拟除虫菊酯对人红细胞膜结构的影响

研究了5种拟菊酯即北京菊酯、杀灭菊酯、溴氰菊酯、氯氰菊酯和氯菊酯对人红细胞膜上DPH光谱及荧光各向异性(r)的影响,观察了胰蛋白荧光及人红细胞溶血的变化.氯菊酯以干扰膜脂排列影响r值,浓度达到50μmol/L时,r值开始明显降低;其他4种含氰基拟菊酯则以干扰膜脂排列和DPH荧光碰撞猝灭作用共同影响r值.研究结果还表明,拟菊酯同时作用于膜脂区和膜蛋白的疏水部分,降低膜脂的有序排列,这些变化与拟菊酯对红细胞的溶血作用一致.     

苯并[a]蒽与肺表面活性剂混合磷脂的相互作用

为探究多环芳烃对肺表面活性物质（PS）膜的影响,选取1,2-二棕榈酰-sn-甘油-3-磷酸胆碱（DPPC）和1-棕榈酰-2-油酰-sn-甘油-3-磷酸胆碱（POPC）混合磷脂为PS模型,研究了苯并[a]蒽与DPPC/POPC混合磷脂的界面化学相互作用.结果表明,苯并[a]蒽对DPPC/POPC混合膜的相变影响显著,会削弱膜的抗形变能力、干扰膜分子的致密有序排列,这一不利影响随POPC占比增多更加明显.DPPC/POPC混合磷脂胶束会包裹苯并[a]蒽对其产生增溶作用,当DPPC浓度为200mg/L时,苯并[a]蒽的表观溶解度接近水溶液的3倍且POPC含量增加会促进胶束的分散使增溶更显著.苯并[a]蒽与DPPC/POPC混合磷脂的相互作用既抑制PS的生理功能,又会影响苯并[a]蒽的溶解迁移,进一步增加苯并[a]蒽的暴露风险.同时生理条件变化引起PS组分的改变可能导致苯并[a]蒽潜在毒性的差异,对患有相关肺部疾病的人群造成的肺损伤可能更严重.     

氯菊酯和氯氰菊酯对大鼠红细胞膜流动性的影响

关于拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂(简称拟菊酯)毒性作用机理的若干研究表明,拟菊酯的许多细胞效应都涉及细胞膜成分的改变。最近,Stelzer等发现不同结构的拟菊酯可不同程度地降低脂质体膜的流动性。膜脂合适的流动性是膜蛋白正常功能表现的必要条件,而膜蛋白与膜脂的相互作用可使生物膜在某些性质上不同于单纯的脂膜。 我们利用荧光探剂DPH研究了在结构上仅为有无α-氰基之差的两种拟菊酯,即氯菊酯和氯氰菊酯,对大鼠红细胞血影膜流动性的影响,并在实验的基础上就温度效应和上述影响随时间的动态变化进行了初探。     

拟除虫菊酯对大鼠脑片谷氨酸递质释放的影响

应用脑片放射性同位素标记神经递质释放实验,体外观察拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂对大鼠额叶皮层脑片兴奋性氨基酸递质谷氨酸释放过程的影响。结果显示,在20μmol/L剂量下,4种拟除虫菊酯（溴氰菊酯、北京菊酯Ⅱ号、Ⅲ号和氯菊酯）对脑片静息态谷氨酸基础释放无明显作用。而化学结构中含氰基的拟除虫菊酯可促进额叶皮层脑片在50mol/LKCL去极化状态下谷氨酸的释放,与溶剂对照比较,溴氰菊酯（20μmol/L）可使脑片谷氨酸释放增加28.8％。     

MMT对汽油机微粒排放影响的试验研究

在一台自然吸气式气口喷射汽油机上,开展了甲基环戊二烯三羰基锰(MMT)汽油添加剂对发动机微粒粒径分布、数量浓度和质量浓度影响的研究.结果表明,随着含锰量的增加,核膜态和积聚态颗粒的数量浓度都急剧增加,微粒中超细颗粒所占比重大幅增加,微粒排放的质量浓度逐渐增加.当量比燃烧时,核膜态微粒的数量浓度随着负荷的增加而降低,而在外特性时所有粒径的数量浓度都大幅度增加.随着含锰量增加,微粒数量浓度随负荷增大而降低的趋势逐渐减弱.     

多孔SiO_2凝胶对废水中铀的吸附性能研究

采用间歇法研究了多孔SiO2凝胶在不同的条件下(pH值、固液比、浓度、介质)对溶液中铀的吸附性能,并初步探讨了其吸附机理。研究结果表明:分相法制备的多孔SiO2凝胶对铀具有良好的吸附性能,吸附机理符合Langmuir等温吸附方程,为单分子层包覆;吸附体系的最佳pH值约为6.0,最佳固液比约为1∶500,对铀的吸附的平衡吸附量随着初始浓度的增大逐渐升高直至饱和,平衡吸附率及吸附比逐渐降低;对铀的吸附性能与溶液中干扰离子的种类和价态有关,三价离子对铀的吸附反应影响较大,二价及一价离子对铀的吸附反应基本无影响。     

水环境中溶解态腐殖酸对锌抗甲状腺激素干扰效应的影响

本文以重金属锌为研究对象,应用重组人甲状腺激素受体(h TR)基因酵母快速测试方法,检测溶解态腐殖酸对锌抗甲状腺激素干扰效应的影响,利用阳极溶出伏安法(ASV)检测溶解态腐殖酸与锌作用后,生物有效态锌含量的变化,同时利用三维荧光光谱中的激发-发射矩阵(3DEEM)技术初步考察腐殖酸与锌的作用机制.结果表明,氯化锌具有显著的抗甲状腺激素干扰效应,其RIC20(抑制率为20%时氯化锌的浓度)值为1.70×10-5mol·L~(-1),当腐殖酸与氯化锌作用后,其抗甲状腺激素干扰效应降低了30%~50%,ASV测试结果表明当腐殖酸和氯化锌溶液混合后,生物有效态锌含量明显降低,与生物测试结果相似;紫外照射腐殖酸与氯化锌的混合体系后,其抗甲状腺激素干扰效应上升,但仍低于未加腐殖酸氯化锌溶液的抗甲状腺激素干扰效应值;3DEEM的测试结果表明氯化锌能够降低腐殖酸荧光峰的荧光强度,能够直观地表征腐殖酸与氯化锌相互作用.上述结果可为研究环境水体中锌的生物毒性及锌水质基准的制定提供基础数据和理论支持.     

外源添加磷和有机酸模拟铅污染土壤钝化效果及产物的稳定性研究

有机酸可提高土壤磷有效性,且能影响对重金属的固定,其在磷活化和重金属钝化方面具有非常复杂的功能.本研究以模拟铅污染土壤为对象,外源添加磷和柠檬酸,采用BCR三步连续提取法、0.01 mol·L-1CaCl2提取和毒性淋溶提取法(TCLP)评价有机酸存在下磷对模拟铅污染土壤的钝化效果;以苹果酸、NaNO3溶液为解吸剂探讨磷-柠檬酸-铅体系的稳定性.结果表明,无柠檬酸时,酸提取态Pb含量随磷浓度的增加而降低;加磷100 mg·kg-1、400 mg·kg-1时,酸提取态Pb含量随柠檬酸浓度增加而显著增加.残渣态Pb与酸提取态Pb的变化趋势相反,说明磷能降低土壤铅的生物有效性,柠檬酸则作用相反.有机酸浓度一定时,随磷浓度增加,0.01 mol·L-1CaCl2提取和TCLP提取的铅含量均呈降低趋势,表明磷具有钝化铅污染土壤的效果;但磷浓度一定时,它们提取铅含量随柠檬酸浓度增加表现出相反的变化趋势.土壤铅的解吸率随苹果酸浓度增加、pH值减小、离子强度增加而提高,且只添加磷处理的土壤铅解吸量较添加磷和柠檬酸共同处理的土壤少,前者钝化的铅稳定性更高.     

非离子表面活性剂对菲在水/土壤界面间吸附行为的影响

比较研究了不同浓度非离子表面活性剂TX 10 0存在下 ,4种土壤对菲的吸附作用 .研究表明 ,TX 10 0浓度小于 2CMC时 ,有机碳含量 (foc)分别为 5 1× 10 3 mg kg、1 2 8× 10 4 mg kg的土壤对菲的吸附作用增强 ,即K d Kd 比值大于 1,且随TX 10 0浓度的增大而增大 ;foc分别为 3 31× 10 4 mg kg、6 4 8× 10 4 mg kg的土壤 ,则降低土壤对菲的吸附作用 ,即K d Kd 比值小于 1,且随TX 10 0浓度的增大而减小 .当加入的TX 10 0浓度大于 2CMC时 ,则明显降低土壤对菲的吸附作用 .菲的K d Kd 比值随土壤有机碳含量的增加而降低 ,而表观有机碳标化的吸附系数K oc 则随TX 10 0浓度的增大而减小 .影响机理由吸附态和溶解态的TX 10 0分别对菲的吸附作用和增溶作用决定 .     

台风“圆规”过境前后长江河口营养盐及叶绿素活性荧光的变化

根据台风"圆规"过境长江河口前后24个大面站位的现场调查,分析了各站位台风前后N、P、Si等营养盐浓度与叶绿素活性荧光值变化。结果表明:在台风"圆规"带来的大量降水及其引起的水体水平输运和垂直混合作用下,长江河口的温、盐结构与营养盐分布出现了改变。所选断面的温跃层与盐跃层位置在台风过后变深,层结强度减弱。DIN和SiO3-Si浓度整体增加明显,PO4-P由于在近岸水域中底层被吸附较多,导致其浓度在近岸有所降低,但在靠外的水域浓度出现增加。"圆规"过后长江河口DIN、PO4-P与SiO3-Si分别增加了3.87×109mol、0.13×109mol与4.70×109mol。同时,河口叶绿素活性荧光的最大荧光强度值变大,次表层叶绿素最大浓度带位置加深,层厚度增大。上述研究表明台风过境对长江河口营养盐的输送通量及生物生产有显著的影响。     

巢湖流域和太湖流域沉积物中苄氯菊酯和高效氰戊菊酯的生态风险评价

分析了巢湖流域和太湖流域表层沉积物中苄氯菊酯和高效氰戊菊酯,并结合毒性单元法(Toxic Unit,TU)和物种敏感性分布法(Species Sensitivity Distributions,SSD)评价了两种拟除虫菊酯的生态风险.结果显示,两大流域沉积物中均广泛检测出两类污染物.总体而言,巢湖流域苄氯菊酯含量较高,而太湖流域高效氰戊菊酯含量较高.同时,两种污染物在巢湖流域呈现显著的正相关,但太湖流域二者之间没有相关关系.3种风险评价方法(TU法、沉积物SSD法、水体SSD法)均揭示苄氯菊酯对巢湖流域水生环境影响较大,而高效氰戊菊酯对两个流域影响均较大.因此,需要加强对流域高效氰戊菊酯污染的关注.其中,TU法预测的风险最小,沉积物SSD法预测的风险最大,主要原因在于TU法采用的毒性数据为LC50,而SSD法则选用了NOEC/LOEC,同时沉积物SSD法是出于保护大部分底栖生物为目的的方法.各种方法对于评价沉积物毒害污染物的生态风险均存在不足,尽管沉积物SSD法最为合理,但由于其毒性数据较少,最终预测结果存在一定的不确定性.因此,需要进一步加强对底栖生物毒性的研究和数据积累.     

生油岩与火成岩的相互作用研究初探—有机酸对火成岩的蚀变及过渡金属对有机质演化的催化作用

在发育火成岩的生油层中 ,微生物和热解作用导致生油岩有机质形成有机酸 ,这些有机酸对火山矿物中的金属元素是一种有效的溶剂和迁移介质 ,特别是能促使其中的过渡金属活化和溶解。这样造成与火成岩共存的生油岩内过渡金属含量显著增加 ,一些过渡金属是有机质成烃演化良好的催化剂。同时火山和热液活动还能向生油层提供过渡金属元素 ,从而使与火成岩共生的生油岩油气生成量大大提高。     

Co-transport of dissolved organic matter and heavy metals in soils induced by excessive phosphorus applications

To evaluate the e ects of long-term applications of phosphorus fertilizers on mobility of dissolved organic matter (DOM) and heavy metals in agricultural soils, a sandy soil and a loamy soil were spiked with ammonium phosphate at application rates of 0, 25, 50, 100, 250, and 500 mg P per kilogram of soil. A series of 15-cm long soil columns were constructed by packing incubated soils of varying concentrations of P. The soil columns were consecutively leached by simulated rainfalls for six cycles. The contents of water extractable organic carbon in both sandy and loamy soils increased significantly with increasing rates of P applications. Relatively high rates of P applications could induce a marked increase in DOM concentrations in the leachates, the e ects were larger with the sandy soil rather than with the loamy soil. Applications of P changed the partitioning of trace metals in the soil solids and the soil solutions. The increased P application rates also seemed to elevate the leaching of Cu, Cd, and Zn from soils. The concentrations of Cu, Cd, and Zn in the leachates were positively correlated with DOM, probably due to the formation of metal-DOM complexes. In contrast, Pb concentrations in the leachates were negatively correlated with DOM, and decreased with increasing rates of P applications. The boosted leaching of DOM induced by high rates of P applications was probably due to the added phosphate ions competing for adsorption sites in the soil solids with the indigenous DOM.     

臭氧-活性炭投加对MBR混合液特性及膜污染的影响研究

通过对比实验考察了O_3和PAC投加对MBR工艺中陶瓷膜污染及污泥混合液特性的影响,并探讨了O_3/PAC投加抑制陶瓷膜污染的机理。结果表明:单独O_3、单独PAC及O_3/PAC的联合投加将MBR系统的单周期运行时间分别延长了30%、22%、43%,有效降低了MBR系统跨膜压差的增长速率;O_3和PAC的单独作用及协同作用均有效控制了MBR混合液中EPS、SMP的累积,降低了混合液黏度,在一定程度上减缓了陶瓷膜污染;此外,O_3/PAC的投加改变了膜表面上由EPS和SMP形成的凝胶层特性,从而有效地抑制了MBR系统陶瓷膜污染。     

Effect of sludge retention time on sludge characteristics and membrane fouling of membrane bioreactor

Three identical membrane bioreactors (MBRs) were operated over 2 years at different sludge retention time (SRT) of 10 d, 40 d and no sludge withdrawal (NS), to elucidate and quantify the effect of SRT on the sludge characteristics and membrane fouling. The hydraulic retention times of these MBRs were controlled at 12 h. With increasing SRT, the sludge concentrations in the MBRs increased, whereas the ratio of volatile suspended solid to the total solid decreased, and the size of sludge granule diminished in the meantime. A higher sludge concentration at long SRT could maintain a better organic removal efficiency, and a longer SRT was propitious to the growth of nitrifiers. The performance of these MBRs for the removal of COD and NH₄⁺-N did not change much with different SRTs. However, the bioactivity decreased as SRT increase. The measurement of specific oxygen uptake rates (SOUR) and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) with rRNA-targeted oligonucleotide probes testified that SOUR and the proportion of the bacteria-specific probe EUB338 in all DAPI-stainable bacteria decreased with increasing SRT. The concentrations of total organic carbon, protein, polysaccharides and soluble extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) in the mixed liquor supernatant also decreased with increasing SRT. The membrane fouling rate was higher at shorter SRT, and the highest fouling rate appeared at a SRT of 10 d. Both the sludge cake layer and gel layer had contribution to the fouling resistance, but the relative contribution of the gel layer decreased as SRT increase.     

Development of an analytical method based on solid-phase extraction and LC-MS/MS for the monitoring of current-use pesticides and their metabolites in human urine

Pyrethroids, organophosphorus pesticides and fipronil have been listed as priority chemicals in human biomonitoring studies because of their wide use and potential health effects in humans. The determination of 13 pesticides, including pyrethroids(deltamethrin, cypermethrin, permethrin, cyfluthrin, bifenthrin), organophosphorus(chlorpyrifos, chlorpyrifosmethyl, and malathion), fipronil, neonicotinoids(imidacloprid, acetamiprid and thiacloprid)and triazole(prothioconazole), together with 13 corre...     

纳滤膜过滤MBR出水的污染原因与清洗方法

为研究膜-生物反应器(MBR)出水对纳滤膜的污染原因及清洗方法,使用场发射扫描电镜、傅立叶变换红外光谱仪、原子力显微镜和接触角仪对经MBR出水污染的纳滤膜表面污染层进行了检测,结果表明,纳滤膜表面污染物包括有机物和无机物,所含元素包括磷、镁等,对经过不同清洗步骤的膜表面进行的检测表明,柠檬酸清洗可以去除镁和大部分磷,这些物质主要以无机形态存在于膜面污染物中;后续NaOH清洗可以进一步去除磷,这部分磷主要来自有机酸、有机磷或蛋白质等膜面污染物.污染使膜表面粗糙度由79.5 nm增大至111.2 nm,但接触角由55.6°变为62.1°,表明亲水性变化不大;酸洗后表面粗糙度显著减小至51.9 nm,接触角变为96.0°,表明有机污染物暴露出来,膜面呈现疏水性;再经碱洗后,膜面粗糙度与亲水性均接近于新膜.这些结果说明,先酸洗后碱洗的方法可以去除绝大部分的膜面污染物,进一步推知膜污染初期主要为有机污染,之后无机物的作用使污染进一步加重.     

S-100 protein and neuron-specific enolase in amniotic fluid as markers of abdominal wall and neural tube defects in the fetus

The aim of this study was to determine whether there is increased leakage of neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S-100 protein into amniotic fluid in pregnancies with neural tube defects, since both these proteins are produced by neural tissue, and to compare the value of these substances for detecting such defects with that of the more conventional techniques of alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) gel electrophoresis. Amniotic samples from 25 mid-pregnancies (15–17 weeks' gestation) with neural tube defects (14 with open spina bifida and 11 with anencephaly) and from seven mid-pregnancies with abdominal wall defects were compared with a control material consisting of 80 amniotic fluid samples from 80 consecutive mid-pregnancy amniocenteses, with normal karyotypes and AFP concentrations. All of the above cases of abnormalities were primarily detected through increased AFP levels in the amniotic fluid. Amniotic fluid samples from 13 pregnancies with fetuses with autosomal chromosomal abnormalities and seven amniotic fluid samples contaminated with blood were also included in the investigation. It is concluded from the results that the conventional AFP assay combined with AChE gel electrophoresis is the best method for screening amniotic fluid for neural tube defects and defects of the abdominal wall. Neither NSE nor S-100 assay alone proved to be superior for the detection of these cases in mid-trimester amniotic fluid. The S-100 assay, however, could give additional information in cases where AChE gel electrophoresis is not decisive; for example, in samples contaminated with blood.     

东营断陷湖盆充填过程对烃源岩的控制作用研究

下第三系沙河街组是东营凹陷最重要的生油层段 ,精细研究发现沙河街组主力烃源岩在岩性岩相组合、有机质性质和组成等方面存在显著的差异性。通过分析盆地的沉积体系和演化序列 ,将沙河街组烃源岩自下而上划分为三个发展演化阶段 ,从湖盆形成早期的欠充填阶段经过平衡充填到最后的过充填 ,经历了一个完整的湖盆类型演变旋回过程 ,它们分别对应于岩石地层单元中的沙四上亚段、沙三下亚段和沙三中、上亚段。由于湖泊充填过程的阶段性导致了各充填单元烃源岩有机质的组成成分、有机质的保存条件和生物标志化合物等地球化学指标的差异性 ,而这些特征的差异性正说明了湖盆的充填过程控制了烃源岩的形成和发育。     

旋转切向流与轴向流PA管式膜微滤对比试验研究

设计了一种新型旋转切向流聚丙烯管式膜器。通过建立的旋转切向流强化微滤实验装置系统 ,测定了聚丙烯PA管式膜在不同SiO2 悬浮液浓度和不同流体压力下的膜通量及其相应的时间 ;同时还测定了与旋转切向流相同工况下轴向流PA管的膜通量。实验研究结果表明 ,旋转切向流强化微滤不但系统结构简单 ,而且PA管式膜稳态通量是轴向流稳态通量的 1 6 5～ 2 5倍