凝剂COF-I的研制及其应用研究

以硫酸铝为主要原料 ,经过化学改性后 ,制得兼具氧化和絮凝为一体的新型、高效水处理药剂COF I ,并设计正交实验找出了药剂最佳组合配方 ,且对微污染水源水、城市污水及印染废水进行了强化处理试验研究。结果表明 ,最佳配方为复合比 1∶1、添加剂含量 1 2 5 %、稳定剂含量 0 3%、氧化成分含量 1 0 % ,在最佳配方和最佳工艺条件下 ,复合药剂COF I对微污染水源水、城市污水及印染废水均具有良好的处理效果     

Sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by macroalgae and microalgae

The sorption and desorption of Cu and Cd by two species of brown macroalgae and five species of microalgae were studied. The two brown macroalgae, Laminaria japonica and Sargassum kjellmanianum, were found to have high capacities at pHs between 4.0 and 5.0 while for microalgae, optimum pH lay at 6.7. The presence of other cations in solution was found to reduce the sorption of the target cation, suggesting a competition for sorption sites on organisms. Sorption isotherms obeyed the Freundlich equation, suggesting involvement of a multiplicity of mechanisms and sorption sites. For the microalgae tested, Spirulina platensis had the highest capacity for Cd, followed by Nannochloropsis oculata, Phaeodactylum tricornutum, Platymonas cordifolia and Chaetoceros minutissimus. The reversibility of metal sorption by macroalgae was examined and the results show that both HCl and EDTA solutions were very effective in desorbing sorbed metal ions from macroalgae, with up to 99.5% of metals being recovered. The regenerated biomass showed undiminished sorption performance for the two metals studied, suggesting the potential of such material for use in water and wastewater treatment.