Increased UDP-Glucuronyltransferase in putative preneoplastic foci of human liver after long-term use of oral contraceptives

Previous research by the authors had suggested that uridine-diphosphate-glucuronyl-transferase (UDP-GT) is a useful preneoplastic marker in chemical carcinogenesis. Recently the authors report that they found typical clear cell foci in a macroscopically normal liver surrounding focal nodular hyperplasia with a 6 cm diameter in a 27-year old woman who had been using oral contraceptives (OCs) containing ethinyl-estradiol and lynestrenol for 9 years. These foci were further characterized by a reduction of canalicular and cytoplasmic ATPase activity, an increased glycogen content, and a positive immunohistochemical reaction for UDP-GT. OC users develop 2 basic types of benign liver tumors: hepatic adenoma and focal nodular hyperplasia. Hepatic adenoma appears to be caused by OCs, whereas the relationship between OC use and focal nodular hyperplasia is less clear. The tumorigenic action of OCs has been ascribed to a promotor action on liver cells; however, there is no evidence that OCs are initiators of liver tumors. The case reported shows 2 manifestations of toxic lesions promoted by OC use: the development of focal nodular hyperplasia and enzyme-altered foci comparable to those seen in experimental liver carcinogenesis. Further studies are needed to get more information about the preneoplastic potential of these foci in humans. Since enzyme-altered foci could not be identified in the liver tissue of healthy women, these foci may be of prognostic significance in longterm OC users.     

Cr(Ⅵ)染毒对小鼠肝脏细胞凋亡以及凋亡相关蛋白的影响

为研究六价铬(Cr(Ⅵ))对生物体的细胞凋亡以及凋亡相关蛋白的改变,用0、25、50和100 mg·kg-1的重铬酸钾(K2Cr2O7)对小鼠进行1d或持续5 d灌胃,检测肝脏细胞凋亡以及p53、Bcl-2、Bax蛋白表达水平和caspase-3酶的激活.实验结果显示,Cr(Ⅵ)染毒1 d或5 d后,小鼠肝细胞凋亡率随染毒剂量的增加而增加,并呈明显的剂量-反应关系;p53、Bax蛋白表达升高,Bcl-2蛋白表达下降,easpase-3酶激活增加,且p53、Bcl-2蛋白表达水平和caspase-3酶激活水平在100mg·kg-1剂量组的2个染毒时间段与对照组相比均具有显著性差异,Bax蛋白表达水平仅在100 mg·kg-1染毒5 d的实验组与对照组相比具有显著性差异.结果表明,Cr(Ⅵ)能诱导小鼠肝脏细胞凋亡,p53、Bcl-2、Bax和caspase-3在这个过程中可能起重要作用.     

广西合浦海草示范区的生态补偿机制

海草床对沿海生态系统具有重要意义,但是近年来,由于自然和人为因素影响,我国海草生态系统受到严重破坏.本文以广西合浦海草示范区生态补偿为例,在海草生态服务功能价值评估的基础上进行了利益相关者分析,确定了利益受损方和受益方;同时对合浦海草床生态价值和利益受损者实际损失进行了评估,调查了利益受损渔民的接受赔偿意愿.结果表明,对从事挖沙虫、挖螺渔民的补偿强度为3443元/户·a较为合适.建议采取资金补偿、智力补偿和政策补偿等多种补偿方式相结合,以保证合浦海草示范区的顺利实施.     

Field demonstration of in situ immobilization of soil Pb using P amendments

A long-term field-scale demonstration project on the feasibility of using P to immobilize Pb in a Pb-contaminated urban soil was conducted. Phosphate was applied at an average rate of 3040 mg P/kg soil based on a P/Pb molar ration of 4.0, with four treatments: T₀, no P application; T₁, H₃PO₄ only; T₂, 1/2 H₃PO₄+1/2 CaH₂PO₄; and T₃, 1/2 H₃PO₄+1/2 phosphate rock. Soil samples were collected and analyzed 220 days after the P applications. For all P treatments, toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) extractable Pb levels in surface soils (0-10 cm) were reduced to below 5.0 mg Pb/l, with T₂ also effective in reducing the TCLP Pb level in subsurface soils (10-30 cm, <4.63 mg/l). Sequential extraction analysis indicates that P was effective in transforming soil Pb from non-residual fractions to a residual fraction. Such a transformation was mainly through dissolution of Pb associated with carbonate fraction and precipitation of pyromorphite-like minerals, which were confirmed using X-ray diffraction (XRD). Among these three treatments, T₃ was the most effective in reducing Pb mobility and minimizing P and Pb leaching in the soil. Our research clearly demonstrates that P amendments were effective in immobilizing Pb in contaminated soil.     

Development and demonstration of fuel cell vehicles and supporting infrastructure in China

The demand for urban transportation in China, including cars, motorbikes, buses, and trains, is growing substantially. China’s transportation fleet is projected to expand from 16 to 94 million vehicles between 2000 and 2020, with liquid and electricity transport fuel demand growing from about 5 Quadrillion British Thermal Units (Quads) to over 20 Quads in 2035. In response to energy security, economic growth and environmental protection needs, Chinese government agencies, academia and the private sector have organized their programs and investments to advance development and demonstration of sustainable alternative transportation systems. This analysis surveys historic development of fuel cell vehicle (FCV) including fuel cell buses (FCB) technology in China, summarizes recent efforts to scale-up FCV development and associated infrastructure in major Chinese cities, and briefly addresses future directions in Chinese fuel cell and hydrogen energy technology development. Since the late 1990’s, Chinese universities, government institutions and the private sector have implemented research, development, demonstration and deployment programs for electric (EV), fuel cell (FCV), and hybrid electric vehicles (HEV). These efforts have advanced the feasibility of FCVs to be a part of sustainable urban transportation system, including technical performance, infrastructure, and customer acceptance. Three generations of FCVs, START I, START II and START III have been developed, demonstrated and deployed. Similarly, several generations of FCBs have been developed and demonstrated. Collectively, these efforts have demonstrated and deployed over 1,000 FCBs and FCVs in several Chinese cities. Large-scale, intensive-use FCV and FCB demonstration trials, including those during the 2008 Beijing Olympics and the 2010 Shanghai World Exposition (EXPO), have been successfully built and operated. Infrastructure, such as hydrogen production facilities, fuelling stations, and maintenance stations have been constructed and operated to support the fleets of FCBs and FCVs. Experiences learned from these FCV research, development, and demonstration activities are the foundation for scaling up infrastructure and fleet trials in a growing number of cities in eastern and western China. An aggressive research and development vision and 2020 technology performance targets provide a foundation for the next generation of EVs, FCVs and HEVs, and, options for China’s efforts to develop a portfolio of sustainable transportation systems.     

旅游发展背景下乡村适应性演化理论框架与实证

乡村转型及适应演化路径是乡村可持续发展领域重要研究内容,对实施乡村振兴战略及其多元目标的实现具有重要理论和现实意义。通过国家制度(战略)变迁关键时间节点,梳理典型案例乡村发展阶段,明确案例乡村转型适应的体制演化特征。在乡村适应性演化理论分析框架构建基础上,以体制转换明显的乡村为实证案例,结合农户调查与深度访谈数据,评估乡村适应演化下系统适应能力(结果)及农户生计响应效果,并基于归纳法和灰色关联分析,揭示乡村体制转换与微观农户生计关联的适应演化路径及机制。研究结果表明:(1)传统农业体制乡村向旅游体制转换后出现乡村经济发展和环境破坏、社会矛盾风险并存局面,农户生计适应选择对乡村转型响应呈现多样化。(2)不同适应路径农户生计恢复力存在显著差异,升级型、扩张型生计恢复力相对较高,维持型和更替型较低。(3)乡村体制转换(R₁到R_n)与农户生计适应(P₁到P₅)呈现协同且分化的演化路径,基础设施、政策扶持以及生态环境因子是乡村转型与农户生计关联适应演化的关键影响变量。     

东江流域水污染控制与水生态系统恢复技术与综合示范

归纳了水专项东江项目2008—2013年的主要研究成果:针对保护优质水源的国家需求,选择典型的东江流域开展前瞻性的水污染控制技术研发并进行工程示范,创建了由常规水质指标实时在线化,痕量污染物控制指标识别筛选全流域优化,生物毒性指标甄别多属性全程化等成套技术构成的水源流域水质风险识别技术体系;由各类工艺废水脱毒减害,同质污水区域集中强化处理,排水持续净化等成套技术构成的水环境风险控制工程技术体系;由水生物链各物种生长状况评级,生境恢复和物种受损关键环节恢复等成套技术构成的生态健康维护技术体系。集成以上3个技术体系形成成套的流域水环境风险控制技术体系集。基于上述技术创新提出了“控制风险、维护生态、保水甘甜、发展持续”的水源流域管理创新总体策略。研发的技术体系与策略在东江流域的示范与应用,实现了东江主干流水质常年优于Ⅱ类的污染控制目标。     

北海市国家级海洋生态文明建设示范区建设评估指标构建探析

海洋生态文明示范区建设对于提高海洋生态文明建设水平,推动地区经济社会发展方式转变有重要的示范作用和指导意义。国内对海洋生态文明示范区建设评估的相关研究集中于对国家政策的解读和运用,暂未建立持续长效的评估机制。本文在分析海洋生态文明示范区建设内涵的基础上,结合北海市海洋生态文明建设示范区的优势建设内容、存在问题及发展目标,构建了涵盖蓝色经济体系、资源保障体系、生态安全体系、软实力支撑体系四个层次的评估框架;通过分析国家海洋局现有指标体系对单个保护区建设评估的适用程度,融入广西打造"海洋经济强区"、实现"三大定位"新使命的战略要求,针对北海市建设现状及实际发展需求,提出了北海市海洋生态文明建设示范区建设评估指标选取的6点建议并相应完善了指标体系:（1）考核海洋生态文明体制改革情况;（2）注重海洋环保产业发展态势;（3）考虑生态问题及相应保护工作成效;（4）体现示范区建设的动态过程;（5）关注对外交流及合作情况;（6）重视利益相关群体的意愿和诉求。     

常德市海绵城市建设示范区雨洪适应性评价与分区

雨洪适应性体现了海绵城市建设的底线约束与生态优先原则,是海绵城市规划中重要的评价标准。采用INVEST模型与GIS技术,进行了研究区的雨洪适应性评价、雨洪适应性的功能分区及安全水平分区。研究表明：（1）从水源涵养、土壤保持和水质净化三个方面进行雨洪适应性评价,并融合雨洪汇流路径与适应性等级,划分雨洪适应性功能分区,体现了雨洪适应系统的源间廊道与基本骨架视角。（2）雨洪安全格局是海绵设施空间形态上的表现,重构不同安全水平雨洪适应性空间,实现了“源—汇”平衡,形成城市雨洪安全系统。（3）雨洪适应性通过水文过程与空间格局耦合,体现了雨洪管控中从微观到宏观层面的协调,对提升城市应对不确定性冲击的自组织能力具有参考意义。     

Lucene搜索引擎技术在国家海洋数字档案馆示范系统中的实现及应用

Lucene是一个开放源代码的全文检索引擎工具包,由于其在海量数据处理方面性能优异,已被广泛应用各类应用系统之中.本文主要探讨了Lucene及其相关技术(Compass等)在国家海洋数字档案馆示范系统中的实现及应用.具体讨论了Spring,Compass和Lucene的集成及扩展以及其应用价值.