慎杯

中国是酒古国,青铜器的爵,角,尊,彝,觥,都是古人用的酒具。同时,又是一个酒大国,有一年,一个穷县的酒厂,夺得中央电视台的广告标王称号,使得那些外国酒厂老板,只有瞠目结舌的份,十分敬佩中国的厂长,敢在酒上花不是自己钱的那股勇气。酒,这个东西,小饮有舒筋活血之用,提神健身之利。会喝酒的人,追求的是那种微醺的境界,所谓壶中世界。世界壶中,一杯在手,其乐融融也。凡这样喝酒者,十之八九自掏腰包,十块八块,沽得一醉,放头便睡,怡然快活,如神仙中人,算得上是好样的酒鬼。而狂喝滥饮者,嗜酒如命者,酒德差,酒品坏,酒风恶劣者,最后无有不败在这个酒上的,这类酒鬼就不敢恭维了,绝对是他人付账,公家报销,才不花白不花,不喝白不喝的。     

秋雨绵绵走平遥

正豆叶黄,谷又熟。中秋节刚过,连绵的秋雨就至,被雨雾笼罩的乡野,无边无际地寂静,唯有雨脚在沙沙行走。戴着一顶斗笠,背着一个背篓,拿着一把银镰,从繁华的初秋走来,走过丰硕的中秋,向萧瑟的深秋走去,像一株老腰了的高粱。那秋雨的身影,伴随着我一路前行,直至消失在了那乡野的尽头。前方出现一座静穆的古城,雄浑壮阔的城垣,肃立挺拔的马面,绵延凸凹的女墙,昂扬高亢的城楼,一如既往的雄姿,哦,让我又见平遥。     

绿色家园

正我爱那高大的松树,爱那可爱的小草,爱那潺潺的小河和活泼的小鱼……我正在穿越时空,来到几千万年前的一片大草原上,四周静悄悄的,不时有一阵微风徐徐吹来,风里携带着属于树叶的清香,属于溪水的湿润,属于泥土的温和。我闭上双眼,静听大自然的声音,有动物走路轻巧的脚步声,有风吹过树林的轻笑声,有小溪流淌的潺潺声……我张开双臂,感受阳光的抚摸,温暖,和煦,仿佛妈妈慈爱的怀抱。     

一剪春韭香

"夜雨剪春韭,新炊间黄粱"。沐浴着淅淅沥沥的春雨,剪下春天的第一茬韭菜,氤氲香色中鲜嫩无比,沁人心脾。杜甫的这首广为人知的诗句恬淡自然,清新隽永,既有生活的本真,亦有闲适的意趣,细细体味,我童年美食的味道跃然眼前。韭菜四季常绿,但春天的韭菜最为脆嫩鲜美,有"春菜第一美食"的美誉。每年的阳春时节,嫩嫩的韭菜,就成为我家餐桌上必不可少的美食。我爱吃韭菜,尤爱吃早春时割下的头刀韭菜,其味醇香馥郁,无论是焯水后凉拌,还是做春卷,炒鸡蛋,烙盒子,包饺子,都是香味怡人,     

珍惜

我的家乡处在群山环抱之中,山,在这儿并不大,小小的山,一座接一座,犹如温柔的水波起伏不止,构成了一道美丽的风景线,有了山,自然缺不了水,大凌河的水充满了灵性,有了大凌河的滋润,家乡更是充满生机,但是,不知为什么,我常常担心这样美好的环境会消失,因为,目前一些人的做法实在令人担忧。看看吧,多少昨天的绿色已被今日的一座座高楼大厦     

卷首语

不知不觉中,秋天来了。秋天,是收获的季节:经过绿色春天的播种,火红夏天的热情,秋季显得如此丰硕。秋天,对果实来讲,是最美丽的时刻,她摆脱了春的雏形、夏的青涩,以最饱满的色彩展现在人们的面前。秋天,也是旅游的季节。秋天就像一条金色的河,欢快地流淌着,河流两岸荡漾着旖旎的风光。在这样一个美好的秋季,您不妨用心观赏秋的色彩盛宴:红的娇艳,黄的明丽,绿的柔和,五彩斑斓,漫山遍野……当然,秋天的色彩可不单是秋叶的争艳,这一期的《地球的孩子》也煞是色彩纷呈,许多精彩的内容,正等着您去分享:翻开杂志,映入您眼帘的首先是一篇编辑同任共…     

跟土在一起

跟土在一起,人,很安心。所以,人死后,化成骨,化成灰,才要入土为安——我们的一生,吃的是土里长的,比如大白菜,莲藕,山药,木耳……穿的依然是土里的,比如贴身的棉衫棉裤,以及漫漫长夜里覆盖我们的棉絮——它们均来自棉桃里开出的花。还有那些红薯、麦子、水稻,     

花语人生

正女皇、战士和女人海棠开花,是惊蛰过后的事情,海棠多了一层不一般的意义。一是海棠花开,有虫子做伴。二是临近春分,春天去往纵深,熏风吹,暖洋洋,春天的歌唱进入高潮,天地间处处油光锃亮,天地又崭新了一层。人有时很拧巴,较劲地相信,一切美好都有来由,比如,春分之后,白昼越来越长,想象着,这是海棠花开带来的礼物。海棠成为了美好的意象。在《又见海棠花开》这部小说中,林子和逸凡在教室外的台阶上,一边背着永远背不完的文史政治,一边看着园中景色,天南海北地聊着。他们从眼前的风景聊到了梦想,聊到了未来……是花开正艳的垂丝海棠,触发了林子的情愫。那时候,林子觉着逸凡就是自己的海棠,自己的解语花。于是,林子心中,未来的底色越来越明艳,像春天的天地,     

让美丽与我们同住

碧绿的草,巍峨的山,秀丽的河,五颜六色的花朵,洁白的云朵。与我们同行,与我们同住。怎么才能留住身边的美丽呢?首先,我们要植树造林。现在社会经济发展起来,就开始砍伐树木,盖高大的楼房。楼房虽然高大美丽,但还是不如树木重要,树为我们遮荫,为我们净化空气,为我们绿化世界。众所周知,以前翠绿的树林是鸟儿们安心的小窝,可这几年的树木越来越少,鸟儿也越来越少,新鲜的空气一去不复返了。     

走环保道路 建生态家园——浙江安吉县环保局

背倚苍翠的青山,面临清澈的小溪,绿树掩映中,偶尔闪露出幢幢红瓦白墙的别墅,隐约相闻的鸣犬之声,扑脸而来的清新空气,这陶渊明笔下的世外桃园,是安吉县的普通村庄。整洁漂亮的马路,风光秀丽的小河,宽阔的绿地,成片的树林,一路繁花,一路鸟语,这个被绿色包围的小城是安吉县的县城。     

OXYGEN DEMAND IN ICE COVERED LAKES AS IT PERTAINS TO WINTER AERATION1

ABSTRACT: Winterkill, the death of fish under ice due to oxygen deficiency, threatens hundreds of shallow lakes in the upper Midwest of the United States every winter. For decades, attempts have been made to prevent winterkill, usually through aeration, with mixed results. In large part, the failure of strategies to prevent winterkill can be linked to a lack of understanding of winter limnology and in particular, of oxygen dynamics under ice. Most winterkill lakes behave as closed systems with regard to oxygen. Consequently, the oxygen content of an ice and snow covered lake is essentially a function of the amount of initial storage and the rate of depletion. Should the stored oxygen be insufficient to prevent near anoxia before melting of the ice cover occurs, winterkill will result. Most oxygen consumption in ice covered lakes is due to bacterial respiration and chemical oxidation at the sediment/water interface, the remainder occurring in the water column. Oxygen consumption (and thus depletion) is a function of the velocity and oxygen concentration of the near sediment water. This is due to the fact that oxygen transport to the sediment is mediated by a diffusive boundary layer adjacent to the sediment surface. Winter oxygen depletion rates decrease when the oxygen concentration of the overlying water falls below about 3 mg/l. Aeration techniques which increase the oxygen concentration and velocity of the near-sediment water also increase the oxygen consumption (depletion) rate.     

Environmental assessment of packaging: Sense and sensibility

The functions of packaging are derived from product requirements, thus for insight into the environmental effects of packaging the actual combination of product and package has to be evaluated along the production and distribution system. This extension to all related environmental aspects adds realism to the environmental analysis and provides guidance for design while preventing a too detailed investigation of parts of the production system. This approach is contrary to current environmental studies where packaging is always treated as an independent object, neglecting the more important environmental effects of the product that are influenced by packaging. The general analysis and quantification stages for this approach are described, and the currently available methods for the assessment of environmental effects are reviewed. To limit the workload involved in an environmental assessment, a step-by-step analysis and the use of feedback is recommended. First the dominant environmental effects of a particular product and its production and distribution are estimated. Then, on the basis of these preliminary results, the appropriate system boundaries are chosen and the need for further or more detailed environmental analysis is determined. For typical food and drink applications, the effect of different system boundaries on the outcome of environmental assessments and the advantage of the step-by-step analysis of the food supply system is shown. It appears that, depending on the consumer group, different advice for reduction of environmental effects has to be given. Furthermore, because of interrelated environmental effects of the food supply system, the continuing quest for more detailed and accurate analysis of the package components is not necessary for improved management of the environmental effects of packaging.     

GROUND WATER OF THE ISLAND OF MONTREAL,CANADA1

ABSTRACT: The geochemistry and nature of the flow of ground water not only control the supply potential but constitute clues to the whole geology of an area. A study has been made of the largest available assemblage of data from 161 wells for the Island of Montreal collected by the Geological Survey of Canada in 1951–53. Data indicated that the system is generally subartesian, flowing from the principal topographically high areas towards the shores of the Island. As the probable use is about 13% of the estimated recharge of 140 million liters per day, most wells could be supplied by local recharge. The study has confirmed the predominance of calcium bicarbonate ground water from the carbonate sequence. The waters appeared to be saturated with respect to CaCO₃ in all but 10 wells. The presence of other types of waters suggests the effects of the igneous intrusions of the area, the post-glacial marine submergence and the upward movement of waters from deep sources through fault and other structural zones. Confirmation of the significant variations in chemical composition in some neighboring wells indicated the future need for repetitive sampling from specific horizons for chemical and isotopic analyses.     

Nutrient Sources and Transport in the Missouri River Basin,with Emphasis on the Effects of Irrigation and Reservoirs1

Brown, Juliane B., Lori A. Sprague, and Jean A. Dupree, 2011. Nutrient Sources and Transport in the Missouri River Basin, With Emphasis on the Effects of Irrigation and Reservoirs. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 47(5):1034‐1060. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00584.x Abstract: SPAtially Referenced Regressions On Watershed attributes (SPARROW) models were used to relate instream nutrient loads to sources and factors influencing the transport of nutrients in the Missouri River Basin. Agricultural inputs from fertilizer and manure were the largest nutrient sources throughout a large part of the basin, although atmospheric and urban inputs were important sources in some areas. Sediment mobilized from stream channels was a source of phosphorus in medium and larger streams. Irrigation on agricultural land was estimated to decrease the nitrogen load reaching the Mississippi River by as much as 17%, likely as a result of increased anoxia and denitrification in the soil zone. Approximately 16% of the nitrogen load and 33% of the phosphorus load that would have otherwise reached the Mississippi River was retained in reservoirs and lakes throughout the basin. Nearly half of the total attenuation occurred in the eight largest water bodies. Unlike the other major tributary basins, nearly the entire instream nutrient load leaving the outlet of the Platte and Kansas River subbasins reached the Mississippi River. Most of the larger reservoirs and lakes in the Platte River subbasin are upstream of the major sources, whereas in the Kansas River subbasin, most of the source inputs are in the southeast part of the subbasin where characteristics of the area and proximity to the Missouri River facilitate delivery of nutrients to the Mississippi River.     

协定水污染物间接排放标准的法律问题探究

以协商的方式确定水污染物间接排放标准的规定打破了人们对标准确定性、强制性的传统认识。协定标准的优势在于充分利用污水处理厂的污水处理能力,减轻企业的污水处理负担,使企业可以集中力量搞生产。协定标准具有灵活性和优越性,应充分利用。通过对协定标准概念和重要性的分析,指出协定标准存在效力不确定、缺少对协定范围的限制等问题,造成协定标准在实践中通常被忽视或者滥用。并从明确协定标准的范围、加强排污企业的管理和协定标准的监督等方面,进一步提出了限制和完善水污染物间接排放标准的建议。     

Management issues in a Tasmanian tourist cave: potential microclimatic impacts of cave modifications

Caves can be difficult to navigate and often require physical modification to allow easy access for visitors. Single entrance caves double the access impact of each visitor. Visitors in tourist caves have direct physical effects such as the introduction of concrete and steel structures; transport of mud, dust, and nutrients; installation of lights and the exhalation of water vapour and carbon dioxide into the air. Indirect physical effects include alteration of the microclimate, both through physical modifications that change the ventilation regime and through the presence of visitors leading to changes in temperature, humidity and CO2 within the cave environment. Anthropomorphic changes to cave physical environments to aid access or to reduce backtracking can have adverse effects on the internal microclimate of cave systems with subsequent changes to the cave environment affecting the quality of decorations and cave art and the diversity of cave fauna. Although often stated that caves operate at or near a constant temperature, closer examination indicates that cave temperatures are neither static nor constant. The degree of variation depends largely on the structure and physical characteristics of the cave. Air temperature and humidity gradients between the inside and outside cave environment can result in air density differences, which create airflow, which will in turn affect the cave microclimate. As part of the development of a management framework for King Solomons Cave, Tasmania, a study of the microclimate was carried out on behalf of Tasmanian Parks and Wildlife Service. Analysis of the variables showed significant differences in air temperature within each site and between sites. These differences range from 4 degrees C variation at one site to 0 degrees C at another site. The data were used to model potential airflow between the cave and the external environment. Results indicate that part of the cave is dominated by airflow between the chimney and the cave entrance leading to microclimatic fluctuations, while stable climatic conditions occur at the end of the cave. Future management strategies that propose a passage from the chamber to the surface via the current end zone would create a potential for airflow induced microclimatic change, leading to a change in both the temperature and moisture regimes, necessitating the construction of an airtight double door system.     

底泥的氮、磷释放及其微生物影响的研究

氮和磷在自然界的循环已经引起了人们的关注,一方面因为氮和磷是生态系统中必不可少的营养元素,另一方面过剩的氮和磷会导致水域的富营养化 ,从而使生态平衡遭受破坏.本文综述了水体沉积物中氮和磷受微生物作用进行释放的影响,以及国内外的研究历史和现状.总结了氮磷微生物代谢的特点,并阐述了与传统认识相区别的最新发现和思想.本文试图从理论上说明微生物的氮磷释放机理,通过生物化学和分子动力的角度解释了细菌对氮磷的吸收和释放,即质子动势理论和Pho调控理论.目前,这一领域研究的热点是为了特殊的使用用途对于高效微生物的分离鉴别和组合培养,和对氮磷代谢的影响因素.     

Histochemical and histopathological study of the intestine of the earthworm (Pheretima elongata) exposed to a field dose of the herbicide glyphosate

Histopathological and histochemical variations in non-specific esterases of the intestinal epithelial lining of the earthworm (Pheretima elongata), exposed to a single field dose of the herbicide glyphosate, were studied on the first, second, third, and fourth week of exposure. A severe cell death was observed in the intestine during the first and second weeks of exposure and mortality exceeded 50 percent. In the third week of exposure, the cells of the intestinal lining of the worms which had survived started regenerating and in the fourth week of exposure the epithelial lining regained its original characteristics and architecture, suggesting the high regenerative power of earthworms. Non-specific esterases showed an intense activity in the first week of the exposure and then decreased in the second week to nearly a minimum, where the entire cell structure was lost. However, the activity of the enzyme remained low until the third week where there was a small rise in the activity, and was confined to certain places in the cytoplasm. In the fourth week, almost a complete regeneration of the epithelial lining as well as the non-specific esterases activity was observed and became quite similar to that of the control worms. These results suggest that glyphosate, even at the recommended field dose, could cause cell death and interfere with non-specific esterases activity of the epithelial lining of the intestine of P. elongata causing at least 50 percent mortality in the population of the worms.     

Fishers,Farms, and Forests in Eastern North America

The fisher (Martes pennanti) has recently recovered from historic extirpations across much of its geographic range. There are at least five explanations for the recovery of the fisher, including changes in the amount of habitat, the suitability of habitat, trapping pressure, societal attitudes toward predators, and climate. We evaluated a recovering fisher population in Ontario to test two conditions we viewed as necessary to support the hypothesis that fisher populations have increased due to an increase in the amount of forested land. First, we tested whether the amount of forested land has increased. Second, we tested whether contemporary fisher abundance (and therefore habitat quality) was related to the amount of forest. Topographic maps showed that the proportion of forested land in the study area had increased by 1.9% per decade since 1934 and 3.3% per decade since 1959, likely as a result of land conversion from agricultural uses. Overall the proportion of the study area that was forested increased from 29% to 40% during 1934 to 1995. Census data from the region indicated that there had been a decline in the amount of land area being farmed during the last 50 years. Recent livetrapping data showed that fisher abundance was positively related to the proportion of landscapes that were forested. Based on our results, we could not reject the hypothesis that an increase in the amount of forested land has contributed to the recovery of fisher populations.     

Green reconstruction of the tsunami-affected areas in India using the integrated coastal zone management concept

A tsunami, triggered by a massive undersea earthquake off Sumatra in Indonesia, greatly devastated the lives, property and infrastructure of coastal communities in the coastal states of India, Andaman and Nicobar Islands, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Malaysia and Thailand. This event attracted the attention of environmental managers at all levels, local, national, regional and global. It also shifted the focus from the impact of human activities on the environment to the impacts of natural hazards. Recovery/reconstruction of these areas is highly challenging. A clear understanding of the complex dynamics of the coast and the types of challenges faced by the several stakeholders of the coast is required. Issues such as sustainability, equity and community participation assume importance. The concept of ICZM (integrated coastal zone management) has been effectively used in most parts of the world. This concept emphasizes the holistic assessment of the coast and a multidisciplinary analysis using participatory processes. It integrates anthropocentric and eco-centric approaches. This paper documents several issues involved in the recovery of tsunami-affected areas and recommends the application of the ICZM concept to the reconstruction efforts.