国外动态

·法国建立世界最现代化生活垃圾厂·法国巴黎建立了世界上最现代化的SAINT OUEN生活垃圾处理厂,1990年第一季度已正式运转,年处理能力为63万吨生活垃圾,可为巴黎市增加29％的能源。该厂装有可编程序的自动控制桥式吊车,以控制工厂内外的垃圾运输;SITY 2000型焚烧炉;高效低阻塞的能源回收锅炉,可回收84％的余热和防止阻塞物腐蚀;先进的烟气分析装置,可分析烟尘、二氧化碳、一氧化碳、水蒸气和二氧化硫等含量,以确保排气遵守欧共体环保法规定的标准。     

丁二烯精制和储存安全技术及措施

大庆石化总厂化肥厂橡胶车间针对引进丁二烯装置的特性采取了相应的措施，预防和避免丁二烯过氧化物、端聚物的产生及其引发的事故。     

丁二烯缓冲罐自聚物的生成原因及防范措施

分析了ABS树脂生产装置丁二烯缓冲罐中丁二烯自聚物的生成原因,提出了预防措施,避免丁二烯自聚物的生成,保证装置的安全平稳运行。     

古建筑防雷探讨

本文通过对古建筑物易遭受雷击的特点分析,提出古建筑物的雷电防护应在调查地理环境、土壤、气象和雷电活动规律以及被保护物的特点等条件的基础上,详细研究防雷装置的形式及其布置方式。防雷装置的安装应做到保持古建筑物原貌和艺术特点,防雷装置应与古建筑及其周围环境相协调。     

油品泄漏应急处置装置设计及性能测试

针对油品泄漏事故,设计了一套油品泄漏物应急处置工艺及泄漏物应急处置装置,并以水-甲醇为例开展装置处置性能测试。结果表明:所设计的装置可实现液体油品泄漏物及其蒸发毒害气体的同时处置;装置系统洗消段的压降与气泵运转频率基本呈二次方关系,并随洗消液舱液位增大而增大;随着气泵运行频率的增大,装置洗消段的处理效率逐步升高,满液位运转时洗消段洗消效率最大可达92. 93%。     

液氮中油的红外分光光度法测定及其组分特性研究

介绍了用红外分光光度法测定液氨中油的分析方法。样品经三氯三氟乙烷或四氯化碳萃取后测定总萃取物，随后将萃取液通过氟罗里硅土吸附柱分离非极性的碳氢油和烃的极性衍生物，并测定碳氢油，烃的极性衍生物由总萃取物与碳氢油含量之差间接求得。用本方法测定了镇海炼化公司氨回收的精制液氨及大化肥装置的液氨中油的含量，并对油组分特性进行了分析。     

用煤烟气酸析和粉煤灰吸附治理造纸黑粮食

设计用煤烟气酸析黑液及用粉煤灰吸附酸析产物的装置，研究不同条件对处理结果的影响。结果显示：色度的去除率可达９６．４％，ＣＯＤ去降率可达８２．６％。     

废弃物除汞

丹麦汞回收系统工厂和鲁马灯泡厂发明了一种去除废弃物中汞的新装置,用以去除荧光管、电池、补牙充填物和温度计等废弃物中的汞。这种装置由蒸馏装置和磨碎机组成,体积较小。处理时,先将含汞的废弃物置于磨碎机内磨碎,并收集在金属容器内,金属容器放在真空室内,使含汞废弃物碎末暴露在发出脉冲的     

铝业合氟、沥青烟气净化回收研究及工程实践

应用沥青凝聚装置和静电回收净化技术，处理铝厂排出的含有氟，氟化和物，沥青的烟气及粉尘，即能净化有害烟气又能回收有价值的工业原料，处理后的各项指标为：粉尘排放浓度≤150mg/m^3，沥青烟的排放浓度≤80mg/m^3，氟化物的排放浓度≤11mg/m^3.     

如何正确进行防雷装置的检查

如何正确进行防雷装置的检查浙江太平洋化学有限公司陈小云雷电是一种自然放电现象，它的危害性极大，能严重损害建（构）筑物，伤害人畜，烧毁电气设备并引起火灾，产生过电压而击穿电气绝缘后引起火灾和爆炸。我国有不少地区的年平均雷暴日在３０日以上。为了防止雷电事...     

Surface clogging process modeling of suspended solids during urban stormwater aquifer recharge

Aquifer recharge,which uses urban stormwater,is an effective technique to control the negative effects of groundwater overexploitation,while clogging problems in infiltration systems remain the key restricting factor in broadening its practice.Quantitative understanding of the clogging process is still very poor.A laboratory study was conducted to understand surface physical clogging processes,with the primary aim of developing a model for predicting suspended solid clogging processes before aquifer recharge projects start.The experiments investigated the clogging characteristics of different suspended solid sizes in recharge water by using a series of one-dimensional fine quartz sand columns.The results showed that the smaller the suspended particles in recharge water,the farther the distance of movement and the larger the scope of clogging in porous media.Clogging extents in fine sand were 1 cm,for suspended particle size ranging from 0.075 to 0.0385 mm,and 2 cm,for particles less than 0.0385 mm.In addition,clogging development occurred more rapidly for smaller suspended solid particles.It took 48,42,and 36 hr respectively,for large-,medium-,and small-sized particles to reach pre-determined clogging standards.An empirical formula and iteration model for the surface clogging evolution process were derived.The verification results obtained from stormwater recharge into fine sand demonstrated that the model could reflect the real laws of the surface clogging process.     

Clogging processes caused by biofilms growth and organic particles accumulation in lab-scale vertical flow constructed wetlands

The accumulation of organic matter in substratum pores is regarded as an important factor causing clogging in the subsurface flow constructed wetlands.In this study,the developing process of clogging separately caused by biofilm growth and organic particles accumulation instead of total organic matter accumulation was investigated in two groups of lab-scale vertical flow constructed wetlands (VFCWs) fed with glucose (dissolved organic matter) and starch (particulate organic matter) influent.Results showed that the growth of biofilms within the substratum pores certainly caused remarkable reduction of effective porosity,especially for the strong organic wastewater,whereas its influence on infiltration rate was negligible.It was implied that the most important contribution of biofilm growth to clogging is accelerating the occurrence of clogging.In comparison with biofilm growth,particles accumulation within pores could rapidly reduce infiltration rate besides effective porosity and the clogging occurred in the upper 0-15 cm layer.With approximately equal amount of accumulated organic matter,the effective porosity of the clogged layer in starch-fed systems was far less than that of glucose-fed systems,which indicated that composition and accumulation mode of the accumulated organic matter played an important role in causing clogging besides the amount.According to the results,some related methods to prevent and recover the clogging phenomenon were suggested.     

潜流人工湿地堵塞程度的原位测定研究

人工湿地因其生态友好、运行费用低廉、处理效果好而被广泛运用于污水处理中,然而潜流人工湿地在运行过程中会发生填料堵塞,导致其利用率下降、寿命缩短,但目前还缺乏简单有效的原位测定人工湿地堵塞程度的方法和仪器.为了客观地评价湿地的堵塞程度,以渗透系数法为测定原理构建了人工湿地堵塞程度原位测定法,结合压力探测和数据处理模块开发了人工湿地堵塞程度原位测定仪,并进行了实验室试验和原位测量以检验方法和仪器的可行性.实验室试验中测量了利用砂土和砾石模拟的不同程度的堵塞.结果表明:当填料砂土与砾石的质量比为2:1、4:1、8:1时,堵塞系数分别为0.69、0.84、0.91 km/d,测得的堵塞系数和填料比例显著相关,能够准确地反映堵塞程度.原位测量选择运行了1~5 a的4个潜流人工湿地（A、B、C、D湿地）进行,运行一段时间后,潜流人工湿地入口处、湿地管道破损处和使用时间较长的湿地堵塞系数较高,最高达0.998 km/d,而运行情况良好的D湿地堵塞系数在0.5 km/d以下.研究显示,原位测定结果能很好地反映湿地的堵塞情况.      

Clogging processes caused by biofilm growth and organic particle accumulation in lab-scale vertical flow constructed wetlands

The accumulation of organic matter in substratum pores is regarded as an important factor causing clogging separately in the subsurface flow constructed wetlands. In this study, the developing process of clogging caused by biofilm growth or organic particle accumulation instead of total organic matter accumulation was investigated in two groups of lab-scale vertical flow constructed wetlands (VFCWs), which were fed with glucose (dissolved organic matter) and starch (particulate organic matter) influent. Results showed that the growth of biofilms within the substratum pores certainly caused remarkable reduction of e ective porosity, especially for the strong organic wastewater, whereas its influence on infiltration rate was negligible. It was implied that the most important contribution of biofilm growth to clogging was accelerating the occurrence of clogging. In comparison with biofilm growth, particles accumulation within pores could rapidly reduce infiltration rate besides e ective porosity and the clogging occurred in the upper 0–15 cm layer. With approximately equal amount of accumulated organic matter, the e ective porosity of the clogged layer in starch-fed systems was far less than that of glucose-fed systems, which indicated that composition and accumulation mode in addition to the amount of the accumulated organic matter played an important role in causing clogging.     

潜流型人工湿地基质堵塞特性试验研究

为解决设计不当或管理不善等原因造成的湿地堵塞问题,深入揭示湿地堵塞特性及形成机制,试验研究了芦苇潜流型水平流湿地和垂直流湿地的堵塞特性,并以此比较了2种湿地长期运行的稳定性.结果表明,湿地堵塞后土壤中有机质积累量较大,在湿地中各测量点达到了1.5%～5%,其主要积累区域在湿地前部表层,积累量为4%～5%,对有机物积累量与土壤深度进行数值分析发现,两者之间呈显著函数关系;水平流湿地和垂直流湿地内部堵塞机制不同,故堵塞后水平流湿地水力停留时间为3.515 4 d,较正常值缩短21.88%,而堵塞垂直流湿地水力停留时间为5.464 8 d,较正常值增长21.44%.湿地堵塞后污染物去除效率明显降低,波动较大,2种湿地比较发现,垂直流湿地的堵塞情况较水平流湿地更为严重.     

潜流型人工湿地堵塞机制及其模型化

从物理、化学、生物三个方面分析了人工湿地堵塞的机理,指出湿地堵塞的过程实质上就是有效孔隙率减少的过程,湿地的堵塞与否,堵塞的程度如何,可由其饱和水力传导系数来表征。对几个与人工湿地堵塞有关的数学模型作了介绍和分析,并探讨了一些预防人工湿地堵塞的措施以及其未来的研究方向。     

构建湿地堵塞问题的研究

研究了复合垂直流构建湿地(IVCW)中与填料堵塞相关的填料粒径、渗透性能、有机质含量等因素的变化.经过颗粒分析得知填料粒径在2～5mm间,运用自制的砂样管对填料进行原位采样,渗透试验结果表明IVCW填料层的渗透系数随填料深度的增加而增加.IVCW填料各层中,渗透系数最小值存在于表层以下15～30cm处.IVCW系统运行52个月后,仅填料表面至15cm深处有少量有机质存在,15cm深度以下有机质含量极少,表明IVCW系统运行稳定,未出现堵塞现象.文中通过分析填料堵塞的影响因素提出相应的预防措施和对策.     

危废填埋场导排层淤堵的时空分布特征

导排层淤堵导致的渗滤液水位过高是引发危险废物填埋场环境安全事故的主要原因之一,研究危险废物填埋场导排层淤堵规律,揭示其时空变化特征和主要影响因素具有重要的意义.本研究采用重庆某危险废物填埋场渗滤液原样作为导排流体,以卵石为导排颗粒,选择垂向Column装置模拟实际危险废物填埋场的淤堵特征和规律.对无反滤层装置的淤堵实验研究表明:时间上,导排层淤堵呈现出明显的阶段特征,初期(0~2 个月)孔隙度较为稳定,中期(3~4月)孔隙度缓慢下降,后期(5~6月)孔隙度急剧下降;空间上,越靠近入水口(0~10cm),淤堵越严重;时间越长不同高度处淤堵差异越明显.对不同反滤层装置淤堵的比较研究表明:反滤层的存在有利于控制淤堵物的产生,且土工布反滤层的效果好于细颗粒反滤层;反滤层存在条件下,导排系统的整体导排能力下降(60cm水头压力下的导排流量仅为无反滤层条件下的1/2).因此在导排层上方安置反滤层时需谨慎考虑.     

人工湿地堵塞机理及防堵措施浅析及研究

人工湿地作为一种高效率、低投资、低运行费用、低能耗的污水处理技术,越来越受到世界各国的关注。随着人工湿地的不断推广与应用,堵塞是影响其应用和推广的主要因素之一。湿地发生堵塞后,基质的渗透系数会急剧下降,过水能力也随之降低,大量引入湿地系统的污水直接雍积在湿地表面,长期积水引发恶臭、导致蚊蝇滋生,恶化运行环境。本文通过对人工湿地运行过程中出现的填料堵塞机理与特点进行分析,归纳和总结了人工湿地堵塞的影响因素,提出了人工湿地堵塞相应的解决措施,提高人工湿地对污水的处理效果,以期能够为人工湿地的应用及推广提供参考。     

地下水人工补给过程介质堵塞及控制研究进展

人工补给作为解决地下水超采及其环境负效应的有效措施,在全球得到广泛应用.但人工补给过程中的介质堵塞问题对补给效率、运行成本及工程寿命有着显著不利影响.在收集整理已有研究资料的基础上,对人工补给类型,过程中介质堵塞机理、预测、控制和治理方法进行了详细归纳和总结.分析表明,介质堵塞受到介质、水源物化特征和水文地球化学条件等因素影响;堵塞预测方法有水质指标法、经验公式法、数学模型法;堵塞的预防目前以水质控制为主;堵塞的治理需综合物理和化学方法.尽管有关人工补给的多种技术已日益成熟,但结合介质空间差异特征和水源条件复杂性开展的人工补给促渗技术还需进一步研究.