絮凝体的DLA分形模拟及其分形维数的计算方法

运用有限扩散凝聚(DLA)模型对絮凝体的成长过程进行了二维模拟.模拟絮凝体分别采用密度函数法、回转半径法、图像分析法进行分形维数计算,分形维数均随模拟絮凝体尺寸的增大而减小.三种计算方法的结果显示,密度函数法和回转半径法得到的分形维数基本相当,但图像分析法所得到的分形维数较小,约为密度函数法和回转半径法所得到的分形维数的0.8左右,其原因可能是图像分析过程中计算机对图像的识别误差所致.以DLA模型模拟得到的絮凝体内部的孔隙率随絮凝体尺寸的增大而增加.絮凝体中孔隙率的增加是絮凝体密度减小、结构松散的主要原因,也是絮凝体分形维数降低的主要因素.     

不同泥龄下活性污泥絮体性状的研究

采用序批式反应器对不同泥龄下污泥絮体的化学性状(胞外聚合物成分及含量)、物理性状(表面电荷)、形态性状(粒度分布、分形维数)等进行了对比研究.结果表明:泥龄对胞外聚合物总量及各组分含量的影响规律并不明显;多糖/蛋白质愈大,污泥絮体表面电负性愈强;污泥絮体的平均粒径随泥龄的延长呈逐渐减小的趋势,且粒度分布愈来愈均匀;不同泥龄下,污泥絮体形态结构亦不相同,泥龄短时,絮体表面粗糙,结构开放疏松;泥龄长时,絮体表面平滑,结构紧凑;随着泥龄的增大,絮体分形维数逐渐增加.由于不同泥龄下所表现出的污泥絮体性状的差异,直接影响了污泥的絮凝和沉降性能.     

阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺投加量对絮体性状特征的影响

应用激光粒度仪、影像分析及沉降分析技术研究了阳离子型聚丙烯酰胺(PAM)对混凝过程絮体的粒度、强度及分形维数等微观特性及絮体沉降速率的影响.结果表明,絮体的粒度、强度及分形维数等微观特性与阳离子型PAM的投加量有关,存在一个PAM的最佳投加剂量.在此最佳投加剂量下,系统内絮体的粒度与强度最大、分形维数最小、絮体沉降速率最大.     

Suspended solid abatement in a conical fluidized bed flocculator

With the random movement of silica gel beads in a conical fluidized bed, micro-vortices resulting from the fluidization promoted the collision and aggregation of suspended fine kaolin powders. The abatement efficiencies of the suspended fine solids under several hydrodynamic conditions were studied, and a suitable control strategy for operating the conical fluidized bed flocculators was identified. The suspended solids abatement efficiency was found to increase with increasing Camp Number and flocculation time (T), but decreased with the increase of velocity gradient (G) within the range studied in this research (165.1–189.6 s^-1). The abatement efficiencies were all more than 60% at the range of G = 165–180 s^-1 and T = 15–33 s at an initial kaolin solid concentration of 150 mg·L^-1, polymer aluminum chloride dosage of 60 mg·L^-1 and sedimentation time of 20 min. However, the formation of flocs was influenced by the liquid backmixing. Excessive backmixing caused the breakup of flocs and resulted in difficulty for the fine powders to aggregate and sediment to the reactor bottom. The results of the calculated fractal dimension and measured free sedimentation velocity of flocs obtained at different runs showed similar flocs properties, and indicated an easy control strategy for sedimentation of the flocs.     

The fractal branching of an arborescent sponge

The fractal properties of specimens of a planar branching sponge Raspailia inaequalis (Porifera, Demospongiae) were determined by analysing digitised photographs. The specimens, collected from a single site in northeastern New Zealand, had a wide range of morphology. Three different fractal methods were used: box counting; a method that gives the scaling of branch length with distance from the base of the fan; and an allometric analysis of the dependence of frontal area on specimen size. All three approaches gave a similar value for the fractal dimension. The conjecture that the specimens have a fractal branching structure is consistent with the results of a Horton analysis of their branching pattern. There is a significant relationship between fractal dimension and number of fingers, which implies that a simple count of the number of fingers is as useful for discriminating between individuals as the more complex fractal analysis. Using this relation, sponges from a site with less water movement are inferred to have a lower fractal dimension. This result is in agreement with the predictions of the Kaandorp model of sponge growth. Received: 13 March 2000 / Accepted: 11 October 2000     

A Multimedia Chemical Fate Model with Time-Dependent Air-Water Transfer Rates

A multimedia model for the temporal evolution of the concentration of chemical species in a water basin and its bottom sediment layer has been tested with time-dependent air-water transfer rates varying with the meteorological conditions over the basin. The multimedia model uses the chemical fugacity approach in a system of two ordinary differential equations for the chemical species partition in the two mentioned media, with transfer through the sediment-water and the air-water interfaces. The air-water transfer rates are estimated by a micrometeorological preprocessor. A scenario in which known concentrations in air of a soluble pollutant (benzene) induce water and sediment pollution is tested on both synthetic (MonteCarlo-simulated) and real series of meteorological data. It is found that the use of time-dependent transfer coefficients affects not only the relaxation time, but also the long term concentration of the pollutant in water and sediment, that differs between 10 and 40% in the examined cases when compared with the same multimedia model using average constant transfer rates as usual. This is shown to be due to the statistical correlations between meteorological parameters and air pollutant concentrations, which stresses the advantages of a time-dependent estimation of the transfer coefficients. Correction terms are proposed to take into account the correlation effects when a constant parameters multimedia model is used.     

Numerical simulation of scour around pipelines using an Euler–Euler coupled two-phase model

The scour around a long fixed pipeline placed just above a non-cohesive sandy bed is numerically simulated using an Eulerian two-phase model that implements Euler–Euler coupled governing equations for fluid and solid phases and a modified k−ɛ turbulence closure for the fluid phase, the modeling system being a part of the CFD software package FLUENT. Both flow–particle and particle–particle interactions are considered in the model. During the simulations, the interface between sand and water is specified using a threshold volume fraction of sand, and the evolution of the bedforms is studied in detail. The predictions of bedform evolution are in good agreement with previous laboratory measurements. Investigations into the mechanisms of scour reveal that three sediment transport modes (bed-load, suspended-load and laminated-load) are associated with the scour development. While some previously proposed scour development formulae for cylindrical objects are in good general agreement with the simulations, scour prediction based on a commonly used operational mine-burial model (DRAMBUIE) shows disparities with present simulations.     

Experimental study on dynamic equilibrium of headland-bay beaches

A dynamic equilibrium bay (DEB) is an embayment with continuous sediment supply and its shoreline planform can remain stable over a long period of time without erosion or accretion. For coastal conservation of sandy headland-bay beaches (HBB), the concept of using a static equilibrium bay (SEB) is well known, but that for DEB has received little attention. Moreover, an empirical equation for the stability of a DEB is not yet available. Experiments on DEB shape that aim to derive new coefficients in the parabolic bay shape equation (PBSE) for DEB are now being conducted in the laboratory. The work commences from an initial artificial HBB in static equilibrium with sediment supply source from the lee of an upcoast headland. A final equilibrium planform is obtained for the condition with a specific wave obliquity and sediment supply rate until no further shoreline change is found. In order to fit the PBSE for a DEB, a new parameter called SSR (sediment supply ratio) that represents the ratio of sediment supply rate from the source and the potential longshore sediment transport rate is introduced to quantify the balance of sediment to the bay. Alternative C coefficients in the PBSE for DEB, which include wave obliquity and the SSR, are then calculated. These new coefficients for DEB can now be used to evaluate the influence of sediment supply from a riverine source on a DEB and to classify its equilibrium status for planning sediment management strategies in coastal conservation.     

Idealized study on cohesive sediment flux by tidal asymmetry

The flux of cohesive sediment in an estuary is determined by many factors, including tidal asymmetry, wave effect, fluvial influence, phase difference between tidal velocity and tidal level fluctuations, sediment properties, flocculation, bed erodibility, bathymetry effect and other nonlocal effects. Our capability in predicting sediment fluxes in tide-dominant environments is critical to the morphodynamics and water quality of estuaries. Due to the difficulties in carrying out detailed measurement of sediment flux with high spatial and temporal resolutions, an one-dimensional-vertical (1DV) numerical model for cohesive sediment transport, previously verified and calibrated with field measured cohesive sediment concentration data, is utilized here to study some of the aforementioned factors in affecting tidal-driven sediment fluxes in idealized condition. Tidal-averaged sediment flux is shown to be correlated with tidal velocity skewness with a linear relationship. This linear relationship is different from that of non-cohesive sediment and it is demonstrated here to be mainly due to variable critical shear stress implemented for the mud bed in order to parameterize consolidation. The reason that tidal velocity skewness causes tidal-averaged residual sediment transport is shown to be due to nonlinear intra-tidal interactions between flow velocity and sediment concentration. Moreover, the effects of nonlinear intra-tidal interaction between tidal velocity and tidal level fluctuations is shown to mainly cause seaward transport, which is the most significant under progressive wave system (phase difference 90°) and almost negligible for standing wave system (phase difference 0°).     

分形理论及其在混凝研究中的应用

随着人们对分形理论研究的深入,其在混凝研究中的应用日趋广泛.分形理论的出现使人们更清楚地认识了混凝过程中出现的复杂现象及无规则形态,从而为今后对混凝过程的进一步研究提供了有力工具.该文不仅对分形理论的基本知识进行了简单地介绍,并且还对其在絮体形态学和混凝动力学方面的研究应用进行了阐述,同时列举了分形维数在混凝工艺中的具体应用实例,最后提出了目前存在的问题及自己的见解.图1,参21.     

杉木人工林不同经营模式树冠的分形特征

对杉木纯林、杉木拟赤杨混交林、杉木观光木混交林的不同树种冠幅的分形维数进行计算和比较 .结果表明 :杉木观光木混交林中杉木种群冠幅分形维数 >杉木拟赤杨混交林中杉木种群冠幅分形维数 >杉木纯林冠幅分形维数 ;杉木观光木混交林中观光木种群冠幅分形维数 >杉木拟赤杨混交林中拟赤杨种群冠幅分形维数 .说明杉木混交林种间竞争小 ,而杉木种内竞争激烈 ,同时杉木同观光木之间的种间竞争小于杉木同拟赤杨之间的种间竞争 .图 4表 2参 16     

A flocculation tensor to monitor water quality using a deep learning model

The increasing quantities of polluted waters are calling for advanced purification methods. Flocculation is an essential component of the water purification process, yet flocculation is commonly not optimal due to our poor understanding of the flocculation process. In particular, there is little knowledge on the mechanisms ruling the migration of pollutants during treatment. Here we have created the first tensor diagram, a mathematical framework for the flocculation process, analyzed its properties with a deep learning model, and developed a classification scheme for its relationship with pollutants. The tensor was constructed by combining pixel matrices from a variety of floc images, each with a particular flocculation period. Changing the factors used to make flocs images, such as coagulant dose and pH, resulted in tensors, which were used to generate matrices, that is the tensor diagram. Our deep learning algorithm employed a tensor diagram to identify pollution levels. Results show tensor map attributes with over 98% of sample images correctly classified. This approach offers potential to reduce the time delay of feedback from the flocculation process with deep learning categorization based on its clustering capabilities. The advantage of the tensor data from the flocculation process improves the efficiency and speed of response for commercial water treatment.

     

Empirical equation for transverse dispersion coefficient based on theoretical background in river bends

There are different approaches to estimating the transverse dispersion coefficient in river mixing. Theoretical approaches have derived the dispersion coefficient from the concept of shear flow, which has dominant effects on the transverse mixing. Empirical approaches have developed an equation using the hydraulic and geometric data of rivers through dimensional analysis and regression techniques. These two equations interact closely with each other. For example, the complicated theoretical equation can be simplified by empirical approaches, and the functional relationships of the empirical equation can be derived from theoretical bases. In this study, a new empirical equation for the transverse dispersion coefficient has been developed based on the theoretical background in river bends. As a regression method, the least-square iterative method was used because the equation was a nonlinear model. The estimated dispersion coefficients derived by the new equation were compared with observed transverse dispersion coefficients acquired from natural rivers and coefficients calculated by the other existing empirical equations. From a comparison of the existing transverse dispersion equations and the proposed equation, it appears that the behavior of the existing formula in a relative sense is very much dependent on the flow condition and the river geometry. Moreover, the proposed equation does not vary widely according to variation of flow conditions. Also, it was revealed that the equation proposed in this study becomes an asymptotic curve as the curvature effect increases.     

3D numerical modelling of turbidity currents

During floods, the density of river water usually increases due to a subsequent increase in the concentration of the suspended sediment that the river carries, causing the river to plunge underneath the free surface of a receiving water basin and form a turbidity current that continues to flow along the bottom. The study and understanding of such complex phenomena is of great importance, as they constitute one of the major mechanisms for suspended sediment transport from rivers into oceans, lakes or reservoirs. Unlike most of the previous numerical investigations on turbidity currents, in this paper, a 3D numerical model that simulates the dynamics and flow structure of turbidity currents, through a multiphase flow approach is proposed, using the commercial CFD code FLUENT. A series of numerical simulations that reproduce particular published laboratory flows are presented. The detailed qualitative and quantitative comparison of numerical with laboratory results indicates that apart from the global flow structure, the proposed numerical approach efficiently predicts various important aspects of turbidity current flows, such as the effect of suspended sediment mixture composition in the temporal and spatial evolution of the simulated currents, the interaction of turbidity currents with loose sediment bottom layers and the formation of internal hydraulic jumps. Furthermore, various extreme cases among the numerical runs considered are further analyzed, in order to identify the importance of various controlling flow parameters.     

An integrated GIS for sedimentological and geomorphological analysis of a lagoon environment. Barra de Cananéia inlet region, (Southeastern Brazil)

The aim of this work is to use GIS integration data to characterize sedimentary processes in a SubTropical lagoon environment. The study area was the Cananéia Inlet estuary in the southeastern section of the Cananéia Lagoon Estuarine System (CLES), state of S?o Paulo, Brazil (25°03′S/47°53′W). The area is formed by the confluence of two estuarine channels forming a bay-shaped water body locally called “Trapandé Bay”. The region is surrounded by one of the most preserved tracts of Atlantic Rain Forest in Southwestern Brazil and presents well-developed mangroves and marshes. In this study a methodology was developed using integrated a GIS database based on bottom sediment parameters, geomorphological data, remote sensing images, Hidrodynamical Modeling data and geophysical parameters. The sediment grain size parameters and the bottom morphology of the lagoon were also used to develop models of net sediment transport pathways. It was possible to observe that the sediment transport vectors based on the grain size model had a good correlation with the transport model based on the bottom topography features and Hydrodynamic model, especially in areas with stronger energetic conditions, with a minor contribution of finer sediments. This relation is somewhat less evident near shallower banks and depositional features. In these regions the organic matter contents in the sediments was a good complementary tool for inferring the hydrodynamic and depositional conditions (i.e. primary productivity, sedimentation rates, sources, oxi-reduction rates).     

Modelling habitat overlap among sympatric mesocarnivores in southern Illinois,USA

Few researchers have developed large-scale habitat models for sympatric carnivore species. We created habitat models for red foxes (Vulpes vulpes), coyotes (Canis latrans) and bobcats (Lynx rufus) in southern Illinois, USA, using the Penrose distance statistic, remotely sensed landscape data, and sighting location data within a GIS. Our objectives were to quantify and spatially model potential habitat differences among species. Habitat variables were quantified for 1-km² buffered areas around mesocarnivore sighting locations. Following variable reduction procedures, five habitat variables (percentage of grassland patches, interspersion–juxtaposition of forest patches, mean fractal dimension of wetland patches and the landscape, and road density) were used for analysis. Only one variable differed (P < 0.05) between red fox and coyote sighting areas (road density) and bobcat and coyote sighting areas (mean fractal dimension of the landscape). However, all five variables differed between red fox and bobcat sighting areas, indicating considerable differences in habitat affiliation between this pair-group. Compared to bobcats, red fox sightings were affiliated with more grassland cover and larger grassland patches, higher road densities, lower interspersion and juxtaposition of forest patches, and lower mean fractal dimension of wetland patches. These differences can be explained by different life history requirements relative to specific cover types. We then used the Penrose distance statistic to create habitat models for red foxes and bobcats, respectively, based on the five-variable dataset. An independent set of sighting locations were used to validate these models; model fit was good with 65% of mesocarnivore locations within the top 50% of Penrose distance values. In general, red foxes were affiliated with mixtures of agricultural and grassland cover, whereas bobcats were associated with a combination of grassland, wetland, and forest cover. The greatest habitat overlap between red foxes and bobcats was found at the interface between forested areas and more open cover types. Our study provides insight into habitat overlap among sympatric mesocarnivores, and the distance-based modelling approach we used has numerous applications for modelling wildlife–habitat relationships over large scales.     

土地利用类型的分维值和稳定性指数空间变异分析

土地利用类型是一种在自然和人类活动双重作用下的产物,具有不规则、相对不稳定性和复杂性特征,可以利用分形方法进行探讨;分形理论在土地结构研究中的应用涉及土地利用类型分数维的计算、土地利用结构分形研究方法、土地利用结构及其动态变化的分形描述、区域景观结构的分形模型等方面;但土地利用类型的分形机制的空间差异研究少见报道。综合考虑广东省的自然地理环境和社会经济发展状况,文章选择韶关、潮州、汕头、广州作为不同类型区域的代表,基于分形理论计算了耕地、园地、林地、草地、居民点及工矿用地、道路用地、水体和未利用土地8种地类分维值(D)和稳定性指数(Si)以及平均分维值和稳定性指数,从影响土地利用结构的地貌和人文因素两个方面出发,对比和分析了地域之间的D值、Si值的关系,并从中得到了D值和Si值的变化规律。结果表明:(1)复杂的地貌类型是影响土地利用类型D值和Si值的最主要因素;(2)社会经济发展水平一定程度上影响土地利用类型的分维值和稳定性指数;(3)区域土地利用类型的平均分维值、稳定性指数的大小是土地利用结构的综合反映。     

Copper fractal growth during recycling from waste printed circuit boards by slurry electrolysis

• Copper fractal growth was observed during WPCBs recycling by slurry electrolysis. • Dendrites fractal growth could be controlled by additive during electrodeposition. • Additive was proved to be an effective way to refine the copper crystal. • These findings contribute to enrich the study of slurry electrolysis. Superfine copper particles could be directly prepared from waste printed circuit boards by slurry electrolysis. Meanwhile, copper fractal growth could be observed. To better understand this phenomenon, the factors that affect copper dendrites in a point-cathode system were discussed in detail. These results showed that the fractal degree of copper dendrites increased as the increase of applied voltage and the decrease of copper sulfate and gelatin concentrations. Sodium lauryl sulfate and hydrochloric acid concentrations could not significantly impact the fractal degree of copper dendrites, while gelatin concentration could. The minimum copper fractal dimension was 1.069 when gelatin and copper sulfate concentration was 120 mg/L and 0.1 mol/L, respectively with an applied voltage of 11 V. Moreover, the results diffusion-limited aggregation model demonstrated that particle translational speed, particle numbers and binding probability significantly affected copper dendrite patterns. The scanning electron microscopy results indicated that the three additives greatly affected the refinement of the copper crystal. These findings contribute to enrich the theoretical study on metals recovery from e-waste by slurry electrolysis.     

Kohäsive Feinpartikel in fluvialen Systemen: einige Gedanken zu Erkenntnissen und Forschungsdefiziten

Fluvial cohesive sediment is of fundamental environmental and multidisciplinary concern owing to its significant impact on energy, nutrient and trace element fluxes, river sediment budgets as well as habitat quality. Consequently, numerous studies in geomorphology, hydraulics, hydrology and river ecology accentuate the importance of fluvial fine grained sediment. Increased deposition of fine grained particles for instance can negatively effect benthic habitats. Settling velocity and deposition rates of fines are key terms in sediment transport models. Thus, the knowledge of transport and quantitative deposition dynamics are necessary prerequisites for a sustainable sediment and habitat management as well as a reliable, physically based modelling of fine sediment conveyance and contaminant transfer in streams. However, it is generally a challenging task to characterise and trace fine-grained particle transport, deposition and resuspension dynamics in a fluvial environment. One inherent complexity of fluvial cohesive sediment dynamics is for instance the relevance of interparticle forces and flocculation/aggregation processes. Owing to this complexity and the lack of standardized methods cohesive particle transport mechanisms are hardly predictable in a specific field situation. Consequently, interdisciplinary research approaches are needed. This article discusses specific findings and research gaps in the field of cohesive sediment research.     

Diameter growth models for mixed-species stands of Coastal British Columbia including thinning and fertilization effects

In this study, diameter growth models for three species growing in mixed-stands of Coastal British Columbia (BC), Canada, under a variety of silvicultural treatments were developed. The three species were: Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii var. menziesii (Mirb.) Franco), western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.), and western redcedar (Thuja plicata Donn). A Box and Lucas model (1959) was initially fitted to the diameter growth series for each tree, as this model is very flexible and was based on processes reflective of the metabolic processes governing tree growth. Next, a random coefficients modelling approach (i.e., parameter prediction approach) was used to modify the estimated parameters for each species using functions of tree size and stage of development, site productivity, and inter-tree competition variables, while accounting for temporal correlation within trees. Impacts of fertilization on diameter growth were estimated by including the time since fertilization as an additional variable. Since state variables that are changed as a result of thinning were already in the model, accurate results post-thinning were obtained with no changes to the model. For the combined effects of thinning and fertilization, a two-step additive approach was used, where the state variables were changed following thinning and the diameter increment was modified for fertilization using the time since fertilization variable. Results indicated that multiple treatments sustain a change in growth for a longer time period following treatment than thinning or fertilization alone.