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1.
Carlos Wickliff J. C. McFarlane Hilman Ratsch 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1984,4(1):43-51
A study of bromacil uptake by excised barley (Hordeum vulgare) roots was used to evaluate this procedure as a tool to learn the uptake characteristics of toxic organic chemicals. Bromacil uptake was shown to be a passive process with an uptake rate (at 0.8 mg l-1) of 0.64 μg bromacil g-1 fresh root hr-1. A Q10 for the process was determined to be 1.5 and living roots were required for bromacil uptake. This procedure was judged to be a quick and inexpensive method to screen plant uptake of toxic chemicals. 相似文献
2.
This study focused on investigation of treatment alternativesfor COD wastewater from academic laboratories, using a number oftechnologies including chemical reduction/precipitation, ion exchange and adsorption by chitosan. Results showed that highconcentrations of 375 mg l-1 chromium, 1,740 mg l-1mercury and 993 mg l-1 silver in COD wastewater can be reduced to 2.34 mg l-1, 3.65 mg l-1 and 1.89 mg l-1 respectively, by the chemical reduction/precipitationprocess. Results from ion exchange at a flowrate of 20 ml min-1 showed breakthrough effluent concentrations obtainedat 0.59 mg l-1 chromium, 3.92 g l-1 mercury and 0.65 mg l-1 silver corresponding to 75.6 l at 63 hr, 40.8 l at 34 hr and 33.6 l at 28 hr respectively. Kinetic and isotherm studies revealed that chitosan can adsorb Cr6+, Hg2+ and Ag+ ions most effectively at a flowrate of 20 ml min-1 and the optimum pH for feed solution is 4. Chitosan column experiments indicated that average effluent concentrations at breakthrough point for chromium, mercury andsilver are 0.76 mg l-1, 6.04 mg l-1 and 0.51 mg l-1 respectively with throughput volumes and retention times of 120 l at 100 hr, 60 l at 50 hr and 48 l at 40 hr. Results of solidification experiments for chemical sludge and residual chitosan based on compressive strength and metal leachabilitytests showed, that the acceptable ranges of the solidificationparameters were: sludge/cement = 0.1–1.0 (weight/weight), water/cement = 0.5–0.6 (weight/weight) and sand/cement = 0.5–3.0 (weight/weight). Operating cost per litre of COD wastewater treated, based on the current prices in Thailand wasfound to be Baht 19.95 for the chemical reduction/precipitationprocess, Baht 96.35 for ion exchange treatment and Baht 18.29 forchitosan adsorption. 相似文献
3.
In this research, montmorillonite nanoclay (MNC) and vermiculite were used to adsorb ammonium (NH4 +) from simulated wastewater. The effect of organic acids, cations, and anions on adsorption of NH4 + was also studied using batch experiments. The presence of organic acids significantly decreased the NH4 + adsorption using both adsorbents and the reduction followed the order of citric acid > malic acid > oxalic acid. The presence of cations in wastewater could decrease the adsorption of NH4 + and the ion exchange selectivity on the MNC and vermiculite followed the orders Mg > Ca ≥ K > Na and Mg > > Ca > Na > K, respectively. Adsorption of NH4 + by adsorbents in the presence of sulfate (SO4) was higher than those in the presence of phosphate (PO4) and chloride (Cl) anions. Results indicated that MNC and vermiculite had good potential for NH4 + removal depending on adsorbent dosage, pH, contact time, and initial NH4 + concentration. The effect of pH on removal of NH4 + indicated that MNC would be more appropriate as the adsorbent than vermiculite at low pH values. Kinetic analysis demonstrated that the rate-controlling step adsorption for NH4 + by MNC and vermiculite was heterogeneous chemisorption and followed the pseudo-second-order model. The desorption experiments indicated that the adsorption of NH4 + by adsorbents was not fully reversible, and the total recovery of adsorbed NH4 + for MNC and vermiculite varied in the range of 72 to 94.6% and 11.5 to 45.7%, respectively. Cation exchange model (CEM) in PHREEQC program was used to simulate NH4 + adsorption. Agreement between measured and simulated data suggested that CEM was favored in simulating adsorption of NH4 + by clay minerals. The results indicated that MNC and vermiculite have good performance as economic and nature-friendly adsorbents that can ameliorate the water and environment quality. 相似文献
4.
A solid phase extraction method for the determination of gold(III) at trace levels by flame atomic absorption spectrometer
(FAAS) was developed. The method was based on retention of gold as chloro complexes through the Amberlite XAD-2000. The effect
of some analytical parameters including hydrochloric acid concentration, sample volume, sample and eluent flow rates, eluent
volume, eluent concentration and interfering ions on the recovery of gold(III) was investigated. The retention of gold(III)
from 1.5 mol l−1 HCl solution and the recovery of gold with 0.07 mol l−1 NH3 solution were quantitative (≥95%). The relative standard deviation (RSD) was calculated as 3.2% (n = 10). The detection limit for gold was 2 μg l−1. The accuracy was checked with the determination of gold spiked an artificial seawater and a pure copper samples. 相似文献
5.
The physico-chemical characteristics of the drinking water in nine residential halls of the Aligarh Muslim University, Aligarh, U.P. (India), were studied. Nine samples each of running and standing water were taken four times over a period of one month at weekly intervals from all of the residential halls and were analysed for physico-chemical characteristics and heavy metal contents. The temperature, pH and electrical conductivity of water samples ranged between 20.0–26.0°C; 7.00–8.00 and 116.00–199.04 micromhos cm–1 respectively whereas the values of total alkalinity, total hardness, Cl–, SO
4
–
, F–, NH3–N, NO2–N; NO3–N were found between 261.00–396.00; 128.00–200.00; 8.00–69.00; 12.00–46.00; 0.90–1.35; 0.20–0.44; ND; 1.60–6.50 mg l–1 respectively. The ranges of heavy metal concentrations in the running water samples were as follows: Cd (0.70–3.75); Cr (ND-5.00); Co (9.50–18.75); Cu (0.75–15.00); Fe (ND-13.50); Mn (3.50–51.00); Ni (7.00–17.50); Pb (0.50–2.50) and Zn (10.00–176.50) g l–1. The heavy metal concentrations in standing water samples were found to be: Cd (1.20–4.90); Cr (ND-10.00); Co (10.25–19.00); Cu (1.75–20.00); Fe (ND-18.00); Mn (5.00–66.50); Ni (8.75–19.75); Pb (0.75–5.50) and Zn (28.60–364.00) g l–1. The concentrations of heavy metals in drinking water supplies of the Aligarh Muslim University campus were well below the guidelines for drinking water quality as prescribed by World Health Organisation (1984). It is evident from the results that the drinking water may not cause any significant health hazard to water consumers due to heavy metals but these may be hazardous if they get accumulated in the body due to continuous consumption of water. 相似文献
6.
Mohammad Ajmal Rifaqat A. K. Rao Bilquees Ara Siddiqui 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1995,38(1):25-35
The adsorption of metals from aqueous solutions of Pb2+, Zn2+ and Mg2+ on naturally occurring pyrolusite have been studied. The chemical stability of the pyrolusite has been determined in NaOH, H2SO4, HNO3, HCl, NaCl and NK4Cl solutions of various concentrations. Adsorption of the metal ions followed the order Pb2+>Zn2+>Cd2+.The maximum adsorption of Pb2+ (100%) occurred at pH 7. the relation between the amount of Pb2+ adsorbed per unit weight of pyrolusite and the concentration of Pb2+ at equilibrium follows the Freundlich adsorption isotherm.The efficiency of pyrolusite has been demonstrated by removing lead from synthetic waste water. 100% and 96% removal of lead have been achieved from synthetic waste water containing 5 mg l–1 and 120 mg l–1 of Pb2+ respectively at pH 7. The results of these studies suggest that pyrolusite might provide an economical method for the removal of lead from industrial waste water. 相似文献
7.
Wuncheng Wang 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1993,24(3):257-265
Paper substrate, especially circular filter paper placed inside a Petri dish, has long been used for the plant seed toxicity test (PSTT). Although this method is simple and inexpensive, recent evidence indicates that it gives results that are significantly different from those obtained using a method that does not involve paper, especially when testing metal cations. The study compared PSTT using three methods: filter paper, Growth Pouch-TM, and seed tray. The Growth Pouch-TM is a commercially available device. The seed tray is a newly designed plastic receptacle placed inside a Petri dish. The results of the Growth Pouch-TM method showed no toxic effects on rice for Ag up to 40 mg L–1 and Cd up to 20 mg L–1. Using the seed tray method, IC50 (50% inhibitory effect concentration) values were 0.55 and 1.4 mg L–1 for Ag and Cd, respectively. Although results of filter paper and seed tray methods were nearly identical for NaF, Cr(VI), and phenol, the toxicities of cations Ag and Cd were reduced by using the filter paper method; IC50 values were 22 and 18 mg L–1, respectively. The results clearly indicate that paper substrate is not advisable for PSTT. 相似文献
8.
Gurpal S. Toor Lu Han Craig D. Stanley 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2013,185(5):4305-4320
Our objective was to evaluate changes in water quality parameters during 1983–2007 in a subtropical drinking water reservoir (area: 7 km2) located in Lake Manatee Watershed (area: 338 km2) in Florida, USA. Most water quality parameters (color, turbidity, Secchi depth, pH, EC, dissolved oxygen, total alkalinity, cations, anions, and lead) were below the Florida potable water standards. Concentrations of copper exceeded the potable water standard of <30 μg?l?1 in about half of the samples. About 75 % of total N in lake was organic N (0.93 mg?l?1) with the remainder (25 %) as inorganic N (NH3-N: 0.19, NO3-N: 0.17 mg?l?1), while 86 % of total P was orthophosphate. Mean total N/P was <6:1 indicating N limitation in the lake. Mean monthly concentration of chlorophyll-a was much lower than the EPA water quality threshold of 20 μg?l?1. Concentrations of total N showed significant increase from 1983 to 1994 and a decrease from 1997 to 2007. Total P showed significant increase during 1983–2007. Mean concentrations of total N (n?=?215; 1.24 mg?l?1) were lower, and total P (n?=?286; 0.26 mg?l?1) was much higher than the EPA numeric criteria of 1.27 mg total N l?1 and 0.05 mg total P l?1 for Florida’s colored lakes, respectively. Seasonal trends were observed for many water quality parameters where concentrations were typically elevated during wet months (June–September). Results suggest that reducing transport of organic N may be one potential option to protect water quality in this drinking water reservoir. 相似文献
9.
This paper assessed the composition of waste water effluent generated by a Petrochemical industry and a treatment system developed to improve the quality of the discharge water. Parameters as pH, COD, TSS chloride and lead ions were analysed and treated comparatively using hydrogen peroxide. At pH 8.0 post treatment analysis showed a COD – 96 mg/l TSS – 48 mg/l Cl – 798.75 mg/l and Pb2+ – 2 mg/l for treatment D where 40 g/l of alum was used on 30% solution of H2O2 compared to systems A-C. Process treatment included activated clay with sodium ion resin which at pH 6.8 had COD – 52 mg/l, TSS – 10 mg/l, Cl – 510 mg/l and Pb2+ – 0.070 mg/l. This system has an overall efficiency of 79.0% TSS, 45.83% COD, 97.5% Pb2+ and 36.1% Cl reduction. Characteristics obtained for the study has a higher efficiency compared with FEPA and WHO standard for similar industrial water treatment. 相似文献
10.
In this work assays involving chlorinated water samples, which were previous spiked with humic substances or algae blue green
and following the production of the THMs for 30 days is described. To implement the assays, five portions of 1,000 ml of water
were stored in glass bottles. The water samples were treated with solutions containing 2, 3, 4 and 5 mg l−1 chlorine. The samples aliquots (60 ml) were transferred into the glass vials, 10 ml were removed to have a headspace and
100 μl of the 10 mg l−1 pentafluortoluene bromide solution was added to each vial. The extraction step was performed by adding 10 g of Na2SO4 followed by 5 ml of n-pentane. The vials were stopped with a TFE-faced septum and sealed with aluminum caps. The generated THMs were determined
by gas chromatography with electron capture detector using reference solutions with concentration ranging from 8 to 120 μg
l−1 THMs. Three assays were monitored during 30 days and chloroform was the predominant compound found in the water samples,
while other species of THMs were not detected. The results showed that when the chlorine concentration was increased in water
samples containing algae the concentration of THM varied randomly. Nevertheless, in water samples containing humic substances
the increase of the THM concentration presented a relationship with the chlorine concentration. It was also observed that
chloroform concentration increased with the elapsed time up to one and six days to water samples spiked with humic substances
and algae blue green, respectively and decreased along 30 days. By other hand, assays performed using water samples containing
decanted algae material showed that THM was not generated by the chlorine addition. 相似文献
11.
Heavy metal pollution of water resources can be apprehended in East Singhbhum region which is a highly mineralised zone with
extensive mining of copper, uranium and other minerals. Ten groundwater samples were collected from each site and the heavy
metal analysis was done by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Analysis of the results of the study reveals that the concentration
of iron, manganese, zinc, lead, copper and nickel in groundwater of Bagjata mining area ranged 0.06–5.3 mg l − 1, 0.01–1.3 mg l − 1, 0.02–8.2 mg l − 1, 1.4–28.4 μg l − 1, 0.78–20.0 μg l − 1 and 1.05–20.1 μg l − 1, respectively. In case of Banduhurang mining area, the range was 0.04–2.93 mg l − 1, 0.02–1.1 mg l − 1, 0.01–4.68 mg l − 1, 1.04–33.21 μg l − 1, 1.24–18.7 μg l − 1 and 1.06–14.58 μg l − 1, respectively. The heavy metals were found to be below the drinking water standards (IS:10500 1993) except iron (0.3 mg l − 1) and manganese (0.1 mg l − 1). The hazard quotients of the heavy metals for drinking water were below 1 posing no threat due to intake of water to the
people for both the areas. 相似文献
12.
Two strains of Pseudomonas species (B2 and D5)selected from an array of lead solubilizing and accumulatingbacteria obtained from the effluent contaminated soil samples of abattery manufacturing factory were studied. Increase in pH between 4.0 and 6.0 favoured the growth of isolates: Peaklog10 cfu mL–1 values of 7.1, 7.5 and 8.5 wereobtained at pH 4, 5 and 6, respectively.Cell bound lead concentrations for B2 (0.34 mg mL–1)and D5 (0.30 mg mL–1) obtained by direct contact withPbs were greater than lead concentrations of 0.89 and 0.25 mg mL–1 for B2 and D5, respectively,obtained in dialyzed cultures. These cell bound lead concentration in undialyzed cultures were alsogreater than lead concentrations of 0.03 and 0.07 mg mL–1 for B2 and D5 in culture supernatants. Glucose addition did nor improve lead accumulation in the isolates.Exploitation of such isolates for the biotreatment of lead ladeneffluent was conducted. 相似文献
13.
Using non-parametric techniques, we studied water chemistry changes from 1983 to 1992 in 18 rivers located at the extreme northeastern portion of North America. This period was marked by a decrease in sulfate (SO
4
–
) production in eastern Canada from 1982 to 1986, followed by a levelling off from 1986 to 1992. Nitrate (NO
3
–
) production and deposition generally increased over this whole period. We used two time windows, 1983 to 1989 and 1983 to 1992, to determine if changes in river acidification variables occurred over the ten year period. We found significant trends of increasing pH and acid neutralization capacity (ANC) concentrations at eight sites using both time windows, while SO
4
–2
increased at five and seven sites during the same two time periods. Nitrate concentrations showed few consistent trends, while base cations showed increases in the earlier part of the data set and total organic carbon (TOC) showed long-term decreases. There were few significant trends in hydrogen (H+), and a slight decrease in SO
4
–2
exports as opposed to increased concentrations over the same period. We attribute the discrepancy between SO
4
–2
concentration and export trends to be due to evapotranspiration in the basins, causing a concentration of ions in water. Nitrate and calcium exports showed no trends, while TOC decreased at four or five sites, depending on the time window used. Longer data sets tended to produce more detectable trends. Overall, water chemistry in the region is showing the effects of reduced SO
4
–
loads and is not yet being affected by the increases in NO
3
–
deposition. 相似文献
14.
The concentrations of five metals in oysters from ten locations along the Northern Territory coastline were determined during the dry season of 1989. The measured concentrations of iron, cadmium, zinc, manganese and copper in oysers were 11.6–274, 0.17–9.1, 4.79–735, 0.25–69.85 and nd-70.2 µg g–1 wet weight. The level of cadmium exceeded the National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) recommended limit at five sites. The largest fluctuation occurred in zinc and cadmium while the other metals displayed much less variation. 相似文献
15.
Citation of cyanobacterial cultures from the shores of south west coast of Gujarat, India and their relationship with sea water quality, influenced by extensive pollutant runoff is reported in this study. Intensity of pollution was evaluated by physico-chemical analysis of water. Higher load of suspended solids (60–1000 mg l−1) and nutrients (PO4
−P: 1.3–4 μmole l−1 and NO3
−N: 12.5–17.8 μmole l−1) were persistent throughout the analysis. Community structure is seen to be influenced by such persistent pollution. Twenty nine cyanobacterial species were isolated belonging to 9 genera of 4 families, with an elevated occurrence of Oscillatoria and Lyngbya species. No heterocystous cyanobacteria were isolated throughout the study. 相似文献
16.
Sarita Sinha Manisha Gupta Prakash Chandra 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》1994,33(1):75-84
Accumulation of Cu and Cd by Vallisneria spiralis was studied under laboratory conditions. Plants showed ability to reduce 5 µg ml–1 Cu background concentration to below 0.05 µg ml–1 (m.p.l., WHO 1985) within 48 h. The Cd concentration of 1.0 µg ml–1 was reduced to below m.p.l. (0.005 µg ml–1) in 168 h. Cysteine synthesis was more under Cd stress condition. Both the metals were toxic to the plants at higher concentrations; more in the case of Cd.NBRI Rsearch Publication No. 417 (N.S.). 相似文献
17.
Nitric oxide (NO) and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes were measured from agricultural, forest and moorland environments, using chamber techniques. Maximum emissions of NO and N2O were measured from the agricultural soils shortly after fertiliser application (7 ng NO-N m–2 s–1 and 91 ng N2O-N m–2 s–1). For the non-agricultural soils the NO flux ranged from –0.3 to 0.5 ng NO-N m–2 s–1 and the N2O flux ranged from 1 to 2.7 ng N2O-N m–2 s–1. Emissions, however, were increased 2 to 7 fold when N deposition (uplands) and N fixation (alder plantations) contributed to the pool of soil available N. The best predictors of the NO emission were soil NO
3
–
and soil temperature, accounting for 60% of the variability observed. The prediction of N2O was less successful. Only 30% of the variability could be explained by the soil NO
3
–
and the soil moisture content, soil temperature did not have a significant effect on the N2O emission. 相似文献
18.
Paramee S Chidthaisong A Towprayoon S Asnachinda P Bashkin VN Tangtham N 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2005,102(1-3):27-40
Wet deposition is one of the important sources of nitrogen input into the ecosystem. It also contributes to rain acidity in some environments. In this study we reported the annual as well as seasonal trends of nitrogen wet deposition at three locations in Thailand: Bangkok, Chiang Mai and Nan. Comparison of nitrogen wet deposition between in rural and in the urban areas was also made. Daily rainfall was measured and monthly rainwater was collected for nitrogen analysis during 1999–2002. The average NO3
– concentration in rainwater collected from the rural sites (60 km from urban area) was around 0.2–0.3 mg L–1, while that from the urban areas of Chiang Mai and Nan cities it was 0.4–0.5 mg L–1. NH4
+ concentration in rainwater showed the similar ranges to that of NO3
– , except at Nan where concentration was not significantly different between the urban and rural sites. On the other hand, the average concentrations of NO3
– were higher at Bangkok site than other sites, while concentration of NH4
+ was almost the same between Chiang Mai and Bangkok. Wet deposition of NO3
– at the rural sites of Chiang Mai and Nan ranged from 2.1 to 3.2 kg N ha–1 yr–1, while at the urban sites this ranged from about 6 kg N ha–1 yr–1 in Chiang Mai and Nan Cities to 8.6 kg N ha–1 yr–1 in Bangkok. Wet deposition of NH4
+ at the rural sites of Chiang Mai and Nan was about 2.4 to 3.6 kg N ha–1 yr–1 and at the urban sites of Chiang Mai, Nan and Bangkok this was 7.7, 4.9 and 8.1 kg N ha–1 yr–1, respectively. Thus, it was concluded that wet deposition of both nitrogen species was significantly higher at the urban sites than at the rural sites. 相似文献
19.
Aliphatic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediments of Kaohsiung Harbour and adjacent coast, Taiwan 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Surficial sediment samples collected from Kaohsiung Harbour and its nearby coast were analyzed for aliphatic hydrocarbons and parent polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). According to our results, the average total concentrations of n-alkanes (n-C12 to C35) and aromatics (15 PAHs) were 4.33 µg g–1 dry weight (ranged 0.46–22.60) and 0.59 µg g–1 dry weight (ranged 0.09–1.75), respectively. The highest concentrations of aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons were recorded in stations near the estuaries of Qianzhen River and Love River, respectively. Aliphatic hydrocarbons in the samples indicate that there has been significant non-petrogenic, possibly terrestrial, contribution in the sediment of the open coast of Kaohsiung Harbour and that there has been dominant contribution from petrogenic sources in the sediment of the inner harbour. PAHs, detected in the samples, however, indicated a higher pyrolytic contribution in open-coast samples and a higher petrogenic contribution in the inner harbour. Overall, sediment concentrations of total alkanes in this study were comparable to those found in Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong and are higher than those found in Xiamen Harbour, China. Concentrations of total PAHs in inner Kaohsiung Harbour sediments were relatively lower than those found in Victoria Harbour, Hong Kong and Xiamen Harbour, China, but comparable to those found in Hsin-ta Harbour, Taiwan and Incheon Harbour, Korea. In comparison with several effect-based sediment quality guidelines, most PAH concentrations found in samples taken from inner harbour stations exceeded the Threshold Effect Level of Florida indicating a slight possibility of adverse effects. 相似文献
20.
Study of harmful algal blooms in a eutrophic pond, Bangladesh 总被引:2,自引:0,他引:2
Roksana Jahan Saleha Khan Md. Mahfuzul Haque Joong Ki Choi 《Environmental monitoring and assessment》2010,170(1-4):7-21
The purpose of this research was to analyze the underlying mechanisms and contributing factors related to the seasonal dynamic of harmful algal blooms in a shallow eutrophic pond, Bangladesh during September 2005–July 2006. Two conspicuous events were noted simultaneously throughout the study period: high concentration of phosphate–phosphorus (>3.03; SD 1.29 mg l???1) and permanent cyanobacterial blooms {>3,981.88 × 103 cells l???1 (SD 508.73)}. Cyanobacterial blooms were characterized by three abundance phases, each of which was associated with different ecological processes. High nitrate–nitrogen (>2.35; SD 0.83 mg l???1), for example, was associated with high cyanobacterial abundance, while low nitrate–nitrogen (0.36; SD 0.2 mg l???1) was recorded during moderate abundance phase. Extremely low NO3–N/PO4–P ratio (>3.55, SD 2.31) was recorded, and all blooming taxa were negatively correlated with this ratio. Cyanobacterial blooms were positively correlated with temperature (r?=?0.345) and pH (0.833; p?=?0.05) and negatively correlated with transparency (r?=???0.956; p?=?0.01). Although Anabaena showed similar relationship with water quality parameters as cyanobacteria, the co-dominant Microcystis exhibited negative relationship with temperature (r?=???0.386) and nitrate–nitrogen (r?=???0.172). This was attributed to excessive growth of Anabaena that suppressed Microcystis’s growth. Planktothrix was the third most dominant taxa, while Euglena was regarded as opportunistic. 相似文献