煤矸石淋溶污染物对高速公路沿线土壤水环境污染的仿真研究

利用淋容试验,模拟自然降雨,分析了煤矸石对高速公路沿线地下水造成的污染,获得了大量真实可靠的数据,得出了煤矸石淋溶液中无机盐是造成高速公路沿线地下水污染的主要原因.并基于多孔介质流体力学和溶质运移动力学建立了描述微量元素在土壤-水环境系统中迁移的数学模型,利用该模型对煤矸石淋溶微量元素在道路沿线土壤-水环境中的迁移规律进行了模拟分析,进一步预测了污染物浓度变化规律及分布特征,可为公路沿线土壤-水环境污染提供分析依据.     

土壤渗滤系统中植物对地表雨水径流中磷的控制效果与影响分析

按照城市地表雨水径流水质指标,通过在自来水中添加药剂或材料,人工配制模拟地表雨水径流。通过对有植物和无植物种植的两个土壤渗滤系统开展4次模拟地表雨水径流渗滤试验,监测每次模拟地表雨水径流渗滤试验的渗滤出水中TP含量以及在进水、落干阶段土壤渗滤系统试验装置中0、5、15、35cm深度改良土壤渗滤介质的交换态无机磷(Ex-P)、铝磷(Al-P)、铁磷(Fe-P)的含量,研究土壤渗滤系统中植物对地表雨水径流中磷的控制效果和对改良土壤渗滤介质吸附磷迁移转化过程的影响。结果表明:(1)4次模拟地表雨水径流渗滤试验中,土壤渗滤系统对模拟地表雨水径流中TP的去除率均在89%以上,有植物种植的土壤渗滤系统中TP去除率均高于无植物种植的土壤渗滤系统。(2)改良土壤渗滤介质对模拟地表雨水径流中无机磷的吸附是分层进行的,随着上层改良土壤渗滤介质固定的无机磷量逐渐增加,改良土壤渗滤介质对模拟地表雨水径流中磷的吸附作用逐渐减弱,含有较多磷的模拟地表雨水径流进入下层的改良土壤渗滤介质再被吸附固定。在没有外源磷进入的阶段,改良土壤渗滤介质吸附磷的主要介质为红壤土中无定形态的铝,植物的生长会促使改良土壤渗滤介质中Al-P累积到一定程度后会向Fe-P转化。     

河岸带土壤对不同pH雨水中截留磷的影响

通过河岸带土柱淋滤模拟实验,研究了不同pH值模拟雨水条件下河岸带土壤对雨水中磷的截留效应,分析了pH对河岸带土壤吸附磷素的影响机制。结果表明:在不同pH的模拟雨水处理下,河岸带土壤对TDP和MRP的吸附具有显著的差异;且在pH=5条件下河岸带土壤对磷素的吸附量最低。河岸带土壤对雨水中磷的去除率随着降雨时间的进行而不断下降,pH=5时,河岸带对磷的去除率最低,截留能力最弱。不同pH值的模拟雨水对土柱中TP的含量产生显著影响,pH=5时,土柱中TP含量最高,pH=3时,TP含量最低。土柱中的TP在表层10 cm含量最高,随深度的增加而不断降低。研究河岸带土壤对不同pH雨水中磷的截留效应对于理解磷在河岸带土壤中的迁移转化机理以及防治水体富营养化具有十分重要的意义。     

土壤电场和机械组成对土壤磷迁移的影响

土壤磷随水迁移是土壤侵蚀和农田面源污染发生的重要因素之一。本研究通过电解质浓度和类型(Na⁺和K⁺)调节土壤电场,通过加入直径为2～3 mm的石英砂颗粒来调节土壤的机械组成,探究土壤电场和机械组成对土壤磷迁移的影响。结果表明：1)土壤磷迁移主要以颗粒态磷为主,例如,在浓度为0.01 mol·L^-1的Na⁺体系中,颗粒态磷迁移量是溶解态磷迁移量的31倍;2)与Na⁺相比,K⁺能显著降低土壤电场,减少土壤颗粒态磷而增加溶解态磷的迁移;3)土壤颗粒态磷和溶解态磷的迁移量均随电解质浓度增加而降低,电解质浓度增加降低土壤电场强度和作用力程,土壤团聚体稳定性增强,从而有利于土壤磷的保持;4)添加石英砂后改变了土壤机械组成,能够显著改变土壤磷的迁移规律,且与离子类型有关;5)土壤电场和机械组成共同作用控制着土壤磷的迁移。本研究可为土壤磷迁移以及农田面源污染防控提供一定理论参考。     

国外土水系统中氮转化动力学研究的进展及其存在的问题

土水系统中氮迁移转化动力学的研究是土水系统中其它研究项目诸如纳污容量、迁移转化建模、模拟、预测、规划等的关键.我们正是从考察国外氮迁移转化模型研究的过程中回过头来考察其动力学方面研究的. 所谓迁移转化是指物质在空间位置上的移动和存在形态间的转化.土水系统中氮的迁移转化主要是指下列几种形态氮的迁移转化.它们是:有机-N、NH_4~+-N、NO_3~--N、NO_2~--N、N_2O和N_2.按照物质的运动形式划分,可将它们的迁移转化分为:(1)物理过程:如扩散、平流、挥发等;(2)物理     

土壤中有机污染物运移模型的对比分析

分别建立了考虑非平衡吸附和生物降解的单区域溶质运移动力学模型(简称单区域模型)和两区域溶质运移动力学模型(简称两区域模型),基于数值模拟方法,对两种模型进行了定量的对比分析.分析结果表明,参与流动的水分的含量、不可动水区的持留释放能力是影响污染物在土壤-水环境中分配规律以及两种模型模拟结果之间差异的重要因素;较大的可动水区和不可动水区之间的质量转移系数,可以通过增加持留释放能力而增强不可动水区对溶质运移的影响能力,因此在模拟过程中不应单纯依据不可动水的含量大小来确定采用何种模型进行模拟,而应同时考虑可动水区和不可动水区之间的质量转移系数对模拟效果的影响.     

非饱和土壤渗透系数空间不确定性对溶质运移的影响

包气带渗透系数的不确定性是影响非饱和带溶质运移的主要因素。应用贝叶斯方法对非饱和土壤渗透系数进行前处理,使用Monte-Carlo方法模拟其空间不确定性,并通过HYDRUS-1D模型对溶质运移进行数值模拟,研究包气带渗透系数的空间不确定性对溶质运移的影响。结果表明,由于包气带渗透性的不确定性使得溶质浓度分布呈现明显的不确定性,包气带内不同点的浓度值相差很大。与忽略包气带土性参数空间不确定性的模拟结果相对比,考虑包气带渗透系数不确定性的模拟结果与实际情况更加接近,更具合理性和科学性。同时,根据模拟结果,对实际工作中进行地下水数值模拟时溶质初始浓度输入值的确定提出相应建议。     

贵州百花湖沉积物中磷的再迁移作用

本文通过百花湖沉积物柱芯不同化学相磷含量分布，孔隙水地球化学及早期成岩模式和通量估算等研究，揭示了磷在早期成岩过程中迁移，转化和富集规律，揭示某些湖泊表层沉积物几厘米磷蓄积浓度的增加与磷在早期成岩过程中的行为有关。     

降雨径流时农田沟渠水体中氮、磷迁移转化规律研究

为有效阻控降雨条件下农田土壤流失氮、磷通过沟渠进入水体,通过对降雨时农田排水沟渠系统中总氮、总磷的测定和分析,研究降雨径流下沟渠系统水体中氮、磷的迁移转化规律和时空分布.结果表明,农田排水沟渠系统本身不太稳定,在外界条件(降雨)的作用下可以引起一系列的变化,同时农田排水沟渠系统又具有抗冲击可修复能力,可以使氮、磷的各项转化作用恢复.该特征使得总氮、总磷在沿程迁移过程中表现出一定的变化规律:总氮浓度沿程呈3次多项式曲线变化,总磷浓度整体呈指数递减变化;同时各断面的总氮、总磷自身转化也有其降解规律,总氮和总磷浓度随时间均呈3次多项式曲线变化.     

应用TOXI模型进行重金属在河流中迁移转化规律的研究

ＴＯＸＩ模型是美国环保局的ＷＡＳＰ（水质分析模拟程序）中的一部分。由于该模型考虑了污染物质在河流中溶解态，颗粒态和底泥态的分布关系，对于模拟重金属在河流中的浓度变化效果较好。为保证计算结果的可靠性，首先应对重金属浓度的衰减变化特性进行研究，本文重点讨论的是重金属在河流中迁移转化的过程，并如何将这一过程用数学公式来进行模拟。     

Numerical modeling of coupled variably saturated fluid flow and reactive transport with fast and slow chemical reactions

The couplings among chemical reaction rates, advective and diffusive transport in fractured media or soils, and changes in hydraulic properties due to precipitation and dissolution within fractures and in rock matrix are important for both nuclear waste disposal and remediation of contaminated sites. This paper describes the development and application of LEHGC2.0, a mechanistically based numerical model for simulation of coupled fluid flow and reactive chemical transport, including both fast and slow reactions in variably saturated media. Theoretical bases and numerical implementations are summarized, and two example problems are demonstrated. The first example deals with the effect of precipitation/dissolution on fluid flow and matrix diffusion in a two-dimensional fractured media. Because of the precipitation and decreased diffusion of solute from the fracture into the matrix, retardation in the fractured medium is not as large as the case wherein interactions between chemical reactions and transport are not considered. The second example focuses on a complicated but realistic advective-dispersive-reactive transport problem. This example exemplifies the need for innovative numerical algorithms to solve problems involving stiff geochemical reactions.     

Phosphorus fate and transport in soil columns loaded intermittently with influent of high phosphorus concentrations.

In this study, several columns of different lengths were filled with composite soils sampled from the field at corresponding depths and then loaded intermittently with influent of a high phosphorus concentration to evaluate phosphorus fate and transport in soil. The results indicate that the height of the mass transfer zone, solvent pore velocity, and soil's life expectancy for phosphorus removal increased with depth, while the retained phosphorus per kilogram of soil and the linear adsorption equilibrium coefficient, R, decreased with depth. An equation was developed to link liquid-phase phosphorus with solvent traveling time and soil depth. The results of X-ray diffraction and washout tests indicate that calcium-phosphorus precipitation and/or crystal growth occurred in the columns. The new protocol is useful for evaluation of phosphorus fate and transport in other subsurface systems, because it allows flexible adjustments in hydraulic loadings, feed solution, and sampling schemes.     

城市生活污泥和矿化垃圾中氮磷淋失的模拟研究

通过模拟土柱实验,分析了城市生活污泥和矿化垃圾中氮磷的迁移对地下水的影响以及矿化垃圾对氮磷的去除特性.测定项目包括总磷、总氮、硝态氮、pH和电导率(EC).结果表明:施用污泥和矿化垃圾后淋滤液的pH呈下降趋势;EC和总氮都有显著增加;硝态氮增加特别明显,容易造成地下水污染;总磷变化不大,污染地下水的可能性较小.矿化垃圾对氮的去除作用不明显,反而增加了淋滤液中的氮素含量,但对磷的去除效果明显.因此,在利用矿化垃圾取代土壤时,应注意矿化垃圾中氮特别是硝态氮的污染.     

Modelling tritium and phosphorus transport by preferential flow in structured soil

Subsurface solute transport through structured soil is studied by model interpretation of experimental breakthrough curves from tritium and phosphorus tracer tests in three intact soil monoliths. Similar geochemical conditions, with nearly neutral pH, were maintained in all the experiments. Observed transport differences for the same tracer are thus mainly due to differences in the physical transport process between the different monoliths. The modelling is based on a probabilistic Lagrangian approach that decouples physical and chemical mass transfer and transformation processes from pure and stochastic advection. Thereby, it enables explicit quantification of the physical transport process through preferential flow paths, honouring all independently available experimental information. Modelling of the tritium breakthrough curves yields a probability density function of non-reactive solute travel time that is coupled with a reaction model for linear, non-equilibrium sorption–desorption to describe the phosphorus transport. The tritium model results indicate that significant preferential flow occurs in all the experimental soil monoliths, ranging from 60–100% of the total water flow moving through only 25–40% of the total water content. In agreement with the fact that geochemical conditions were similar in all experiments, phosphorus model results yield consistent first-order kinetic parameter values for the sorption–desorption process in two of the three soil monoliths; phosphorus transport through the third monolith cannot be modelled because the apparent mean transport rate of phosphorus is anomalously rapid relative to the non-adsorptive tritium transport. The occurrence of preferential flow alters the whole shape of the phosphorus breakthrough curve, not least the peak mass flux and concentration values, and increases the transported phosphorus mass by 2–3 times relative to the estimated mass transport without preferential flow in the two modelled monoliths.     

Application of continuous time random walk theory to nonequilibrium transport in soil

Continuous time random walk (CTRW) formulations have been demonstrated to provide a general and effective approach that quantifies the behavior of solute transport in heterogeneous media in field, laboratory, and numerical experiments. In this paper we first apply the CTRW approach to describe the sorbing solute transport in soils under chemical (or) and physical nonequilibrium conditions by curve-fitting. Results show that the theoretical solutions are in a good agreement with the experimental measurements. In case that CTRW parameters cannot be determined directly or easily, an alternative method is then proposed for estimating such parameters independently of the breakthrough curve data to be simulated. We conduct numerical experiments with artificial data sets generated by the HYDRUS-1D model for a wide range of pore water velocities (υ) and retardation factors (R) to investigate the relationship between CTRW parameters for a sorbing solute and these two quantities (υ, R) that can be directly measured in independent experiments. A series of best-fitting regression equations are then developed from the artificial data sets, which can be easily used as an estimation or prediction model to assess the transport of sorbing solutes under steady flow conditions through soil. Several literature data sets of pesticides are used to validate these relationships. The results show reasonable performance in most cases, thus indicating that our method could provide an alternative way to effectively predict sorbing solute transport in soils. While the regression relationships presented are obtained under certain flow and sorption conditions, the methodology of our study is general and may be extended to predict solute transport in soils under different flow and sorption conditions.     

雨后入湖溪流磷污染对西湖的影响及其对策

入湖径流是西湖磷的最主要污染源，尤其是暴雨后径流的磷污染最严重，梅雨（2001年）和台风雨后径流的磷净输入为1.77t，约占西湖全年磷总沉积量的42.5%。西湖流域内土壤表土的磷含量约是母土的两倍。西湖流域内土壤表土富磷和暴雨的冲刷和淋溶是导致雨后径流磷浓度提高的主要原因。提出了几种减小和消除径流磷污染的几种方案，通过分析比较，建渠排暴雨后径流水到钱塘江是比较彻底的消除径流磷污染的措施。     

Analytical solutions for reactive transport under an infiltration-redistribution cycle

Transport of reactive solute in unsaturated soils under an infiltration-redistribution cycle is investigated. The study is based on the model of vertical flow and transport in the unsaturated zone proposed by Indelman et al. [J. Contam. Hydrol. 32 (1998) 77], and generalizes it by accounting for linear nonequilibrium kinetics. An exact analytical solution is derived for an irreversible desorption reaction. The transport of solute obeying linear kinetics is modeled by assuming equilibrium during the redistribution stage. The model which accounts for nonequilibrium during the infiltration and assumes equilibrium at the redistribution stage is termed partial equilibrium infiltration-redistribution model (PEIRM). It allows to derive approximate closed form solutions for transport in one-dimensional homogeneous soils. These solutions are further applied to computing the field-scale concentration by adopting the Dagan and Bresler [Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J. 43 (1979) 461] column model. The effect of soil heterogeneity on the solute spread is investigated by modeling the hydraulic saturated conductivity as a random function of horizontal coordinates. The quality of the PEIRM is illustrated by calculating the critical values of the Damk?hler number which provide the achievable accuracy in estimating the solute mass in the mobile phase. The distinguishing feature of transport during the infiltration-redistribution cycle as compared to that of infiltration only is the finite depth of solute penetration. For irreversible desorption, the maximum solute penetration W/theta(r) is determined by the amount of applied water W and the residual water content theta(r). For sorption-desorption kinetics, the maximum depth of penetration z(r)(e, infinity ) also depends on the ratio between the rate of application and the column-saturated conductivity. It is shown that z(r)(e, infinity ) is bounded between the depths W/(theta(r)+K(d)) and W/theta(r) corresponding to the maximum solute penetration for equilibrium transport and for irreversible desorption, respectively. This feature of solute penetration explains the unusual phenomena of plume contraction after an initial period of spreading [Lessoff, S.C., Indelman, P., Dagan, G., 2002. Solute transport in infiltration-redistribution cycles in heterogeneous soils. In Raats, P.A.C., Smiles, D.,Warrick, A.W. (Eds), Environmental Mechanics: Water, Mass and Energy Transport in the Biosphere. American Geophysical Union, pp. 133-144]. Unlike transport under equilibrium conditions, when the solute is completely concentrated at the front, the solute under nonequilibrium conditions is spread out behind the front. Heterogeneity leads to additional spreading of the plume.     

MAP法沉淀回收装置的运行条件优化研究

采用一种简易的MAP回收装置,研究了间歇运行条件下反应时间和曝气量对MAP法除磷效果的影响,确定出最佳反应时间为90 min,最佳曝气量为1.2 L/min,相应的除磷率可达98.26%,沉淀回收率为74.54%。当增加一个漏斗形隔板分离反应区和沉淀区并连续运行时,除磷率和沉淀回收率分别为92.11%和63.66%。当不投加镁盐和铵盐而仅调控实际污泥脱水滤液的pH值为9.8时,其连续运行的平均除磷率和MAP回收率分别可达95.16%和70%,运行性能比较稳定。     

Sorption of 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid to goethite, lepidocrocite and ferrihydrite: batch experiments and infrared study

The adsorption of naphthoic acids to iron oxides and hydroxides influences strongly their mobility in soils and sediments. Sorption of 1-hydroxy-2-naphthoic acid (HNA) to three iron oxides was examined over a wide range of conditions (pH, ionic strength, sorbate and sorbent concentrations). In the examination of HNA sorption, Tempkin model was performed to fit sorption data of HNA onto all iron oxides. The adsorption in the Henry law range increases in the order: goethite相似文献