深海适冷菌Pseudoalteromonas sp. SM9913胞外多糖对Pb2+和Cu2+的吸附性能研究

采用深海适冷菌Pseudoalteromonas sp. SM9913分泌的胞外多糖（EPS）分别对Pb²⁺和Cu²⁺进行吸附,研究了多糖用量、pH、吸附时间和共存离子对EPS吸附性能的影响及EPS对Pb²⁺和Cu²⁺的吸附热力学.结果表明,EPS对Pb²⁺和Cu²⁺的吸附量随EPS投加量的增加而减小.EPS对Pb²⁺和Cu²⁺的最佳吸附pH分别为4.5～5.5和4.5～6.0. EPS对Cu²⁺的吸附平衡时间为90　min,对Pb²⁺的吸附平衡时间则长达180　min.共存离子Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺、Na⁺、K⁺的加入均降低了EPS对Pb²⁺的吸附量,Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺的加入降低了EPS对Cu²⁺的吸附量,但低浓度的Na⁺和实验范围浓度的K⁺不仅没有降低反而增加了EPS对Cu²⁺的吸附量.Freundlich和Dubinin-Radushkevich方程均能较好地描述SM9913胞外多糖吸附Pb²⁺和Cu²⁺的热力学过程,由Dubinin-Radushkevich方程得到SM9913胞外多糖对Pb²⁺和Cu²⁺的最大吸附量分别为243.3 mg/g (10℃) 和36.7 mg/g (40℃).胞外多糖吸附金属离子前后的红外光谱分析表明,多聚糖中C—O—C、乙酰基和羟基是起主要吸附作用的官能团.     

羟基铝蒙脱石去除染料弱酸性深蓝GR的研究

在[OH^-]/[A1³⁺]=2.4的反应条件下,利用A1³⁺与碱液反应制备出Keggin离子,并由此制备出羟基铝蒙脱石.XRD-衍射数据表明:羟基铝蒙脱石的层间距由原来的12.58A(d₀₀₁)增加到18.63A.研究了染料弱酸性深蓝GR在7种改性蒙脱石上的吸附.结果表明:酸性条件下,羟基铝蒙脱石处理有机污染物的去除率高,用0.0200g处理25ml弱酸性深蓝GR溶液,去除率可高达95%以上.由等温吸附线可知:弱酸性深蓝GR在不同改性蒙脱石上的吸附机理主要为表面吸附、离子交换和分配作用.     

重金属铜在黑土和棕壤中解吸行为的比较

采用一次平衡法研究吸附态Cu²⁺在黑土和棕壤上的解吸行为并进行了比较.结果表明,与棕壤相比,黑土吸附态Cu²⁺解吸有更长的滞后阶段,黑土在Cu²⁺的吸附量低于729.00mg·kg^-1(Cu²⁺处理浓度小于40 mg·L^-1),棕壤在Cu²⁺的吸附量低于393.29 mg·kg^-1(Gu²⁺处理浓度小于20 mg·L^-1)时,土壤吸附态Cu²⁺几乎不发生解吸.2种土壤吸附态Cu²⁺的解吸率均较低,尤其是黑土.在试验所采用的Gu²⁺处理浓度范围内,黑土与棕壤吸附态Cu²⁺的最高解吸率分别为6.60%和13.56%.Freundlich方程为描述2种土壤Cu²⁺等温解吸过程的最佳方程.黑土和棕壤吸附态Cu²⁺的解吸速率均较快,在40min左右基本达到平衡.描述黑土和棕壤解吸动力学过程的最优模型为双常数速率方程,其次为Elovich方程.     

不同炭基两性黏土对紫色土吸附Cu2+的影响

为了探究不同炭基两性黏土材料对紫色土吸附Cu²⁺的影响,将0%、50%和100% CEC十二烷基二甲基甜菜碱（两性）修饰膨润土分别负载于旱生和水生空心莲子草生物炭上制得炭基两性黏土,然后将其以1%和2%（质量比）添加到紫色土中形成供试研究土样。批量处理法研究pH、离子强度和温度处理对各供试土样吸附Cu²⁺的影响,并分析最适环境条件下土样对Cu²⁺的等温吸附和热力学特征。结果表明：（1）pH在2~5范围内,各供试土样对Cu²⁺的吸附量均与pH呈正相关关系。随着离子强度的增大,供试土样对Cu²⁺的吸附量均先增加后减少,以0.1 mg/L最高。10℃~40℃范围内,土样对Cu²⁺的吸附均表现为增温正效应。（2）在pH=5,离子强度0.1 mg/L和40℃条件下,土样对Cu²⁺的吸附等温线符合Langmuir模型,最大吸附量（q_m）保持在160.79~247.12 mmol/kg之间。添加1%和2%炭基两性黏土后土样q_m分别为紫色土的1.35~1.74倍和1.57~2.02倍。选择旱生炭基两性黏土和2%材料添加比例下土样对Cu²⁺的吸附量较大。（3）热力学参数结果显示各供试土样对Cu²⁺的吸附是自发、吸热和熵增的反应过程。     

核桃青皮生物炭对重金属的吸附效应分析

以核桃青皮为原料,分别在300、500和700℃的条件下经过限氧热解制备了核桃青皮生物炭WP300、WP500和WP700,并应用于溶液中Pb²⁺、Cu²⁺和Cd²⁺的吸附去除.结果表明,中等热解温度下的WP500具有最高的重金属吸附性能,且在溶液初始pH为8时吸附效果最佳,对Pb²⁺、Cu²⁺和Cd²⁺的去除率分别为97.87%、99.78%和71.15%.不同吸附体系下所需的生物炭投加量不一致,在单一金属体系中,WP500对Pb²⁺、Cu²⁺和Cd²⁺的最佳投加量为1.3、2.1和1.9 g ·L^-1,而在复合污染体系下,生物炭最佳投加量为5.1 g ·L^-1.此外,在单一和复合重金属反应体系中,WP500对3种重金属的吸附量均呈现出Pb²⁺>Cu²⁺>Cd²⁺的规律,且在竞争吸附条件下,3种吸附质之间不存在协同或拮抗作用.等温吸附模型拟合结果显示,WP500对Pb²⁺、Cu²⁺和Cd²⁺的固定方式较为多元,而动力学拟合结果则证明了WP500与Pb²⁺、Cu²⁺和Cd²⁺之间主要是化学吸附.分析表明核桃青皮生物炭对3种重金属的吸附机制涉及孔隙填充、静电吸附、离子交换、矿物沉淀、官能团络合和π-π电子供体-受体相互作用.本研究为核桃青皮的资源化利用提供了一种新的视角.     

纳米Fe3O4负载的浮游球衣菌去除重金属离子的工艺研究

以纳米Fe₃O₄负载浮游球衣菌（Sphaerotilus natans）制备复合生物吸附剂,对此吸附剂进行表征并考察了其吸附水中重金属离子的性能.红外光谱分析表明,此复合生物吸附剂表面的主要活性基团为酰胺基（—CONH—）和羟基（—OH）.吸附性能研究表明,菌含量和流量是影响复合生物吸附剂吸附重金属离子的主要因素,在Cu²⁺初始浓度c₀<20 mg/L,菌含量1.5 g/L（菌/ Fe₃O₄＝3∶2）,流量0.96 L/h 时吸附剂对Cu²⁺的吸附效果最好;用稀盐酸对复合生物吸附剂进行再生,吸附剂可重复使用10次以上,再生液可重复使用3次; 吸附选择性为：Pb²⁺ > Cu²⁺ > Zn²⁺>Cd²⁺.     

圩区河道底泥腐殖酸对重金属和抗生素的共吸附

为识别重金属、抗生素与腐殖酸之间的相互作用,提取圩区河道底泥中腐殖酸,以铜（Cu²⁺）与土霉素（OTC）及诺氟沙星（NOR）作为探针物,研究了腐殖酸在单一Cu²⁺体系、单一OTC体系、单一NOR体系以及Cu²⁺+OTC和Cu²⁺+NOR共存体系下的吸附行为,利用扫描电镜、红外光谱、X射线衍射和BET等方法进行了物相表征,并就可能存在的作用机制进行了分析讨论.结果表明,腐殖酸属典型的无定型非结晶体,其表面荷负电,具有非均匀多孔结构,孔径分布在介孔尺度,以3.76~6.40 nm孔体积占比最大.单一体系下,腐殖酸对Cu²⁺、OTC和NOR的饱和吸附量分别为33.043、19.521和26.676 mg·g^-1;在质量浓度比为1：1的Cu²⁺+OTC和Cu²⁺+NOR共存体系下,Cu²⁺的饱和吸附量分别为38.053 mg·g^-1和39.187 mg·g^-1,OTC和NOR的饱和吸附量分别为25.965 mg·g^-1和32.728 mg·g^-1.单一和共存体系下的吸附特征具有相似性,吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程,吸附等温线遵循Sips模型,吸附热力学特征为自由能降低、熵变和熵变增加的自发型吸热反应,反应类型接近于化学性吸附和络合性吸附.共存体系中的Cu²⁺与OTC及NOR可生成络合物,这增加了腐殖酸可吸附的物种数量,而已吸附的Cu²⁺亦可通过吸附架桥等形式结合OTC和NOR,吸附量因此较单一体系下有所增加.腐殖酸所含羧基、酚羟基、酮基和醛基等含氧官能团普遍参与了吸附反应.     

聚偏氟乙烯共混改性膜对Cu2+吸附性能的研究

应用热诱导聚合和相转移技术,制备了具有离子交换性能的聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)共混改性膜,采用XPS、XRD、SEM和FTIR表征了PVDF改性膜的结构和组成,分析了PVDF共混改性膜对水溶液中Cu²⁺的吸附性能,研究了PVDF共混改性膜对Cu²⁺的吸附热力学和吸附动力学 .结果表明,动力学吸附过程符合准二级动力学方程,等温吸附过程符合Langmuir模型.吸附过程的平均吸附能为8～16　kJ/mol,表明该吸附过程为离子交换反应.热力学参数ΔG⁰<0、ΔH⁰>0、ΔS0>0,证实了吸附过程为自发的吸热过程.PVDF共混改性膜经吸附/脱附4次循环后,对模拟废水中Cu²⁺和城市污水中Cu²⁺的吸附量分别大于0 .025 mg/cm^２和0 .015 mg/cm^２,脱附率超过95%.PVDF共混改性膜具有优良的吸附/脱附性能、良好的稳定性和潜在的应用前景.     

吸附-降解组合生物系统处理含铜离子城市污水

采用Pseudomonas putida 5-x细胞为吸附剂的生物吸附过程组合SBR生物降解系统处理含铜离子城市废水.研究了生物吸附剂Pseudomonas putida 5-x细胞的最佳制备条件以及组合系统的运行过程.实验结果表明,在优化的条件下,Pseudomonas putida 5-x细胞对铜离子的吸附容量可达87.3mg·g^-1,经生物吸附处理后,污水中Cu²⁺的含量显著降低,尽管残留的Cu²⁺对活性污泥吸附COD的能力尚有一定影响,但已不影响SBR系统对废水中COD的去除效果.研究表明,在活性污泥法处理含铜离子废水前,采用生物吸附技术降低废水中Cu²⁺含量,有利于提高后续活性污泥过程对COD的去除能力.     

沉水植物轮叶黑藻和穗花狐尾藻对Cu2+的等温吸附特征

研究了沉水植物轮叶黑藻和穗花狐尾藻对Cu²⁺的吸附等温线,分别采用了线性和非线性2种方法拟合吸附等温线,并比较分析2种方法的拟合效果和适用性.结果表明:①在采用等温吸附模型比较和评价不同生物吸附剂的性能时,不能仅仅根据R²和χ²的大小进行拟合方程的适用性比较.为了获得更为真实可靠的拟合结果,在实践中可以利用线性和非线性方法分别进行拟合,而每一种拟合方法也要同时采用多种模型,在对多个拟合结果比较的基础上选择更符合实验数据的吸附模型;②在本实验中,沉水植物轮叶黑藻和穗花狐尾藻吸附Cu²⁺的行为更符合Langmuir模型,而Freundlich模型特别是其线性表达式的计算值与实验数据的误差较大;③沉水植物中粗纤维素占干物质的比重是影响其吸附容量的重要因素之一,其细胞壁上多糖的—OH和—CONH₂可能是吸附的活性中心;④根据Langmuir模型线性拟合参数q_m,轮叶黑藻、穗花狐尾藻对Cu²⁺的最大吸附量分别为21.55 mg/g和10.80mg/g,其吸附Cu²⁺的最大活性比表面积分别为3.23m²/g和1.62m²/g.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Impact of atrazine and nitrogen fertilizers on the sorption of chlorotoluron in soil and model sorbents

Sorption of chlorotoluron in ammonium sulfate, urea and atrazine multi-solutes system was investigated by batch experiments. The results showed application of nitrogen fertilizers to the soil could affect the behavior of chlorotoluron. At the same concentration of N, sorption of chlorotoluron decreased as the concentration of atrazine increased on the day 0 and 6 in soil, respectively. The sorption of chlorotoluron increased from 0 to 6 d when soils were preincubated with deionized water, ammonium sulfate and urea solution for 6 d. That indicated incubation time was one of the most important factors for the sorption of chlorotoluron in nitrogen fertilizers treatments. The individual sorption isotherms of chlorotoluron in rubbery polymer and silica were strictly linear in single solute system, but there were competition sorption between pesticides or between pesticides and nitrogen fertilizers. That indicated the sorption taken place by concurrent solid-phase dissolution mechanism and sorption on the interface of water-organic matter or water-mineral matter.     

Degradation of metabolites accumulated of benzo[a]pyrene by coupling Penicillium Chrysogenum with KMnO4

Several main metabolites of benzo[a]pyrene （BaP） formed by Penicillium chrysogenum, Benzo[a]pyrene-1,6-quinone （BP 1,6- quinone）, trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene （BP 7,8-diol）, 3-hydroxybenzo[a]pyrene （3-OHBP）, were identified by high-performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. The three metabolites were liable to be accumulated and were hardly further metabolized because of their toxicity to microorganisms. However, their further degradation was essential for the complete degradation of BaP. To enhance their degradation, two methods, degradation by coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 and degradation only by Penicillium chrysogenum, were compared; Meanwhile, the parameters of degradation in the superior method were optimized. The results showed that （1） the method of coupling Penicillium chrysogenum with KMnO4 was better and was the first method to be used in the degradation of BaP and its metabolites; （2） the metabolite, BP 1,6-quinone was the most liable to be accumulated in pure cultures; （3） the effect of degradation was the best when the concentration of KMnO4 in the cultures was 0.01% （w/v）, concentration of the three compounds was 5 mg/L and pH was 6.2. Based on the experimental results, a novel concept with regard to the bioremediation of BaP-contaminated environment was discussed, considering the influence on environmental toxicity of the accumulated metabolites.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.