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1.
以东莞市2011年夏季不同区域的大气颗粒物为研究对象,定性定量分析了其中多环芳烃(PAHs)及硝基多环芳烃(NPAHs)的浓度、组成.采用特征比值法分析了PAHs及NPAHs的来源,并通过PEFs毒性评价法评价了颗粒物中多环芳烃及硝基多环芳烃的BaP等效毒性,估算出个体致癌指数.结果表明东莞市颗粒物上16种多环芳烃总含量在12.60—193.95 ng·m-3范围内,6种硝基多环芳烃的总含量在5.88—62.79 ng·m-3,隧道环境中多环芳烃及硝基多环芳烃的浓度最高.除隧道环境中颗粒物的等效毒性及个体致癌指数超标外,东莞市颗粒物上PAHs及NPAHs对人体均不构成严重威胁. 相似文献
2.
Crystal D. Havey A. John Dane Christy Abbas-Hawks Kent J. Voorhees 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2009,7(4):331-336
For the first time, we show the presence of nitro substituted naphthalenes in both mainstream and sidestream tobacco smoke
using electron monochromator-mass spectrometry. Only one mainstream smoke sample showed the presence of 1-nitronaphthalene
(1-NN) at 20 pg/cigarette, while all of the sidestream smoke samples showed the presence of 1-NN at levels ranging from 0.40
to 0.60 ng/cigarette and 2-NN at quantities ranging from 1 to 2 ng/cigarette. Additionally, these levels showed a ratio of
~1:3 for 1-NN to 2-NN which demonstrates that the formation of 2-NN is favored under sidestream combustion conditions. No
larger ring structure (>2) nitro-aromatics were identified. 相似文献
3.
半透膜被动采样装置(SPMDs)对PAHs 和壬基酚类的静态富集 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
半透膜采样装置(SPMDs)是一种被动采样装置,它能模拟有机污染物穿过生物膜从水相到生物有机相的分配平衡过程,使得结果能显示出污染物的生物可利用性。它能对环境中有机污染物进行长时间连续监测,所得的是污染物被SPMD富集后的时间权重浓度。本实验测定了温度为18℃时标准SPMD对7种PAHs和3种NPnEO(n=0~2)的静态富集过程,通过测定污染物达到平衡时在SPMD内的浓度和在水相中浓度的比值,求解了各自的SPMD/水分配平衡常数KSPMD。表明了有机污染物在SPMD和水相之间达到分配平衡所需要的时间是随着其Kow值的增高而逐渐增长的,还与其各自的分子极性有关,并且几种达到富集平衡的PAHs在SPMD内的浓度也是随着其Kow值的增高而逐渐变大。比较KSPMD的理论值和实测值可以发现,对于PAHs而言,其实测值都高于理论值,而NPnEO都是实测值低于其理论值。但是KSPMD实测值和理论值随污染物Kow值变化的趋势相同。 相似文献
4.
Direct and selective simultaneous determination of several polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by sensitized room temperature
phosphorescence in sodium dodecylsulphate micellar solutions was studied. This approach improved, for example, the selectivity
factor in determining pyrene in the presence of fluoranthene by a factor of 350, and determined benz[a]anthracene and anthracene
in the presence of pyrene with the selectivity factors as high as 200–220. Triphaflavine and acridine orange as triplet energy
donors, thallium (I) nitrate as a heavy atom, and sodium sulphite were used as scavengers of oxygen. A comparative study of
linear concentration ranges, detection limits and selectivity factors is presented here for pyrene, benz[a]anthracene and
anthracene determination by fluorescence, phosphorescence and sensitized phosphorescence.
Electronic Publication 相似文献
5.
6.
The uptake, metabolism and discharge of two polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, 14C-naphthalene and 3H-3,4-benzopyrene, were studied in 3 species of marine fish (mudsucker or sand goby, Gillichthys mirabilis; sculpin, Oligocottus maculosus; sand dab, Citharichthys stigmaeus). The path of hydrocarbons through the fish included entrance through the gills, metabolism by the liver, transfer of hydrocarbons and their metabolites to the bile, and, finally, excretion. The gall bladder was a major storage site of labeled hydrocarbons and their metabolites. The major product of 2H-3,4-benzypyrene metabolism was tentatively identified as 7,8-dihydro-7,8-dihydroxybenzopyrene. The 14C-naphthalene was metabolized to 1,2-dihydro-1,2-dihydroxynaphthalene after 24 h exposure. The urine appeared to the major avenne for discharge of labeled hydrocarbon from the body. Our laboratory results indicated that certain polycyelic aromatic hydrocarbons were rapidly taken up from seawater by the above fish, but detoxification mechanisms existed for efficient removal of these compounds from their body tissues. 相似文献
7.
Environmental Geochemistry and Health - Although particulate matter (PM) is composed of various chemicals, investigations regarding the toxicity that results from mixing the substances in PM are... 相似文献
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9.
Accumulation and release of petroleum-derived aromatic hydrocarbons by four species of marine animals 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Survival of Ctenodiscus crispatus during exposure to hypoxia (P
O
2<3 mm Hg) at 5°C is greater than that of any echinoderm reported in the literature, the LT50 being 248 h; this is reduced to 236 h in the presence of hydrogen sulfide. Unlike Asterias vulgaris and A. forbesi, both of which lose the tube foot response to tactile stimulation long before death from hypoxia occurs, C. crispatus remains responsive until death. The extension of the highly protrusible epiproctal cone, which occurs in 75% of the mud stars simultaneously exposed to hypoxia and H2S, serves to maintain burrow contact with the overlying water. The rate of oxygen consumption remains constant down to an ambient oxygen partial pressure of 10 to 25 mm Hg, becoming more oxygen-dependent after prior exposure of the asteroids to hypoxia. C. crispatus exhibits a clear oxygen-debt phenomenon as well as a compensatory reduction in the residual P
O
2 (oxygen partial pressure at which oxygen consumption ceases) from 2.4 to 0.2 mm Hg after hypoxic exposure. 相似文献
10.
环境中的氧化多环芳烃综述 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
氧化多环芳烃(OPAHs)是芳环上具有至少一个羰基氧(C=O)的PAH衍生物,广泛存在于环境中.氧化多环芳烃主要通过含碳燃料的燃烧和PAHs的转化释放到环境中,且其较稳定难降解,因此OPAHs被称为生物和化学降解的"末端产物".目前,在多种动物组织样本中都可检测出OPAHs,并发现OPAHs可能比亲代PAHs具有更强的毒性.本文阐述了OPAHs的理化性质、来源、测定方法、环境分布、转运和转化、(生态)毒理学效应及其毒性作用机制,并对今后的研究方向进行了展望,进而为该类化合物的环境污染及生态风险评估提供相应参考. 相似文献
11.
Hongqi Wang Ruhan Jiang Dekang Kong Zili Liu Xiaoxiong Wu Jie Xu Yi Li 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2020,14(1):9
12.
K. Srogi 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2007,5(4):169-195
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a large group of organic compounds with two or more fused aromatic rings. They
have a relatively low solubility in water, but are highly lipophilic. Most of the PAHs with low vapour pressure in the air
are adsorbed on particles. When dissolved in water or adsorbed on particulate matter, PAHs can undergo photodecomposition
when exposed to ultraviolet light from solar radiation. In the atmosphere, PAHs can react with pollutants such as ozone, nitrogen
oxides and sulfur dioxide, yielding diones, nitro- and dinitro-PAHs, and sulfonic acids, respectively. PAHs may also be degraded
by some microorganisms in the soil. PAHs are widespread environmental contaminants resulting from incomplete combustion of
organic materials. The occurrence is largely a result of anthropogenic emissions such as fossil fuel-burning, motor vehicle,
waste incinerator, oil refining, coke and asphalt production, and aluminum production, etc. PAHs have received increased attention
in recent years in air pollution studies because some of these compounds are highly carcinogenic or mutagenic. Eight PAHs
(Car-PAHs) typically considered as possible carcinogens are: benzo(a)anthracene, chrysene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(k)fluoranthene,
benzo(a)pyrene (B(a)P), dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene and benzo(g,h,i)perylene. In particular, benzo(a)pyrene
has been identified as being highly carcinogenic. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has promulgated 16 unsubstituted
PAHs (EPA-PAH) as priority pollutants. Thus, exposure assessments of PAHs in the developing world are important. The scope
of this review will be to give an overview of PAH concentrations in various environmental samples and to discuss the advantages
and limitations of applying these parameters in the assessment of environmental risks in ecosystems and human health. As it
well known, there is an increasing trend to use the behavior of pollutants (i.e. bioaccumulation) as well as pollution-induced
biological and biochemical effects on human organisms to evaluate or predict the impact of chemicals on ecosystems. Emphasis
in this review will, therefore, be placed on the use of bioaccumulation and biomarker responses in air, soil, water and food,
as monitoring tools for the assessment of the risks and hazards of PAH concentrations for the ecosystem, as well as on its
limitations. 相似文献
13.
Sergio Manzetti 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2012,10(4):349-361
Air, marine, and terrestrial pollution are continuously critical issues to be solved in environmental sciences. Particularly with the recent disaster in the Mexico Gulf and the risk of oil spills from the continuous offshore drilling activities in the North Sea, ecotoxicological profiling requires great attention. Fjord ecosystems are particularly neglected marine ecosystems, which require better surveillance and ecotoxicological profiling. In this context, this study focuses on exploring three potential indicators for aquatic stress [polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), aromatic amines (AAs), and nitroarenes (NAs)] by the study of their molecular and sub-molecular properties. The results show that the aromatic amine, 4-aminobiphenyl, gains a particularly reactive electronic potential, which can be summarized as a large change in LUMO+2 and HOMO?1 electron orbitals upon metabolic activation in the organism. This change in orbitals increases the overall electrostatic energy of the molecule, inducing a high affinity for DNA-adduct formation. Electronic analysis on nitroarenes shows in addition why 1,6-dinitropyrene is more stable than 1,8-dinitropyrene, and how the electrons favor nitrenium activation on the 6th and 8th carbon. Further analysis shows also that PAHs have a present correlation with hormonal similarity, and that their resemblance to estrogen can be correlated to mutagenicity, contributing to increased ecotoxicity. The electronic analysis of these three types of fossil pollutants shows how their toxicity is exerted from the electronic level and which structural features that determine the level of reactivity and toxicity. The summation of the background and electronic properties of these molecular toxins elucidates that PAHs, aromatic amines, and nitroarenes are all of equal importance as stress indicators for fjord systems, with particular emphasis on PAHs, which also exert hormonal structural similarities as a probable base of their carcinogenic mechanisms. 相似文献
14.
杭州市郊区表层土壤中的多环芳烃 总被引:6,自引:0,他引:6
采集了杭州市郊区表层土壤中多环芳烃样品,用内标法和色谱-质谱技术对多环芳烃化合物进行定量分析.美国环保总署推荐优先控制的16种多环芳烃均被检出,多环芳烃单体的质量浓度在1.49~87.43 ng·g-1之间;其中萘、芴、苊等低分子量芳烃的质量浓度相对较低; 、茚并[1,2,3-cd]芘、苯并[ghi]苝等高分子量芳烃的质量浓度相对较高,苯并[ghi]苝的质量浓度最高.16种多环芳烃的质量总浓度超过荷兰政府规定无污染土壤PAHs值的10~40倍;与国内外其他地区相比较,多环芳烃污染处于中等水平.多环芳烃Ant/(Phe+Ant)、BaA/(Chr+BaA)、Flua/(Pyr+Flua)等参数表明,多环芳烃主要来源于燃烧源,且以机动车尾气为主;BeP/(BeP+BaP)比值偏高,可能与土壤中的多环芳烃主要来源于大气沉降有关. 相似文献
15.
Jinbao WU Zongqiang GONG Liyan ZHENG Yanli YI Jinghua JIN Xiaojun LI Peijun LI 《Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering》2010,4(4):387-394
Solubilizing experiments were carried out to evaluate the ability of biodiesel to remove polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from highly contaminated manufactured gas plant (MGP) and PAHs spiked soils with hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin (HPCD) and tween 80 as comparisons. Biodiesel displayed the highest solubilities of phenanthrene (420.7 mg·L-1), pyrene (541.0 mg·L-1), and benzo(a)pyrene (436.3 mg·L-1). These corresponded to several fold increases relative to 10% HPCD and tween 80. Biodiesel showed a good efficiency for PAH removal from the spiked and MGP soils for both low molecular weight and high molecular weight PAHs at high concentrations. Biodiesel was the best agent for PAH removal from the spiked soils as compared with HPCD and tween 80; as over 77.9% of individual PAH were removed by biodiesel. Tween 80 also showed comparable capability with biodiesel for PAH solubilization at a concentration of 10% for the spiked soils. Biodiesel solubilized a wider range of PAHs as compared to HPCD and tween 80 for the MPG soils. At PAH concentrations of 229.6 and 996.9 mg·kg-1, biodiesel showed obvious advantage over the 10% HPCD and tween 80, because it removed higher than 80% of total PAH. In this study, a significant difference between PAH removals from the spiked and field MGP soils was observed; PAH removals from the MGP soil by HPCD and tween 80 were much lower than those from the spiked soil. These results demonstrate that the potential for utilizing biodiesel for remediation of highly PAH-contaminated soil has been established. 相似文献
16.
生物滞留设施是目前城市雨水控制利用中应用最广泛的措施之一,其中填料类型对雨水径流净化效果具有重要影响.通过实验室模拟实验,研究了不同类型填料生物滞留设施对雨水径流中多环芳烃(PAHs)的去除效果,并以炉渣为例研究了填料内部累积的PAHs降解特征.结果表明,不同类型填料对PAHs的去除效果从高到低依次为:炉渣砂土陶粒沸石,填料类型对PAHs的净化效果具有一定选择性;PAHs不同组分在不同填料中净化效果也不同,4种填料对2环PAHs净化效率均较高,约为70%,对56环的净化效率也均在50%以上,对4环PAHs的净化效率较低,约为40%.因此,生物滞留设施中填料类型对PAHs净化效果具有重要影响,实际工程中应根据PAHs的净化需求选择合适的填料. 相似文献
18.
Patricia Belinda Crosby Forbes Andreas Tr��e Egmont R. Rohwer 《Environmental Chemistry Letters》2011,9(1):7-12
Rapid methods are needed to analyse air pollutants such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). Reliable semi-quantitative
gas standards were required for the development of a laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) method for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
analysis, based on sampling of air onto multi-channel polydimethylsiloxane rubber traps. Easily constructed diffusion tubes
provided naphthalene vapour at ~2 ng s−1. A gas chromatographic fraction collection method for loading less volatile PAHs onto the traps from a flame ionization detector
outlet was developed and optimized. The accuracy of the method, which can be further optimized, was sufficient for initial
LIF screening tests to flag samples exceeding threshold PAH levels for subsequent quantitative GC–MS analysis. 相似文献
19.
Environmental Geochemistry and Health - Urban street dust samples from 49 sampling sites in Xuzhou (China) were collected and analyzed for 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) using gas... 相似文献
20.
This report evidences the fractionation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from urban to rural areas, and a higher
contribution of coal and wood combustion in rural areas. PAHs are persistent semi-volatile organic pollutants in the environment.
PAHs originate from the incompleted combustion of fossil fuel and biomass. Cities are usually considered as primary sources
of PAHs. Due to different types and loads of fuel consumption in various functional areas of a city, the levels and composition
profiles of PAHs are expected to be different. We, therefore, studied the mechanisms ruling PAH distributions in soils from
a major Chinese city. Seventeen soil samples were collected in urban traffic areas, residential and park areas, suburban areas
and rural areas of Dalian, northeastern China. PAHs were analyzed using a high-performance liquid chromatography. The composition
profiles and seasonal variation of PAHs were investigated. Results show that the proportions of low-weight molecular PAHs
to total PAHs increased with urban-suburban-rural gradient. This trend is explained by the “urban fractionation” of PAHs.
Furthermore, the spring/autumn ratios of PAH concentrations were higher than 1. Specifically, the spring/autumn ratio was
1.79 for two ring PAHs, 1.42 for three ring PAHs, and lower than 1.20 for five and six ring PAHs. The spring/autumn ratios
of phenanthrene were higher than 1 and increased with increasing distance from the urban areas. The results imply that the
contribution of coal and wood combustion PAHs increases with the urban-suburban-rural gradient. 相似文献