采用土壤修复剂治理含油污泥探索

针对新疆油田公司某作业区废液蒸发池内含油污泥处理的难题,采用土壤修复剂对含油污泥污染场地进行修复、治理。介绍了含油污泥处理环保技术关键点,分析了土壤修复剂技术原理,实验室土壤修复实验测定了含油率、含水率,并进行了现场实施,对修复后土壤检测结果表明:土壤中石油类浓度为1.58‰,达到HJ 607—2011《废矿物油回收利用污染控制技术规范》含油率小于2%的要求。     

基于CFD-PBM含油污水沉降实验装置的数值模拟

沉降是目前油田含油污水处理过程中重要处理方法之一,而含油污水的油水分离特性是影响油田含油污水沉降处理工艺效率的关键因素。文章设计并搭建了含油污水沉降实验装置,对装置中含油污水沉降分离过程进行CFD-PBM数值模拟。首先运用实验验证模拟方法的可靠性,然后分析了不同油水相黏度、配液含油量和温度对含油污水沉降过程的影响,获得了含油污水在沉降装置中的沉降分离特性：当其他条件一定时,含油污水静置沉降过程中,油水相黏度越小,配液含油量越大,温度越高,含油污水沉降分离速度越快,油滴更容易从含油污水中快速分离出来上浮至顶部,表现出良好的油水分离效果。研究结果可为油田含油污水沉降实验研究及沉降处理工艺的运行提供一定的理论支持。     

石油污染土壤中石油含量对玉米的影响

为了弄清石油污染土壤中石油类对农作物的影响,吉林油田进行了一年的田间玉米种植试验。在不同浓度水平,分别对玉米出苗率、可见外观特性、百粒重、产量和品质进行了较系统的观察、监测、类比分析。结果表明,土壤中石油含量的不同,对玉米生长过程各项指标有不同的影响。并找出吉林油田土壤—玉米系统中影响玉米生长及其产量的土壤临界含油量。     

模拟实验在四川炼油厂环境影响评价中的应用

为了研究拟建炼油厂表层土壤渗透情况及对特征污染物油的吸附和截留情况 ,实施了渗水实验 ,每隔30min测定一次渗水量 ,渗水实验时间为3h。还实施了土柱淋滤实验 ,土柱长度1.2m ,直径30cm ,装填高度1m ,土柱为五层 ,按层测定实验前后土壤中的含油量。实验结果表明 :预计事故排放及短时的含油污水泄漏 ,将不会对地下水环境质量造成大的影响。     

热解含油污泥制备吸附材料浅析

介绍了含油污泥热解技术及热解实验方法,提出热解产生的残渣进行适当处理可成为具有吸附性的材料。进行了含油污泥热解正交实验,得出影响最大的因素分别是热解温度、热解时间、升温速率,并得出最佳的热解温度、热解时间、升温速率等。分析了含油污泥热解的机理,探讨了热解含油污泥制备吸附材料的活化改性,并在此基础上对所制备吸附材料的脱硫性和除油性进行了研究。     

井场含油固体废物综合治理及应用研究

在井下作业中,原油、废水与地表土壤及铺垫井场地面的废钢渣等相混合,形成了特殊的作业井场含油固体废物。为此,采用了两种处理方法对该类含油固体废物进行综合治理研究。一是向受油污染的土壤中直接投放营养物,促进土壤里的细菌和微生物繁殖;二是将受油污染的土壤集中堆积在处理场进行统一处理。试验结果表明:第一种处理工艺要求较高,目前还难以推广应用。选用含油固体废物替代部分粉煤灰来烧制红砖,这种处理方法符合国家倡导的发展绿色环保型建筑材料的方向,为建材行业提供了优质的助燃材料。该技术比其他处理技术成本低,因此具有推广和应用价值。     

含油污泥间接热解吸处理后的再利用

利用长庆油田第三采油厂6 000 t/a规模的间接热解吸含油污泥处理厂实际运行后的产物渣土对不同植物进行了种植实验和掺混制砖实验,以产物渣土的成分分析为理论基础,以种植实验中植物的成活率和制成砖的抗压强度为依据,证明了利用渣土、本地黄黏土、农家有机肥土按5:3:2比例调配的混合土壤可以供作物正常生长;5%比例渣土含量的普通烧结红砖的抗压强度满足建筑制砖技术要求。对含油污泥经过高温间接热解吸后的渣土用作植被种植、建筑制砖的最终处置方式进行可行性探讨,为含油污泥的"无害化""资源化"的处置方式进行了初步探究。     

国内外含油污泥处理现状与建议

针对含油污泥污染和处理问题依然严峻的现状,简述含油污泥来源、危害,以及国内外含油污泥污染现状,介绍了美国、加拿大、部分欧洲国家对含油污泥的处理要求及土壤中油含量限值,分析了我国含油污泥管理的国家政策及相应法律法规。指出含油污泥处理处置主要面临历史遗留的含油污泥数量大、部分含油污泥处理难度较大、国内含油污泥处理标准不明确、国外含油污泥问题复杂等问题与挑战,并针对性地提出了含油污泥资源化、历史含油污泥减量化、新增含油污泥减量化、加强合规管理等对策与建议。     

含油污泥的生物降解处理新方法

含油污泥处理已成为国内外石油化工行业研究的热点。研究发现含油污泥中含杂原子的分子大都集中在胶质、沥青质组分中,氢键引起胶质和沥青质的聚集,在沥青质中虽然像OH和NH这样的氢键基团浓度很低,但对沥青质的影响却很大;Ni、V会导致原油中有机物分子间及分子内以多种方式缔合,形成各个层次的超分子结构。研究表明:维生素C可诱导含有氮、五氧化二磷、氧化钾等的生物复合肥"协同"磷酸二氢铵、硝酸钾、硝酸铵形成原油降解剂,能将土壤中近85%的原油分解,使被污染土壤达到环境可接受的条件,为含油污泥的处理提供了技术支持。     

酸调质—氧化降解法提高含油污泥的沉降性能

文章以新疆油田采油二厂含油污泥为研究对象,对影响其沉降性能的因素进行分析,认为原油和地层黏土矿物在水系中相同的电负性有助于含油污泥稳定,松散的聚合物是含油污泥体积变大的主要原因,可通过酸调质—氧化降解方式提高含油污泥的沉降性能,减小体积。实验结果表明:通过盐酸调质和二氧化氯的氧化降解,含油污泥1.5h的沉降比由5.2%提高到了70.1%,同时能回收一定的原油。     

油污土壤生物修复实验研究

为了有效预防和治理因石油开采、运输等造成的土壤污染,对大庆地区油污土壤进行了生物修复的实验研究,通过室内盆栽模拟实验,对芦苇和香蒲根际土壤的石油类污染物总含量、石油烃类组分浓度、非烃组分浓度进行了测定。结果表明,芦苇和香蒲对石油类污染物具有比较明显的降解作用,可以使被污染土壤中的某些油污成分逐渐被选择性消耗。实验还可看出,芦苇和香蒲对石油类污染物中正构烷烃的降解能力高于非正构烃。总体看,芦苇对石油类污染物的降解能力强于香蒲,但芦苇对非正构烃的降解能力略逊于香蒲。     

地下水中石油类污染物运移模拟研究＊

针对我国北方某油田的地下水特点,通过室内土柱模拟实验与数值模型模拟研究了石油类污染物随地下水运移的状况。模拟结果表明,地下水石油类污染物浓度随时间变化曲线总体上呈S型;污染前期地下水中污染物浓度增加较快,随着浓度的不断累积,后期浓度增加缓慢。计算结果显示,在50m处石油类污染物首次超过浓度限值的时间为586d,1000m处石油类污染物首次超过浓度限值的时间为12590d,污染过程表现出一定的滞后性。可见,吸附作用对石油类污染物迁移的影响很大,阻滞和延迟了污染物的迁移。     

Effect of nonylphenol surfactants on fungi following the application of sewage sludge on agricultural soils

The effect of nonylphenol on fungi following the application of contaminated sewage sludge on agricultural soil was studied in laboratory experiments. Nonylphenol bioavailability and adsorption were determined in the soil alone and soil-sludge mixtures. Mixing the soil with sludge made it possible to measure the nonylphenol concentration in the soil solution, which comprised between 6.6 x 10(-6) and 3.8 x 10(-7) M, according to the sludge. We then examined the dose-response relationship between nonylphenol concentration in the culture medium and both biomass production and germination rate of the spores from several strains of filamentous fungi. When applied in this range of concentration, nonylphenol was without noticeable short-term effect on these endpoints. Long-term exposure of fungi to nonylphenol was also assessed. The most intensive effect was a strong stimulation of spore production and germination in Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtendahl. Biomass production by the Fusarium strains also increased. Finally, nonylphenol was shown to induce laccase production in Trametes versicolor. We conclude that the potential of nonylphenol to adversely affect several soil fungi remains low.     

温江县土壤中的硫

通过对温江县１２年水稻土种含硫量的测定表明，除两个土种外，１０个土种有效硫含量较低。对小麦、小稻和油菜茎杆及籽粒Ｎ／Ｓ测定，小麦、水稻缺硫。合理施用硫肥，增加土壤中的硫素营养，是当前农业环境中要注意的问题。     

壳聚糖对小麦期叶中营养物质含量的影响

在不同壳聚糖浓度和时间条件下对小麦种子进行处理,通过小麦萌发后期叶中游离氨基酸、蛋白质、叶绿素和可溶性糖含量的变化,从而得出壳聚糖处理小麦种子的最佳条件为:浓度8g/L、浸种时间10h,其结果将对小麦生产提供理论基础.     

Predicting cadmium concentrations in wheat and barley grain using soil properties

The entry of Cd into the food chain is of concern as it can cause chronic health problems. To investigate the relationship between soil properties and the concentration of Cd in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and harley (Hordeum vulgare L.) grain, we analyzed 162 wheat and 215 barley grain samples collected from paired soil and crop surveys in Britain, and wheat and barley samples from two long-term sewage sludge experiments. Cadmium concentrations were much lower in barley grain than in wheat grain under comparable soil conditions. Multiple regression analysis showed that soil total Cd and pH were the significant factors influencing grain Cd concentrations. Significant cultivar differences in Cd uptake were observed for both wheat and barley. Wheat grain Cd concentrations could be predicted reasonably well from soil total Cd and pH using the following model: log(grain Cd) = a + b log(soil Cd) - c(soil pH), with 53% of the variance being accounted for. The coefficients obtained from the data sets of the paired soil and crop surveys and from long-term sewage sludge experiments were similar, suggesting similar controlling factors of Cd bioavailability in sludge-amended or unamended soils. For barley, the model was less satisfactory for predicting grain Cd concentration (22% of variance accounted for). The model can be used to predict the likelihood of wheat grain Cd exceeding the new European Union (EU) foodstuff regulations on the maximum permissible concentration of Cd under different soil conditions, particularly in relation to the existing Directive and the proposed new Directive on land applications of sewage sludge.     

Effect of chloride in soil solution on the plant availability of biosolid-borne cadmium

Increasing chloride (Cl) concentration in soil solution has been shown to increase cadmium (Cd) concentration in soil solution and Cd uptake by plants, when grown in phosphate fertilizer- or biosolid-amended soils. However, previous experiments did not distinguish between the effect of Cl on biosolid-borne Cd compared with soil-borne Cd inherited from previous fertilizer history. A factorial pot experiment was conducted with biosolid application rates of 0, 20, 40, and 80 g biosolids kg(-1) and Cl concentration in soil solution ranging from 1 to 160 mM Cl. The Cd uptake of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. cv. Halberd) was measured and major cations and anions in soil solution were determined. Cadmium speciation in soil solution was calculated using GEOCHEM-PC. The Cd concentration in plant shoots and soil solution increased with biosolid application rates up to 40 g kg(-1), but decreased slightly in the 80 g kg(-1) biosolid treatment. Across biosolid application rates, the Cd concentration in soil solution and plant shoots was positively correlated with the Cl concentration in soil solution. This suggests that biosolid-borne Cd is also mobilized by chloride ligands in soil solution. The soil solution CdCl+ activity correlated best with the Cd uptake of plants, although little of the variation in plant Cd concentrations was explained by activity of CdCl+ in higher sludge treatments. It was concluded that chlorocomplexation of Cd increased the phytoavailability of biosolid-borne Cd to a similar degree as soil (fertilizer) Cd. There was a nonlinear increase in plant uptake and solubility of Cd in biosolid-amended soils, with highest plant Cd found at the 40 g kg(-1) rate of biosolid application, and higher rates (80 g kg(-1)) producing lower plant Cd uptake and lower Cd solubility in soil. This is postulated to be a result of Cd retention by CaCO3 formed as a result of the high alkalinity induced by biosolid application.     

Effect of petroleum-containing wastewater irrigation on bacterial diversities and enzymatic activities in a paddy soil irrigation area

Effects of petroleum contamination on bacterial diversities and enzymatic activities in paddy soils were investigated in the Shenfu irrigation area, the largest area irrigated by oil-containing wastewater for more than 50 yr in northeastern China. Bacterial diversities were determined by conventional colony morphology typing techniques and 16S rDNA polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE). Dehydrogenase, hydrogen peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase, urease, and substrate-induced respiration (SIR) were measured to evaluate the effects of petroleum-containing wastewater irrigation on soil biochemical characteristics. Results showed that paddy soil total petroleum hydrocarbon (TPH) concentration in the irrigation area varied from 277.11 to 5213.37 mg kg(-1) dry soil. Soil TPH concentration declined along the gradient of the irrigation channel from up- to downstream. At the current pollution level, the paddy soil TPH concentration was positively correlated with the colony forming units (CFU) of aerobic heterotrophic bacteria (AHB) (r = 0.928, p < 0.001) and the genetic diversity based on DGGE profiles (r = 0.655, p < 0.05). The bacterial diversities in the soils based on colony morphotypes of AHB also increased with TPH concentration (r = 0.598), but not significant statistically (p = 0.052). Analysis of soil enzyme activities indicated a significant positive correlation between soil TPH concentration and activities of dehydrogenases (r = 0.974, p < 0.001), hydrogen peroxidases (r = 0.957, p < 0.001), polyphenol oxidases (r = 0.886, p < 0.001), and SIR (r = 0.916, p < 0.001). On the contrary, the urease activity showed a negative correlation with paddy soil TPH concentration (r = -0.814, p = 0.002), and could be used as a sensitive indicator of petroleum contamination.     

石油对农作物影响的研究

文章介绍了石油对于农作物影响的试验研究。通过测定田间和盆栽植物体中重金属、有机污染物和籽实中的营养成分和生长发育状况，并与大庆地区相应的农作物相比较表明：植物中的污染物随着土壤中石油浓度增加而增加，而与多环芳烃无正相关性，其含量水平均在本地区正常范围内，石油在试验的特定浓度条件下，对作物的生长发育有促进作用，同时促进淀粉、蛋白质的合成。