苦草及其附生生物膜对水体菲的去除效果研究

采用室内水培试验,研究了沉水植物苦草及其附生生物膜对水体不同浓度多环芳烃菲(PHE)(0.0、0.5、1.0、1.5 mg/L)的去除效果。研究结果显示,在不同浓度PHE作用下,苦草及生物膜生物量表现为随PHE浓度增加而降低,PHE对苦草及生物膜表现为生长抑制作用。在苦草作用下,生物膜干重分别增加了13.2%、10.0%、282.0%,水体pH、溶解氧增加,溶解性有机碳及藻密度降低,水体PHE去除率也显著提高,苦草有缓解PHE对附生生物膜的胁迫和一定净化水质的作用。相关性分析表明,水体PHE的浓度与苦草茎叶和生物膜生物量具有显著正相关性,与对照组相比,苦草组对菲的净化效率分别提高9.0%、16.2%、12.5%,水体PHE的净化效果除了与沉水植物的吸收有关,还与其附生生物膜的生物降解有着密切联系。研究结果有利于理解沉水植物和附生生物膜对有机污染水体修复机理的认识。     

污水生物处理中生物膜传质特性的研究进展

生物膜法处理污水,起主要作用的是附着于填料表面形成的生物膜,因此研究生物膜的传质特性对于提高处理效率、探究处理机理具有重要意义.本文综述了生物膜传质特性在污水生物处理中的研究进展,包括生物膜结构模型、传质微环境,以三相传质体系为研究重点的传质特性,以及影响生物膜传质的因素包括生物膜结构和水力条件等,并对以后应着重开展的...     

自然水体生物膜及其在水环境中的作用

自然水体生物膜在决定水环境中痕量污染物的迁移、最终归宿、生物地球化学特性、生物可利用性和毒性过程中起着非常重要的作用。本文结合国内、外的研究,简述了自然水体生物膜的定义、组成、吸附特性以及在环境中的作用,分析了该研究领域存在的主要问题,展望了自然水体生物膜的研究前景。     

黄浦江生物膜中汞的分布及形态分析

生物膜对于水环境中痕量重金属的迁移、最终归宿、生物可利用性和生物毒性的过程,起着非常重要的作用。该文采集了黄浦江中的生物膜样品,分析了其中不同生长时间、不同深度、不同季节的总汞含量;提取了生物膜中不同形态的汞,并和底泥中不同形态汞的分布做了对比。结果表明,随着生长天数的增加,生物膜中的汞含量也随之增加;表层生物膜中的汞含量大于水深1m处生物膜中的汞含量;生物膜中的汞含量夏季最高,冬季最低;生物膜中生物可利用态的汞,远大于底泥中生物可利用态汞,更容易进入食物链,从而造成更大的生态危害。     

Mn2+促进载体挂膜的机理研究

通过向自制固定床生物膜反应器(FBBR)中投加氯化锰,考察了Mn~(2+)对生物膜量、形态结构、降解性能及其胞外聚合物(EPS)组分的影响,并探究了Mn~(2+)在生物膜形成中的作用、影响规律及其对生物膜反应器运行效能的影响.结果表明,投加Mn~(2+)有助于生物膜形成,增强生物膜致密性,并促进生物膜生长;在生物膜成熟期连续投加10 mg·L~(-1)Mn~(2+)对一个周期内生物膜的降解活性影响很小,反应器COD和NH_4~+去除率分别达到85.4%±1.5%和76.3%±1.9%;生物膜不同类型EPS含量的变化表明,Mn~(2+)不仅加速了生物膜的成熟和增强了生物膜去除有机物的稳定性,而且还会刺激生物膜分泌产生更多的紧密粘附型EPS,其中的蛋白质和多糖能够保护微生物免受Mn~(2+)伤害.     

生物膜对日常生产、生活的影响与作用

自然环境中生物膜随处可见。生物膜在污水处理以及河流水质净化等方面具有保护水环境的积极作用。然而,生物膜也存在着相当的负面影响,这些负面影响不仅危及到人们的日常生活和健康,而且还会腐蚀管道和船体等金属材料。本文总结和分析生物膜在环境中对人类生产、生活的利弊,目的是使人们了解和认识生物膜的正反两方面影响,以推动对生物膜利用或抑制等方面的研究。     

生物膜对重金属镉的去除及抗性的初探

本文介绍了生物膜对重金属镉的吸附与去除作用,以及重金属镉对生物膜去除 COD 和呼吸活性的影响.试验结果表明,生物膜对重金属镉有较强的去除作用,12小时内,30ppm 以下的镉即可去除85%以上.镉浓度不同,对生物膜去除 COD 影响不同,影响程度与镉浓度呈正相关.镉对生物膜呼吸活性的影响也随镉浓度的不同而各异,低浓度镉有激活作用,高浓度镉有抑制作用。     

生物膜内硫循环变化特征及其作用的研究动向

结合国内外的研究情况 ,阐述了生物膜内硫的存在形态随环境条件不同而发生的变化及其作用 ,提出了研究影响生物膜内硫循环的电子受体、硫酸盐还原菌 (SRB)及其与生物膜内脱氮菌、聚磷菌等功能微生物的关系 ,对提高生物膜的水处理效果有重要意     

环境功能材料界面性质对生物膜形成过程与代谢功能的调控机制

材料表面生物膜形成对环境与人类生产的影响纷繁复杂,关于环境功能材料与微生物之间的界面作用关系尚无系统阐述。介绍了材料表面生物膜的形成过程,重点解析了材料表面疏水性、形态特征、表面电荷、磁性、物质释放与电子传递等物理化学性质对生物膜形成的调控机制;综述了材料对生物膜微生物群落结构与代谢功能的影响,并且论证了不同环境功能材料与生物膜在水处理系统、废气生物处理和土壤生态修复领域协同降解污染物的潜在机制和应用情况;最后展望了材料与微生物相互作用的未来研究方向。拟为环境功能材料表面生物膜的形成与控制调控,充分发挥两者协同作用以及定向指导材料合成提供理论和技术支撑。     

自然水体生物膜及其在水环境中的作用

自然水体生物膜在决定水环境中痕量污染物的迁移、最终归宿、生物地球化学特性、生物可利用性和毒性过程中起着非常重要的作用。本文结合国内、外的研究，简述了自然水体生物膜的定义、组成、吸附特性以及在环境中的作用，分析了该研究领域存在的主要问题，展望了自然水体生物膜的研究前景。     

Nitrogen-cycling microbial community functional potential and enzyme activities in cultured biofilms with response to inorganic nitrogen availability

Biofilms mediate crucial biochemical processes in aquatic ecosystems. It was hypothesized that eutrophication may promote the growth of biofilms, resulting in larger numbers of functional genes. However, the metabolic activity and the roles of biofilms in N cycling will be affected by ambient inorganic nitrogen availability, not by the abundance of functional genes. Biofilms were cultured either with replete inorganic nitrogen(N-rep) or without exogenous inorganic nitrogen supply(N-def) in a flow incubator, and the N-cycling gene abundances(nifH, N_2 fixation; amoA, ammonia oxidation, archaea and bacteria; nirS and nirK, denitrification) and enzyme activities(nitrogenase and nitrate reductase) were analyzed. The results showed that, comparing the N-def and N-rep biofilms, the former contained lower nifH gene abundance, but higher nitrogenase activity(NA), while the latter contained higher nifH gene abundance, but lower NA. Different patterns of NA diel variations corresponded to the dynamic microbial community composition and different stages of biofilm colonization. Ammonia oxidizing bacteria(AOB), detected only in N-def biofilms, were responsible for nitrification in biofilms. N-rep biofilms contained high nirS and nirK gene abundance and high denitrification enzyme activity, but N-def biofilms contained significantly lower denitrification gene abundance and activity. In general,the strong N_2 fixation in N-def biofilms and strong denitrification in N-rep biofilms assured the balance of aquatic ecosystems. The results suggested that evaluation of the functional processes of N cycling should not only focus on genetic potential, but also on the physiological activity of biofilms.     

The formation kinetics and control of biofilms by three dominant fungi species isolated from groundwater

Filamentous fungi can enter drinking water supply systems in various ways, and exist in suspended or sessile states which threatens the health of individuals by posing a high risk of invasive infections. In this study, the biofilms formation kinetics of the three genera of fungal spores, Aspergillus niger (A. niger), Penicillium polonicum (P. polonicum) and Trichoderma harzianum (T. harzianum) isolated from the groundwater were reported, as well as the effects of water quality parameters were evaluated. In addition, the efficiency of low- concentrations of chlorine-based disinfectants (chlorine, chlorine dioxide and chloramine) on controlling the formation of fungal biofilms was assessed. The results showed that the biofilms formation of the three genera of fungi could be divided into the following four phases: induction, exponential, stationary and sloughing off. The optimum conditions for fungal biofilms formation were found to be neutral or weakly acidic at 28 °C with rich nutrition. In fact, A. niger, P. polonicum, and T. harzianum were not observed to form mature biofilms in actual groundwater within 120 hr. Carbon was found to have the maximum effect on the fungal biofilms formation in actual groundwater, followed by nitrogen and phosphorus. The resistance of fungal species to disinfectants during the formation of biofilms decreased in the order: A. niger > T. harzianum > P. polonicum. Chlorine dioxide was observed to control the biofilms formation with maximum efficiency, followed by chlorine and chloramine. Consequently, the results of this study will provide a beneficial understanding for the formation and control of fungal biofilms.     

给水管网生物膜反应器及分子生物学研究方法进展

饮用水在经管道输送到用户的过程中,微生物附着到管网内壁生长形成生物膜。生物膜的存在会引起一系列水质问题如病原菌的生长、色度和浊度的变化、管道的腐蚀等,对人类饮用水安全构成威胁。而且生物膜对消毒剂有顽强的抗性,一旦形成就难以控制。所以生物膜一直是给水管网研究的热点和难点。但是给水管网中生物膜的实际采样研究比较困难,而且实际取样无法连续监测生物膜形成的动态变化过程,因此用反应器实验模拟研究生物膜显得尤为重要。另外,随着技术的进步,研究给水管网生物膜不仅仅局限于传统的培养方法,还出现了一些新手段如现代分子生物学技术和显微镜图像分析技术,以便更加科学、合理地了解给水管网生物膜,从而保障城市供水的安全。文章重点介绍几种常见的用于研究给水管网生物膜的反应器及生物膜的研究方法,并对其原理及优缺点作了简要的讨论。     

模拟配水管网中悬浮颗粒物对生物膜形成的影响

分别采用2 μm、8 μm醋酸纤维滤膜过滤活性炭柱出水,滤出水分别通入BAR反应器,以活性炭出水做对照试验通入BAR反应器,加氯（次氯酸钠）量均为0.5 mg·L^－１（总氯）,对比3种水质情况下生物膜的形成过程,采用颗粒计数仪测定BAR进水的颗粒物分布.结果表明,悬浮颗粒物能携带大量细菌避开消毒剂的作用,且对生物膜上的细菌量有直接影响.生物膜上的细菌量为：活性炭出水>8 μm滤出水>2 μm滤出水.颗粒物的存在使生物膜结构不稳定,推迟了达到最大生物量的时间,且颗粒物数量越多,粒径越大,生物膜稳定性越差,达最大生物量的时间越长,试验中2号BAR生物膜达最大生物量的时间比1号BAR中生物膜迟4 d,3号BAR生物膜达最大生物量的时间比2号BAR生物膜迟8 d;进水颗粒物数量对出水的细菌量影响很大,颗粒物数量越多,出水细菌量越多.     

Influence of phosphorus availability on the community structure and physiology of cultured biofilms

Biofilms have important effects on nutrient cycling in aquatic ecosystems.However,publications about the community structure and functions under laboratory conditions are rare.This study focused on the developmental and physiological properties of cultured biofilms under various phosphorus concentrations performed in a closely controlled continuous flow incubator.The results showed that the biomass(Chl a)and photosynthesis of algae were inhibited under P-limitation conditions,while the phosphatase activity and P assimilation rate were promoted.The algal community structure of biofilms was more likely related to the colonization stage than with the phosphorus availability.Cyanobacteria were more competitive than other algae in biofilms,particularly when cultured under low P levels.A dominance shift occurred from non-filamentous algae in the early stage to filamentous algae in the mid and late stages under P concentrations of 0.01,0.1 and 0.6 mg/L.However,the total N content,dry weight biomass and bacterial community structure of biofilms were unaffected by phosphorus availability.This may be attributed to the low respiration rate,high accumulation of extracellular polymeric substances and high alkaline phosphatase activity in biofilms when phosphorus availability was low.The bacterial community structure differed over time,while there was little difference between the four treatments,which indicated that it was mainly affected by the colonization stage of the biofilms rather than the phosphorus availability.Altogether,these results suggested that the development of biofilms was influenced by the phosphorus availability and/or the colonization stage and hence determined the role that biofilms play in the overlying water.     

不同生物过滤系统铵态氮转化速率及生物膜特性分析

实验模拟循环水养殖系统,运行了移动床生物膜反应器(moving bed biofilm reactor,MBBR)和挂帘式生物滴滤池两类生物过滤系统的6种不同填料反应器,对比分析了各反应器的填料挂膜效果、铵态氮转化速率和生物膜微生物群落结构等特征.结果表明,与MBBR相比,挂帘式生物滴滤池挂膜速度快且生物量较多,其中碳纤维挂帘式生物滴滤池的脱膜后生物膜重最大,为45.97 g·m-2,8 h NH+4-N去除率(86.76%)高于其他反应器(61.96%~78.76%),并且NO-2-N累积少,16 h时NO-2-N浓度在0.5 mg·L~(-1)以下.通过Illumina高通量测序技术对生物过滤系统中生物膜微生物群落结构进行解析,结果表明,不同类型反应器的生物膜内的细菌、真核微生物群落构成有明显区别,无论是细菌还是真核微生物,挂帘式生物滴滤池的物种丰度和多样性均高于MBBR,但MBBR的细菌群落物种集中度更高.硝化螺菌属(Nitrospira)及放线菌中的Nakamurella属在两类反应器的生物膜中均占优势,腐螺旋菌科(Saprospiraceae)在挂帘式生物滴滤池更多,而丛毛单胞菌科(Comamonadaceae)更倾向于在MBBR中富集.在真核微生物属水平相对丰度上,挂帘式生物滴滤池中小杆目中的Rhabditida norank占明显优势,而MBBR中绿藻纲中的Chlorophyceae norank占明显优势.以上研究结果为挂帘式生物滴滤池在循环水养殖水质净化中的应用奠定了实验基础.     

不同供水管材生物膜抗生素抗性基因分布特征

为了研究不同材质供水管道内壁生物膜中抗生素抗性基因分布特征和水平转移潜力,利用宏基因组测序对304、316 L不锈钢管和PPR、PE塑料管内壁生物膜进行了分析.结果表明,4种管材内壁生物膜中共检出17类146种抗生素抗性基因.多药类抗性基因在不同管材生物膜中的丰度最高且差别较大,是不同管材生物膜抗生素抗性基因差异的主要原因.不同管材生物膜中可移动遗传元件的总丰度水平较高,但整体上和抗生素抗性基因共存的比例较低,其中整合酶基因表现出和抗生素抗性基因更加密切的关系,可能在抗生素抗性基因的水平转移上发挥重要作用.不同的抗性基因拥有不同种类的潜在宿主,水杆菌属（Aquabacterium）、慢生根瘤菌属（Bradyrhizobium）等高丰度宿主是多药类抗性基因大量存在的基础.不同管材管壁生物膜中抗生素抗性的首要影响因素是细菌群落组成,其次是可移动遗传元件介导的基因水平转移;物种组成和可移动遗传元件共同塑造了抗性基因的分布特征.     

不同水力条件下排水管道生物膜中氮元素分布特性

在壁面剪切力为1.0,1.5,2.0Pa条件下培养排水管道生物膜,利用微电极测试技术对生物膜进行生长过程及成熟生物膜内部DO、NH4+、NO2-、NO3-分布规律进行研究.结果表明:1.0,1.5,2.0Pa条件下培养的生物膜厚度分别为(2.3±0.1),(1.9±0.1),(1.6±0.1)mm;1.0,1.5Pa条件下的生物膜内存在好氧、缺氧环境,在其中发生了硝化和反硝化反应,而2.0Pa条件下的生物膜内只存在好氧环境,只发生了硝化反应.生物膜厚度影响着溶解氧在膜内的分布,继而影响着N在膜内的迁移转化过程.     

Characterization of the archaeal community fouling a membrane bioreactor

Biofilmformation, one of the primary causes of biofouling, results in reducedmembrane flux or increased transmembrane pressure and thus represents a major impediment to the wider implementation of membrane bioreactor (MBR) technologies for water purification. Most studies have focused on the role of bacteria in membrane fouling as they are the most dominant and best studied organisms present in the MBR. In contrast, there is limited information on the role of the archaeal community in biofilm formation in MBRs. This study investigated the composition of the archaeal community during the process of biofouling in an MBR. The archaeal community was observed to have lower richness and diversity in the biofilmthan the sludge during the establishment of biofilms at low transmembrane pressure (TMP). Clustering of the communities based on the Bray-Curtis similarity matrix indicated that a subset of the sludge archaeal community formed the initial biofilms. The archaeal community in the biofilm was mainly composed of Thermoprotei, Thermoplasmata, Thermococci, Methanopyri, Methanomicrobia and Halobacteria. Among them, the Thermoprotei and Thermoplasmata were present at higher relative proportions in the biofilms than they were in the sludge. Additionally, the Thermoprotei, Thermoplasmata and Thermococci were the dominant organisms detected in the initial biofilms at low TMP, while as the TMP increased, the Methanopyri, Methanomicrobia, Aciduliprofundum and Halobacteria were present at higher abundances in the biofilms at high TMP.     

环氧树脂封面层对球墨铸铁管生物膜的影响

以实际全比例非循环管道中试平台中水泥砂浆内衬球墨铸铁管为研究对象,通过分析生物膜的理化指标及微生物的群落结构来研究环氧树脂封面层对管道生物膜的影响.研究发现,相比于普通水泥砂浆内衬的球墨铸铁管,增加环氧树脂封面层后的管道不易吸附、沉积各种物质,对生物膜细菌丰度及群落结构均有影响,其管壁生物膜细菌总数为4.01×10⁴copies/cm²,可培养菌数量为1.40×10CFU/cm²,另外其物种丰度较高而多样性较低.因此增加环氧树脂封面层的水泥内衬球墨铸铁管是一种更为优良的管材.